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Loeillet S, Nicolas A. DNA polymerase δ: A single Pol31 polymorphism suppresses the strain background-specific lethality of Pol32 inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 127:103514. [PMID: 37244009 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved DNA polymerase delta (Polδ) plays several essential roles in eukaryotic DNA replication and repair, responsible for the synthesis of the lagging-strand, lower replicative mutagenesis via its proof-reading exonuclease activity and synthetizes both strands during break-induced replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Polδ protein complex consists of three subunits encoded by the POL3, POL31 and POL32 genes. Surprisingly, in contrast to POL3 and POL31, the POL32 gene deletion was found to be viable but lethal in all other eukaryotes, raising the question to which extent the viability of the POL32 deletion in S. cerevisiae was species specific. To address this issue, we inactivated the POL32 gene in 10 evolutionary close or distant S. cerevisiae strains and found that POL32 was either essential (3 strains including SK1), non-essential (5 strains including the reference S288C strain) or confers a slow-growth phenotype (2 strains). Whole-genome sequencing of S288C/SK1 pol32∆ meiotic segregants identified the lethal/suppressor effect of the single Pol31-C43Y polymorphism. Consistently, the introduction of the Pol31-43C allele in the SK1 and West African (WA) pol32∆ mutants was sufficient to restore cell viability and wild-type growth upon introduction of two copies of POL31-43C in the SK1 haploid strain. Reciprocally, introduction of the SK1 POL31-43Y allele in the S288C pol32∆ mutant was lethal. Sequence analyses of the POL31 polymorphisms in the 1,011 yeasts genome dataset correlates with the strict occurrence of the POL31-43Y allele in the yeast African palm wine clade. Differently, the single Pol31-E400G polymorphism confers pol32∆ lethality in the Malaysian strain. In the yeast two-hybrid assay, we observed a weakened interaction between Pol3 and Pol31-43Y versus Pol31-43C suggesting an insufficient level of the Polδ holoenzyme stability/activity. Thus, the enigmatic non-essentiality of Pol32 in S. cerevisiae results from single Pol31 amino acid polymorphism and is clade rather than species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Loeillet
- Institut Curie Research Center, CNRS UMR3244, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Nicolas
- Institut Curie Research Center, CNRS UMR3244, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; IRCAN, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Université Côte d'Azur, 28 avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France.
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A Saccharomyces eubayanus haploid resource for research studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5976. [PMID: 35396494 PMCID: PMC8993842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its identification, Saccharomyces eubayanus has been recognized as the missing parent of the lager hybrid, S. pastorianus. This wild yeast has never been isolated from fermentation environments, thus representing an interesting candidate for evolutionary, ecological and genetic studies. However, it is imperative to develop additional molecular genetics tools to ease manipulation and thus facilitate future studies. With this in mind, we generated a collection of stable haploid strains representative of three main lineages described in S. eubayanus (PB-1, PB-2 and PB-3), by deleting the HO gene using CRISPR-Cas9 and tetrad micromanipulation. Phenotypic characterization under different conditions demonstrated that the haploid derivates were extremely similar to their parental strains. Genomic analysis in three strains highlighted a likely low frequency of off-targets, and sequencing of a single tetrad evidenced no structural variants in any of the haploid spores. Finally, we demonstrate the utilization of the haploid set by challenging the strains under mass-mating conditions. In this way, we found that S. eubayanus under liquid conditions has a preference to remain in a haploid state, unlike S. cerevisiae that mates rapidly. This haploid resource is a novel set of strains for future yeast molecular genetics studies.
