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Bakir G, Dahms TES, Martin-Yken H, Bechtel HA, Gough KM. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CellWall Remodeling in the Absence of Knr4 and Kre6 Revealed by Nano-FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:355-364. [PMID: 38378014 PMCID: PMC10935619 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231213658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway regulates yeast cell wall biosynthesis, cell division, and responses to external stress. The cell wall, comprised of a dense network of chitin, β-1,3- and β-1,6- glucans, and mannoproteins, is very thin, <100 nm. Alterations in cell wall composition may activate the CWI pathway. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model yeast, was used to study the role of individual wall components in altering the structure and biophysical properties of the yeast cell wall. Near-field Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (nano-FT-IR) was used for the first direct, spectrochemical identification of cell wall composition in a background (wild-type) strain and two deletion mutants from the yeast knock-out collection: kre6Δ and knr4Δ. Killer toxin resistant 6 (Kre6) is an integral membrane protein required for biosynthesis of β-1,6-glucan, while Knr4 is a cell signaling protein involved in the control of cell wall biosynthesis, in particular, biosynthesis and deposition of chitin. Complementary spectral data were obtained with far-field (FF)-FT-IR, in transmission, and with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectromicroscopy with 3-10 μm wavelength-dependent spatial resolution. The FF-FT-IR spectra of cells and spectra of isolated cell wall components showed that components of the cell body dominated transmission spectra and were still evident in ATR spectra. In contrast, the nano-FT-IR at ∼25 nm spatial resolution could be used to characterize the yeast wall chemical structure. Our results show that the β-1,6-glucan content is decreased in kre6Δ, while all glucan content is decreased in the knr4Δ cell wall. The latter may be thinner than in wild type, since not only are mannan and chitin detectable by nano-FT-IR, but also lipid membranes and protein, indicative of cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Bakir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tanya E. S. Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Helene Martin-Yken
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- LAAS–CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hans A. Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Gough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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2
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Batista M, Donker EIM, Bon C, Guillien M, Caisso A, Mourey Funding L, Marie François Funding J, Maveyraud L, Zerbib D. The conserved yeast protein Knr4 involved in cell wall integrity is a multi-domain intrinsically disordered protein. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168048. [PMID: 36933821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Knr4/Smi1 proteins are specific to the fungal kingdom and their deletion in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans results in hypersensitivity to specific antifungal agents and a wide range of parietal stresses. In S. cerevisiae, Knr4 is located at the crossroads of several signalling pathways, including the conserved cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways. Knr4 interacts genetically and physically with several protein members of those pathways. Its sequence suggests that it contains large intrinsically disordered regions. Here, a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystallographic analysis led to a comprehensive structural view of Knr4. This experimental work unambiguously showed that Knr4 comprises two large intrinsically disordered regions flanking a central globular domain whose structure has been established. The structured domain is itself interrupted by a disordered loop. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique, strains expressing KNR4 genes deleted from different domains were constructed. The N-terminal domain and the loop are essential for optimal resistance to cell wall-binding stressors. The C-terminal disordered domain, on the other hand, acts as a negative regulator of this function of Knr4. The identification of molecular recognition features, the possible presence of secondary structure in these disordered domains and the functional importance of the disordered domains revealed here designate these domains as putative interacting spots with partners in either pathway. Targeting these interacting regions is a promising route to the discovery of inhibitory molecules that could increase the susceptibility of pathogens to the antifungals currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Batista
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ellen I M Donker
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Bon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Guillien
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Adriana Caisso
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey Funding
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Maveyraud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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FaSmi1 Is Essential for the Vegetative Development, Asexual Reproduction, DON Production and Virulence of Fusarium asiaticum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111189. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smi1 is a protein required for cell cycle progression, morphogenesis, stress response and life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FaSmi1 was identified as a Smi1 homolog in a wheat scab pathogenic fungus Fusarium asiaticum strain 2021. The deletion of FaSmi1 leads to defects in mycelial growth, asexual reproduction, and virulence. The FaSmi1 deletion mutant also exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses generated by NaCl and KCl, but increased tolerance to oxidative stresses and cell wall integrity inhibitors. All of these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the whole parental FaSmi1 gene. Interestingly, the antioxidant system-associated genes exhibit a lower expression level and the mycotoxins’ DON content was decreased in the FaSmi1 deletion mutant compared with the parental strain 2021. These results indicate that FaSmi1 plays a critical role in the vegetative development, asexual reproduction, DON production and virulence of F. asiaticum.
