1
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Microbial silver resistance mechanisms: recent developments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:158. [PMID: 35821348 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this mini-review, after a brief introduction into the widespread antimicrobial use of silver ions and nanoparticles against bacteria, fungi and viruses, the toxicity of silver compounds and the molecular mechanisms of microbial silver resistance are discussed, including recent studies on bacteria and fungi. The similarities and differences between silver ions and silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents are also mentioned. Regarding bacterial ionic silver resistance, the roles of the sil operon, silver cation efflux proteins, and copper-silver efflux systems are explained. The importance of bacterially produced exopolysaccharides as a physiological (biofilm) defense mechanism against silver nanoparticles is also emphasized. Regarding fungal silver resistance, the roles of metallothioneins, copper-transporting P-type ATPases and cell wall are discussed. Recent evolutionary engineering (adaptive laboratory evolution) studies are also discussed which revealed that silver resistance can evolve rapidly in bacteria and fungi. The cross-resistance observed between silver resistance and resistance to other heavy metals and antibiotics in bacteria and fungi is also explained as a clinically and environmentally important issue. The use of silver against bacterial and fungal biofilm formation is also discussed. Finally, the antiviral effects of silver and the use of silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses are mentioned. To conclude, silver compounds are becoming increasingly important as antimicrobial agents, and their widespread use necessitates detailed understanding of microbial silver response and resistance mechanisms, as well as the ecological effects of silver compounds. Figure created with BioRender.com.
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2
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Zhang X, Kebaara BW. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and metal ion homeostasis and detoxification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biometals 2022; 35:1145-1156. [PMID: 36255607 PMCID: PMC9674712 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway is a translation dependent mRNA degradation pathway. Although NMD is best known for its role in degrading mRNAs with premature termination codons (PTCs) generated during transcription, splicing, or damage to the mRNAs, NMD is now also recognized as a pathway with additional important functions. Notably, NMD precisely regulates protein coding natural mRNAs, hence controlling gene expression within several physiologically significant pathways. Such pathways affected by NMD include nutritional bio-metal homeostasis and metal ion detoxification, as well as crosstalk between these pathways. Here, we focus on the relationships between NMD and various metal homeostasis and detoxification pathways. We review the described role that the NMD pathway plays in magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper homeostasis, as well as cadmium detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Bessie W. Kebaara
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798 USA
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3
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Toh-E A, Ohkusu M, Ishiwada N, Watanabe A, Kamei K. Genetic system underlying responses of Cryptococcus neoformans to cadmium. Curr Genet 2021; 68:125-141. [PMID: 34761291 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, basidiomycetous pathogenic yeast, is basically an environmental fungus and, therefore, challenged by ever changing environments. In this study, we focused on how C. neoformans responds to stress caused by cadmium that is one of high-risk pollutants. By tracking phenotypes of the resistance or sensitivity to cadmium, we undertook forward and reverse genetic studies to identify genes involved in cadmium metabolism in C. neoformans. We found that the main route of Cd2+ influx is through Mn2+ ion transporter, Smf1, which is an ortholog of Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1) of mouse. We found that serotype A strains are generally more resistant to cadmium than serotype D strains and that cadmium resistance of H99, a representative of serotype A strains, was found to be due to a partial defect in SMF1. We found that calcium channel has a subsidiary role for cadmium uptake. We also showed that Pca1 (P-type-ATPase) functions as an extrusion pump for cadmium. We examined the effects of some metals on cadmium toxicity and suggested (i) that Ca2+ and Zn2+ could exert their protective function against Cd2+ via restoring cadmium-inhibited cellular processes and (ii) that Mg2+ and Mn2+ could have antagonistic roles in an unknown Smf1-independent Cd2+ uptake system. We proposed a model for Cd2+-response of C. neoformans, which will serve as a platform for understanding how this organism copes with the toxic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Toh-E
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Misako Ohkusu
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kamei
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
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4
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The Targeting of Native Proteins to the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) Pathway: An Expanding Repertoire of Regulated Substrates. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081185. [PMID: 34439852 PMCID: PMC8393694 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All proteins are subject to quality control processes during or soon after their synthesis, and these cellular quality control pathways play critical roles in maintaining homeostasis in the cell and in organism health. Protein quality control is particularly vital for those polypeptides that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Approximately one-quarter to one-third of all proteins synthesized in eukaryotic cells access the ER because they are destined for transport to the extracellular space, because they represent integral membrane proteins, or because they reside within one of the many compartments of the secretory pathway. However, proteins that mature inefficiently are subject to ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a multi-step pathway involving the chaperone-mediated selection, ubiquitination, and extraction (or “retrotranslocation”) of protein substrates from the ER. Ultimately, these substrates are degraded by the cytosolic proteasome. Interestingly, there is an increasing number of native enzymes and metabolite and solute transporters that are also targeted for ERAD. While some of these proteins may transiently misfold, the ERAD pathway also provides a route to rapidly and quantitatively downregulate the levels and thus the activities of a variety of proteins that mature or reside in the ER.