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Restoring fertility in yeast hybrids: Breeding and quantitative genetics of beneficial traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101242118. [PMID: 34518218 PMCID: PMC8463882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrids between species can harbor a combination of beneficial traits from each parent and may exhibit hybrid vigor, more readily adapting to new harsher environments. Interspecies hybrids are also sterile and therefore an evolutionary dead end unless fertility is restored, usually via auto-polyploidisation events. In the Saccharomyces genus, hybrids are readily found in nature and in industrial settings, where they have adapted to severe fermentative conditions. Due to their hybrid sterility, the development of new commercial yeast strains has so far been primarily conducted via selection methods rather than via further breeding. In this study, we overcame infertility by creating tetraploid intermediates of Saccharomyces interspecies hybrids to allow continuous multigenerational breeding. We incorporated nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity within each parental species, allowing for quantitative genetic analysis of traits exhibited by the hybrids and for nuclear-mitochondrial interactions to be assessed. Using pooled F12 generation segregants of different hybrids with extreme phenotype distributions, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to high and low temperatures, high sugar concentration, high ethanol concentration, and acetic acid levels. We identified QTLs that are species specific, that are shared between species, as well as hybrid specific, in which the variants do not exhibit phenotypic differences in the original parental species. Moreover, we could distinguish between mitochondria-type-dependent and -independent traits. This study tackles the complexity of the genetic interactions and traits in hybrid species, bringing hybrids into the realm of full genetic analysis of diploid species, and paves the road for the biotechnological exploitation of yeast biodiversity.
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Thomasson KM, Franks A, Teotónio H, Proulx SR. Testing the adaptive value of sporulation in budding yeast using experimental evolution. Evolution 2021; 75:1889-1897. [PMID: 34029382 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces yeast grow through mitotic cell division, converting resources into biomass. When cells experience starvation, sporulation is initiated and meiosis produces haploid cells inside a protective ascus. The protected spore state does not acquire resources and is partially protected from desiccation, heat, and caustic chemicals. Because cells cannot both be protected and acquire resources simultaneously, committing to sporulation represents a trade-off between current and future reproduction. Recent work has suggested that passaging through insect guts selects for spore formation, as surviving insect ingestion represents a major way that yeasts are vectored to new food sources. We subjected replicate populations from five yeast strains to passaging through insects, and evolved control populations by pipette passaging. We assayed populations for their propensity to sporulate after resource depletion. We found that ancestral domesticated strains produced fewer spores, and all strains evolved increased spore production in response to passaging through flies, but domesticated strains responded less. Exposure to flies led to a more rapid shift to sporulation that was more extreme in wild-derived strains. Our results indicate that insect passaging selects for spore production and suggest that domestication led to genetic canalization of the response to cues in the environment and initiation of sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Thomasson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Alexander Franks
- Department of Probability and Statistics, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Ecole Normale Superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Stephen R Proulx
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Liti G, Warringer J, Blomberg A. Isolation and Laboratory Domestication of Natural Yeast Strains. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot089052. [PMID: 28765292 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot089052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The process from yeast isolation to their use in laboratory experiments is lengthy. Historically, Saccharomyces strains were easily obtained by sampling alcoholic fermentation processes or other substrates associated with human activity in which Saccharomyces was heavily enriched. In contrast, wild Saccharomyces yeasts are found in complex microbial communities and small population sizes, making isolation challenging. We have overcome this problem by enriching yeast on media favoring the growth of Saccharomyces over other microorganisms. The isolation process is usually followed by molecular characterization that allows the strain identification. Finally, yeast isolated from domestic or wild environments need to be genetically manipulated before they can be used in laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Liti
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 6267, INSERM U998, University of Nice, 06107 Nice, France;
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Warringer J, Liti G, Blomberg A. Yeast Reciprocal Hemizygosity to Confirm the Causality of a Quantitative Trait Loci-Associated Gene. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot089078. [PMID: 28765294 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot089078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pinpointing causal alleles within a quantitative trait loci region is a key challenge when dissecting the genetic basis of natural variation. In yeast, homing in on culprit genes is often achieved using engineered reciprocal hemizygotes as outlined here. Based on prior information on gene-trait associations, candidate genes are identified. In haploid versions of both founder strains, a candidate gene is then deleted. Gene knockouts are independently mated to a wild-type version of the other strain, such that two diploid hybrid strains are obtained. These strains are identical with regard to the nuclear genome, except for that they are hemizygotic at the locus of interest and contain different alleles of the candidate gene. If correctly measured, a trait difference between these reciprocal hemizygotes can confidently be ascribed to allelic variation at the target locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warringer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; .,Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gianni Liti