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Longo LVG, Goodyear EG, Zhang S, Kudryashova E, Wu JQ. Involvement of Smi1 in cell wall integrity and glucan synthase Bgs4 localization during fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar17. [PMID: 34910579 PMCID: PMC9236143 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell-division cycle. In fungi, it relies on the coordination of constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring and construction of the septum at the division site. Glucan synthases synthesize glucans, which are the major components in fungal cell walls and division septa. It is known that Rho1 and Rho2 GTPases regulate glucan synthases Bgs1, Bgs4, and Ags1, and that Sbg1 and the F-BAR protein Cdc15 play roles in Bgs1 stability and delivery to the plasma membrane. Here we characterize Smi1, an intrinsically disordered protein that interacts with Bgs4 and regulates its trafficking and localization in fission yeast. Smi1 is important for septum integrity, and its absence causes severe lysis during cytokinesis. Smi1 localizes to secretory vesicles and moves together with Bgs4 toward the division site. The concentrations of the glucan synthases Bgs1 and Bgs4 and the glucanases Agn1 and Bgl2 decrease at the division site in the smi1 mutant, but Smi1 seems to be more specific to Bgs4. Mistargeting of Smi1 to mitochondria mislocalizes Bgs4 but not Bgs1. Together, our data reveal a novel regulator of glucan synthases and glucanases, Smi1, which is more important for Bgs4 trafficking, stability, and localization during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V G Longo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Evelyn G Goodyear
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Martin-Yken H, Bedekovic T, Brand AC, Richard ML, Znaidi S, d'Enfert C, Dague E. A conserved fungal hub protein involved in adhesion and drug resistance in the human pathogen Candida albicans. Cell Surf 2018; 4:10-19. [PMID: 32743132 PMCID: PMC7389261 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and cellular adhesion are two key elements of both dissemination and prevalence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Smi1 belongs to a family of hub proteins conserved among the fungal kingdom whose functions in cellular signaling affect morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis and stress resistance. The data presented here indicate that C. albicans SMI1 is a functional homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNR4 and is involved in the regulation of cell wall synthesis. Expression of SMI1 in S. cerevisiae knr4Δ null mutants rescued their sensitivity to caspofungin and to heat stress. Deletion of SMI1 in C. albicans resulted in sensitivity to the cell-wall-perturbing compounds Calcofluor White and Caspofungin. Analysis of wild-type and mutant cells by Atomic Force Microscopy showed that the Young's Modulus (stiffness) of the cell wall was reduced by 85% upon deletion of SMI1, while cell surface adhesion measured by Force Spectroscopy showed that the surface expression of adhesive molecules was also reduced in the mutant. Over-expression of SMI1, on the contrary, increased cell surface adhesion by 6-fold vs the control strain. Finally, Smi1-GFP localized as cytoplasmic patches and concentrated spots at the sites of new cell wall synthesis including the tips of growing hyphae, consistent with a role in cell wall regulation. Thus, Smi1 function appears to be conserved across fungi, including the yeast S. cerevisiae, the yeast and hyphal forms of C. albicans and the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- LAAS CNRS UPR 8001, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tina Bedekovic
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra C. Brand
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sadri Znaidi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Institut Pasteur, INRA USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS CNRS UPR 8001, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Martin-Yken H, François JM, Zerbib D. Knr4: a disordered hub protein at the heart of fungal cell wall signalling. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1217-27. [PMID: 27199081 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The most highly connected proteins in protein-protein interactions networks are called hubs; they generally connect signalling pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Knr4 constitutes a connecting node between the two main signal transmission pathways involved in cell wall maintenance upon stress: the cell wall integrity and the calcium-calcineurin pathway. Knr4 is required to enable the cells to resist many cell wall-affecting stresses, and KNR4 gene deletion is synthetic lethal with the simultaneous deletion of numerous other genes involved in morphogenesis and cell wall biogenesis. Knr4 has been shown to engage in multiple physical interactions, an ability conferred by the intrinsic structural adaptability of major disordered regions present in the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein. Taking all together, Knr4 is an intrinsically disordered hub protein. Available data from other fungi indicate the conservation of Knr4 homologs cellular function and localization at sites of polarized growth among fungal species, including pathogenic species. Because of their particular role in morphogenesis control and of their fungal specificity, these proteins could constitute interesting new pharmaceutical drug targets for antifungal combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31077, Toulouse, France
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Julien S, Tondl P, Durand F, Dagkessamanskaia A, van Tilbeurgh H, François JM, Mourey L, Zerbib D, Martin-Yken H, Maveyraud L. Crystallographic studies of the structured core domain of Knr4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1120-4. [PMID: 26323295 PMCID: PMC4555916 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15012522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentially structured core domain of the intrinsically disordered protein Knr4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, comprising residues 80-340, was expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Selenomethionine-containing (SeMet) protein was also purified and crystallized. Crystals of both proteins belonged to space group P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 112.44, c = 265.21 Å for the native protein and a = b = 112.49, c = 262.21 Å for the SeMet protein, and diffracted to 3.50 and 3.60 Å resolution, respectively. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit related by a twofold axis. The anomalous signal of selenium was recorded and yielded an electron-density map of sufficient quality to allow the identification of secondary-structure elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Julien
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Tondl
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Durand
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Adilia Dagkessamanskaia
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR9198, CNRS–Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 430, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maveyraud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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