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5
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Lorenzo-Gutiérrez D, Gómez-Gil L, Guarro J, Roncero MIG, Capilla J, López-Fernández L. Cu transporter protein CrpF protects against Cu-induced toxicity in Fusarium oxysporum. Virulence 2021; 11:1108-1121. [PMID: 32862758 PMCID: PMC7549990 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu is an essential trace element for cell growth and proliferation. However, excess of Cu accumulation leads to cellular toxicity. Thus, precise and tight regulation of Cu homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is required. Moreover, the maintenance of Cu homeostasis is critical for the survival and virulence of fungal pathogens. Cu homeostasis has been extensively studied in mammals, bacteria, and yeast, but it has not yet been well documented in filamentous fungi. In the present work, we investigated Cu tolerance in the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum by analysing the Cu transporter coding gene crpF, previously studied in Aspergillus fumigatus. The expression studies demonstrated that crpF is upregulated in the presence of Cu and its deletion leads to severe sensitivity to low levels of CuSO4 in F. oxysporum. Targeted deletion of crpF did not significantly alter the resistance of the fungus to macrophage killing, nor its pathogenic behaviour on the tomato plants. However, the targeted deletion mutant ΔcrpF showed increased virulence in a murine model of systemic infection compared to wild-type strain (wt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Lorenzo-Gutiérrez
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - Lucía Gómez-Gil
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias and Campus De Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Cordoba , Cordoba, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - M Isabel G Roncero
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias and Campus De Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Cordoba , Cordoba, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - Loida López-Fernández
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
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6
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Wong A, Lam EM, Pai C, Gunderson A, Carter TE, Kebaara BW. Variation of the response to metal ions and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay across different Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic backgrounds. Yeast 2021; 38:507-520. [PMID: 33955055 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mRNA steady-state levels is important in controlling gene expression particularly in response to environmental stimuli. This allows cells to rapidly respond to environment changes. The highly conserved nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway was initially identified as a pathway that degrades aberrant mRNAs. NMD is now recognized as a pathway with additional functions including precisely regulating the expression of select natural mRNAs. Majority of these natural mRNAs encode fully functional proteins. Regulation of natural mRNAs by NMD is activated by NMD targeting features and environmental cues. Here, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from three genetic backgrounds respond differentially to NMD depending on the environmental stimuli. We found that wild type and NMD mutant W303a, BY4741, and RM11-1a yeast strains respond similarly to copper in the environment but respond differentially to toxic cadmium. Furthermore, the PCA1 alleles encoding different mRNAs from W303a and RM11-1a strains are regulated similarly by NMD in response to the bio-metal copper but differentially in response to toxic cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Wong
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Ernest Moses Lam
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Cheryl Pai
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Annika Gunderson
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Tamar E Carter
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Bessie W Kebaara
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
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7
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Kurucz V, Kiss B, Szigeti ZM, Nagy G, Orosz E, Hargitai Z, Harangi S, Wiebenga A, de Vries RP, Pócsi I, Emri T. Physiological background of the remarkably high Cd 2+ tolerance of the Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 strain. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:957-967. [PMID: 30168857 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physiological background of the unusually high cadmium tolerance (MIC50 > 2 mM) of Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 was investigated. The cadmium tolerance of the tested environmental and clinical A. fumigatus strains varied over a wide range (0.25 mM < MIC50 < 1 mM). Only the Af293 strain showed a MIC50 value of >2 mM, and this phenotype was accompanied by increased in vivo virulence in mice. A strong correlation was found between the cadmium tolerance and the transcription of the pcaA gene, which encodes a putative cadmium efflux pump. The cadmium tolerance also correlated with the iron tolerance and the extracellular siderophore production of the strains. In addition to these findings, Af293 did not show the synergism between iron toxicity and cadmium toxicity that was detected in the other strains. Based on these results, we suggest that the primary function of PcaA should be acting as a ferrous iron pump and protecting cells from iron overload. Nevertheless, the heterologous expression of pcaA may represent an attractive strain improvement strategy to construct fungal strains for use in biosorption or biomining processes or to prevent accumulation of this toxic metal in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Kurucz