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 6267, INSERM U998, University of Nice, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Coi AL, Legras JL, Zara G, Dequin S, Budroni M. A set of haploid strains available for genetic studies ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeflor yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow066. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Merhej J, Delaveau T, Guitard J, Palancade B, Hennequin C, Garcia M, Lelandais G, Devaux F. Yap7 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric oxide oxidase in yeasts, which arose from neofunctionalization after whole genome duplication. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:951-72. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Merhej
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Thierry Delaveau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris); 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Inserm; U1135; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie; F-75012 Paris France
- CNRS; ERL 8255; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
| | - Benoit Palancade
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris); 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Inserm; U1135; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie; F-75012 Paris France
- CNRS; ERL 8255; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
| | - Mathilde Garcia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Gaëlle Lelandais
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
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Marie-Nelly H, Marbouty M, Cournac A, Flot JF, Liti G, Parodi DP, Syan S, Guillén N, Margeot A, Zimmer C, Koszul R. High-quality genome (re)assembly using chromosomal contact data. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5695. [PMID: 25517223 PMCID: PMC4284522 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Closing gaps in draft genome assemblies can be costly and time-consuming, and published genomes are therefore often left ‘unfinished.’ Here we show that genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (3C) data can be used to overcome these limitations, and present a computational approach rooted in polymer physics that determines the most likely genome structure using chromosomal contact data. This algorithm—named GRAAL—generates high-quality assemblies of genomes in which repeated and duplicated regions are accurately represented and offers a direct probabilistic interpretation of the computed structures. We first validated GRAAL on the reference genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as other yeast isolates, where GRAAL recovered both known and unknown complex chromosomal structural variations. We then applied GRAAL to the finishing of the assembly of Trichoderma reesei and obtained a number of contigs congruent with the know karyotype of this species. Finally, we showed that GRAAL can accurately reconstruct human chromosomes from either fragments generated in silico or contigs obtained from de novo assembly. In all these applications, GRAAL compared favourably to recently published programmes implementing related approaches. The correct assembly of genomes from sequencing data remains a challenge due to difficulties in correctly assigning the location of repeated DNA elements. Here the authors describe GRAAL, an algorithm that utilizes genome-wide chromosome contact data within a probabilistic framework to produce accurate genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Marie-Nelly
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015 Paris, France [3] Institut Pasteur, Unité Imagerie et Modélisation, 75015 Paris, France [4] CNRS, URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France [5] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Martial Marbouty
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Axel Cournac
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Flot
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Group Biological Physics and Evolutionary Dynamics, Bunsenstr. 10, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gianni Liti
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284-INSERM U108, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Dante Poggi Parodi
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France [2] IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Sylvie Syan
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cell Biology of Parasitism, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cell Biology of Parasitism, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Margeot
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Christophe Zimmer
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Unité Imagerie et Modélisation, 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, 75015 Paris, France [2] CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015 Paris, France
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Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis contributes to phenotypic variation and coadaptation in natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2014; 198:1251-65. [PMID: 25164882 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.168575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential multifunctional organelles whose metabolic functions, biogenesis, and maintenance are controlled through genetic interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. In natural populations, mitochondrial efficiencies may be impacted by epistatic interactions between naturally segregating genome variants. The extent that mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis contributes to the phenotypic variation present in nature is unknown. We have systematically replaced mitochondrial DNAs in a collection of divergent Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast isolates and quantified the effects on growth rates in a variety of environments. We found that mitochondrial-nuclear interactions significantly affected growth rates and explained a substantial proportion of the phenotypic variances under some environmental conditions. Naturally occurring mitochondrial-nuclear genome combinations were more likely to provide growth advantages, but genetic distance could not predict the effects of epistasis. Interruption of naturally occurring mitochondrial-nuclear genome combinations increased endogenous reactive oxygen species in several strains to levels that were not always proportional to growth rate differences. Our results demonstrate that interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes generate phenotypic diversity in natural populations of yeasts and that coadaptation of intergenomic interactions likely occurs quickly within the specific niches that yeast occupy. This study reveals the importance of considering allelic interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes when investigating evolutionary relationships and mapping the genetic basis underlying complex traits.
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