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kiss
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Orosz
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hargitai
- Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Harangi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (Agilent Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Krol K, Brozda I, Skoneczny M, Bretne M, Skoneczna A. A genomic screen revealing the importance of vesicular trafficking pathways in genome maintenance and protection against genotoxic stress in diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120702. [PMID: 25756177 PMCID: PMC4355298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to survive stressful conditions is important for every living cell. Certain stresses not only affect the current well-being of cells but may also have far-reaching consequences. Uncurbed oxidative stress can cause DNA damage and decrease cell survival and/or increase mutation rates, and certain substances that generate oxidative damage in the cell mainly act on DNA. Radiomimetic zeocin causes oxidative damage in DNA, predominantly by inducing single- or double-strand breaks. Such lesions can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, especially in diploid cells, in which the two sets of chromosomes facilitate excessive and deleterious recombination. In a global screen for zeocin-oversensitive mutants, we selected 133 genes whose deletion reduces the survival of zeocin-treated diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The screen revealed numerous genes associated with stress responses, DNA repair genes, cell cycle progression genes, and chromatin remodeling genes. Notably, the screen also demonstrated the involvement of the vesicular trafficking system in cellular protection against DNA damage. The analyses indicated the importance of vesicular system integrity in various pathways of cellular protection from zeocin-dependent damage, including detoxification and a direct or transitional role in genome maintenance processes that remains unclear. The data showed that deleting genes involved in vesicular trafficking may lead to Rad52 focus accumulation and changes in total DNA content or even cell ploidy alterations, and such deletions may preclude proper DNA repair after zeocin treatment. We postulate that functional vesicular transport is crucial for sustaining an integral genome. We believe that the identification of numerous new genes implicated in genome restoration after genotoxic oxidative stress combined with the detected link between vesicular trafficking and genome integrity will reveal novel molecular processes involved in genome stability in diploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Krol
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Brozda
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Skoneczny
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bretne
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Skoneczna
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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9
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Moulis JM, Bourguignon J, Catty P. Cadmium. BINDING, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF METAL IONS IN BIOLOGICAL CELLS 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739979-00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is not an essential element for life. It is geologically marginal but anthropogenic activities have contributed significantly to its dispersion in the environment and to cadmium exposure of living species. The natural speciation of the divalent cation Cd2+ is dominated by its high propensity to bind to sulfur ligands, but Cd2+ may also occupy sites providing imidazole and carboxylate ligands. It binds to cell walls by passive adsorption (bio-sorption) and it may interact with surface receptors. Cellular uptake can occur by ion mimicry through a variety of transporters of essential divalent cations, but not always. Once inside cells, Cd2+ preferentially binds to thiol-rich molecules. It can accumulate in intracellular vesicles. It may also be transported over long distances within multicellular organisms and be trapped in locations devoid of efficient excretion systems. These locations include the renal cortex of animals and the leaves of hyper-accumulating plants. No specific regulatory mechanism monitors Cd2+ cellular concentrations. Thiol recruitment by cadmium is a major interference mechanism with many signalling pathways that rely on thiolate-disulfide equilibria and other redox-related processes. Cadmium thus compromises the antioxidant intracellular response that relies heavily on molecules with reactive thiolates. These biochemical features dominate cadmium toxicity, which is complex because of the diversity of the biological targets and the consequent pleiotropic effects. This chapter compares the cadmium-handling systems known throughout phylogeny and highlights the basic principles underlying the impact of cadmium in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Moulis
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
- CNRS UMR5249 F-38054 Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I UMR5249 F-38041 Grenoble France
| | - Jacques Bourguignon
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale F-38054 Grenoble France
- CNRS UMR5168 F-38054 Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I UMR5168 F-38041 Grenoble France
- INRA USC1359 F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - Patrice Catty
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
- CNRS UMR5249 F-38054 Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I UMR5249 F-38041 Grenoble France
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10
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Ríos G, Cabedo M, Rull B, Yenush L, Serrano R, Mulet JM. Role of the yeast multidrug transporter Qdr2 in cation homeostasis and the oxidative stress response. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 13:97-106. [PMID: 23106982 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified QDR2 in a screening for genes able to confer tolerance to sodium and/or lithium stress upon overexpression. Qdr2 is a multidrug transporter of the major facilitator superfamily, originally described for its ability to transport the antimalarial drug quinidine and the herbicide barban. To identify its physiological substrate, we have screened for phenotypes dependent on QDR2 and found that Qdr2 is able to transport monovalent and divalent cations with poor selectivity, as shown by growth tests and the determination of internal cation content. Moreover, strains overexpressing or lacking QDR2 also exhibit phenotypes when reactive oxygen species- producing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide or menadione were added to the growth medium. We have also found that the presence of copper and hydrogen peroxide repress the expression of QDR2. In addition, the copper uptake of a qdr2 mutant strain is similar to a wild type, but the extrusion is clearly impaired. Based on our results, we propose that free divalent copper is the main physiological substrate of Qdr2. As copper is a substrate for several redox reactions that occur within the cytoplasm, its function in copper homeostasis explains its role in the oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabino Ríos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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11
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A tradeoff drives the evolution of reduced metal resistance in natural populations of yeast. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002034. [PMID: 21483812 PMCID: PMC3069115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of genetic modification and selective forces have been implicated
in the process of adaptation to novel or adverse environments. However, the
underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood in most natural
populations. Here we report that a set of yeast strains collected from Evolution
Canyon (EC), Israel, exhibit an extremely high tolerance to the heavy metal
cadmium. We found that cadmium resistance is primarily caused by an enhanced
function of a metal efflux pump, PCA1. Molecular analyses
demonstrate that this enhancement can be largely attributed to mutations in the
promoter sequence, while mutations in the coding region have a minor effect.
Reconstruction experiments show that three single nucleotide substitutions in
the PCA1 promoter quantitatively increase its activity and thus
enhance the cells' cadmium resistance. Comparison among different yeast
species shows that the critical nucleotides found in EC strains are conserved
and functionally important for cadmium resistance in other species, suggesting
that they represent an ancestral type. However, these nucleotides had diverged
in most Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations, which gave cells
growth advantages under conditions where cadmium is low or absent. Our results
provide a rare example of a selective sweep in yeast populations driven by a
tradeoff in metal resistance. Understanding the genetic and molecular bases of adaptive mutations allows us to
gain insight into how new biological functions evolve. In natural populations,
examples in which adaptive mutations are characterized at the molecular level
are still rare. We studied wild yeast strains isolated from Evolution Canyon
(EC), Israel, that exhibit an extremely high tolerance to the heavy metal
cadmium. We found that high cadmium resistance was mainly caused by DNA sequence
changes in the promoter of a metal transport gene, PCA1.These
mutations increase PCA1 gene expression, thus leading to a more
efficient cadmium pump-out. Comparison among different yeast species shows that
the critical nucleotides found in EC strains are conserved and functionally
important for cadmium resistance in other species, suggesting that they
represent an ancestral type. When the PCA1 sequence and the
cadmium resistance in different S. cerevisiae populations
collected globally were compared, we found that most populations carried weak
PCA1 alleles and had a low cadmium tolerance. Since cells
carrying the strong PCA1 allele grow slowly under low-cadmium
conditions, it is likely that the tradeoff between cadmium resistance and growth
rate drives the evolution of reduced cadmium tolerance in most S.
cerevisiae populations.
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12
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Adle DJ, Lee J. Expressional control of a cadmium-transporting P1B-type ATPase by a metal sensing degradation signal. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31460-8. [PMID: 18753133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806054200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic environmental contaminant implicated in various diseases. Our previous data demonstrated that Pca1, a P1B-type ATPase, plays a critical role in cadmium resistance in yeast S. cerevisiae by extruding intracellular cadmium. This illustrates the first cadmium-specific efflux pump in eukaryotes. In response to cadmium, yeast cells rapidly enhance expression of Pca1 by a post-transcriptional mechanism. To gain mechanistic insights into the cadmium-dependent control of Pca1 expression, we have characterized the pathway for Pca1 turnover and the mechanism of cadmium sensing that leads to up-regulation of Pca1. Pca1 is a short-lived protein (t1/2 < 5 min) and is subject to ubiquitination when cells are growing in media lacking cadmium. Distinct from many plasma membrane transporters targeted to the vacuole for degradation via endocytosis, cells defective in this pathway did not stabilize Pca1. Rather, Pca1 turnover was dependent on the proteasome. These data suggest that, in the absence of cadmium, Pca1 is targeted for degradation before reaching the plasma membrane. Mapping of the N terminus of Pca1 identified a metal-responding degradation signal encompassing amino acids 250-350. Fusion of this domain to a stable protein demonstrated that it functions autonomously in a metal-responsive manner. Cadmium sensing by cysteine residues within this domain circumvents ubiquitination and degradation of Pca1. These data reveal a new mechanism for substrate-mediated control of P1B-type ATPase expression. Cells have likely evolved this mode of regulation for a rapid and specific cellular response to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Adle
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664, USA
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13
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Ito H, Inouhe M, Tohoyama H, Joho M. Characteristics of copper tolerance in Yarrowia lipolytica. Biometals 2006; 20:773-80. [PMID: 17115261 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that a mutant strain of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica could grow in the yeast form in high concentrations of copper sulfate. The amount of metal accumulated by Y. lipolytica increased with increasing copper concentrations in the medium. Washing with 100 mM EDTA released at least 60% of the total metal from the cells, but about 20-25 micromol/g DW persisted, which represented about 30% of the soluble fraction of cultured cells. The soluble fraction (mainly cytosol) contained only about 10% of the total metal content within cells cultured in medium supplemented with 6 mM copper. We suggest that although a high copper concentration induces an efflux mechanism, the released copper becomes entrapped in the periplasm and in other parts of the cell wall. Washing with EDTA liberated not only copper ions, but also melanin, a brown pigment that can bind metal and which located at the cell wall. These findings indicated that melanin participates in the mechanism of metal accumulation. Culture in medium supplemented with copper obviously enhanced the activities of Cu, Zn-SOD, but not of Mn-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
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Adle DJ, Sinani D, Kim H, Lee J. A cadmium-transporting P1B-type ATPase in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:947-55. [PMID: 17107946 PMCID: PMC4100611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609535200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Detoxification and homeostatic acquisition of metal ions are vital for all living organisms. We have identified PCA1 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an overexpression suppressor of copper toxicity. PCA1 possesses signatures of a P1B-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase that is widely distributed from bacteria to humans. Copper resistance conferred by PCA1 is not dependent on catalytic activity, but it appears that a cysteine-rich region located in the N terminus sequesters copper. Unexpectedly, when compared with two independent natural isolates and an industrial S. cerevisiae strain, the PCA1 allele of the common laboratory strains we have examined possesses a missense mutation in a predicted ATP-binding residue conserved in P1B-type ATPases. Consistent with a previous report that identifies an equivalent mutation in a copper-transporting P1B-type ATPase of a Wilson disease patient, the PCA1 allele found in laboratory yeast strains is nonfunctional. Overexpression or deletion of the functional allele in yeast demonstrates that PCA1 is a cadmium efflux pump. Cadmium as well as copper and silver, but not other metals examined, dramatically increase PCA1 protein expression through post-transcriptional regulation and promote subcellular localization to the plasma membrane. Our study has revealed a novel metal detoxification mechanism in yeast mediated by a P1B-type ATPase that is unique in structure, substrate specificity, and mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaekwon Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, N210 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664. Tel.: 402-472-2658;
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15
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Österberg M, Kim H, Warringer J, Melén K, Blomberg A, von Heijne G. Phenotypic effects of membrane protein overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11148-53. [PMID: 16847257 PMCID: PMC1544056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604078103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale protein overexpression phenotype screens provide an important complement to the more common gene knockout screens. Here, we have targeted the so far poorly understood Saccharomyces cerevisiae membrane proteome and report growth phenotypes for a strain collection overexpressing approximately 600 C-terminally tagged integral membrane proteins grown both under normal and three different stress conditions. Although overexpression of most membrane proteins reduce the growth rate in synthetic defined medium, we identify a large number of proteins that, when overexpressed, confer specific resistance to various stress conditions. Our data suggest that regulation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and the Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis system constitute major downstream targets of the yeast PKA/RAS pathway and point to a possible connection between the early secretory pathway and the cells' response to oxidative stress. We also have quantified the expression levels for >550 membrane proteins, facilitating the choice of well expressing proteins for future functional and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Österberg
- *Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hyun Kim
- *Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, SE-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Melén
- *Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, SE-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- *Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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16
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17
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Arnesano F, Banci L, Bertini I, Ciofi‐Baffoni S. Perspectives in Inorganic Structural Genomics: A Trafficking Route for Copper. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Arnesano
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐055‐4574271
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐055‐4574271
| | - Ivano Bertini
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐055‐4574271
| | - Simone Ciofi‐Baffoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, Fax: (internat.) + 39‐055‐4574271
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18
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Gravot A, Lieutaud A, Verret F, Auroy P, Vavasseur A, Richaud P. AtHMA3, a plant P1B
-ATPase, functions as a Cd/Pb transporter in yeast. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:22-8. [PMID: 15013746 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana AtHMA3 protein belongs to the P(1B)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) transporter family, involved in heavy metal transport. Functional expression of AtHMA3 phenotypically complements the Cd/Pb-hypersensitive yeast strain Deltaycf1, but not the Zn-hypersensitive mutant Deltazrc1. AtHMA3-complemented Deltaycf1 cells accumulate the same amount of cadmium as YCF1-complemented Deltaycf1 cells or wild-type cells, suggesting that AtHMA3 carries out an intracellular sequestration of Cd. A mutant of AtHMA3 altered in the P-ATPase phosphorylation domain did not complement Deltaycf1, suggesting that metal transport rather than chelation is involved. The fusion protein AtHMA3::green fluorescent protein (GFP) is localized at the vacuole, consistent with a role in the influx of cadmium into the vacuolar compartment. In A. thaliana, the mRNA of AtHMA3 was detected mainly in roots, old rosette leaves and cauline leaves. The expression levels were not affected by cadmium or zinc treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gravot
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/DEVM/Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation, UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA-Aix-Marseille II, Bat. 156, 13108 St Paul lez Durance Cedex, France
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19
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De Freitas JM, Kim JH, Poynton H, Su T, Wintz H, Fox T, Holman P, Loguinov A, Keles S, van der Laan M, Vulpe C. Exploratory and confirmatory gene expression profiling of mac1Delta. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:4450-8. [PMID: 14534306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploratory outlier identification methods and confirmatory gene expression studies showed induction of the iron regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking Mac1p, a copper-responsive transcription factor. The Aft1p/Aft2p binding motif was the most discriminating motif between up- and down-regulated genes, and we identified new genes potentially regulated by Aft1p/Aft2p. In addition, multiple genes encoding proteins containing Fe-S clusters were down-regulated suggesting metabolic reorganization to conserve iron in mac1Delta. Null mutants of each of the differentially expressed genes were characterized for copper- or iron-related phenotypes. New or additional support for a role in copper and iron homeostasis is provided in this study for the gene products of AKR1, MRS4, PCA1, SSU1, TIS11, YBR047W, YHL035C, YHR045W, YLR047C, YLR126C, and YTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Maria De Freitas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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20
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Voskoboinik I, Camakaris J. Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase (ATP7A): biochemical and cell biology properties, and role in Menkes disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2002; 34:363-71. [PMID: 12539963 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021250003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase (ATP7A; MNK) is a ubiquitous protein that regulates the absorption of copper in the gastrointestinal tract. Inside cells the protein has a dual function: it delivers copper to cuproenzymes in the Golgi compartment and effluxes excess copper. The latter property is achieved through copper-dependent vesicular trafficking of the Menkes protein to the plasma membrane of the cell. The trafficking mechanism and catalytic activity combine to facilitate absorption and intercellular transport of copper. The mechanism of catalysis and copper-dependent trafficking of the Menkes protein are the subjects of this review. Menkes disease, a systemic copper deficiency disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Menkes protein. The effect of these mutations on the catalytic cycle and the cell biology of the Menkes protein, as well as predictions of the effect of particular mutant MNKs on observed Menkes disease symptoms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Voskoboinik
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Tong L, Nakashima S, Shibasaka M, Katsuhara M, Kasamo K. A novel histidine-rich CPx-ATPase from the filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis related to multiple-heavy-metal cotolerance. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5027-35. [PMID: 12193618 PMCID: PMC135323 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.18.5027-5035.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel gene related to heavy-metal transport was cloned and identified from the filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis. Sequence analysis of the gene (the Bxa1 gene) showed that its product possessed high homology with heavy-metal transport CPx-ATPases. The CPC motif, which is proposed to form putative cation transduction channel, was found in the sixth transmembrane helix. However, instead of the CXXC motif that is present in the N termini of most metal transport CPx-ATPases, Bxa1 contains a unique Cys-Cys (CC) sequence element and histidine-rich motifs as a putative metal binding site. Northern blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that expression of Bxa1 mRNA was induced in vivo by both monovalent (Cu(+) and Ag(+)) and divalent (Zn(2+) and Cd(2+)) heavy-metal ions at similar levels. Experiments on heavy-metal tolerance in Escherichia coli with recombinant Bxa1 demonstrated that Bxa1 conferred resistance to both monovalent and divalent heavy metals. This is the first report of a CPx-ATPase responsive to both monovalent and divalent heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tong
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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22
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Toh-e A, Oguchi T. Defects in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis activate Hog1 kinase and confer copper-resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisisae. Genes Genet Syst 2001; 76:393-410. [PMID: 11922108 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.76.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Las21/Gpi7 contains a heavy-metal-associated motif at its N-terminus. When this motif was disrupted by amino acid substitution, the cells acquired weak copper-resistance. We found that the previously isolated las21 mutants were strongly resistant to copper. Metallothionein is necessary for the expression of the copper-resistance of the las21 mutants. However, hyper-production of metallothionein is unlikely to be the cause of copper-resistance of the las21 mutants. Copper-sensitive mutants (collectively called Cus mutants) were isolated from the las21delta and characterized. One of the Cus genes was found to be PBS2, which encodes Hog1 MAP kinase kinase, indicating that the Hog1 MAP kinase pathway is needed for the expression of copper-resistance of the las21 mutants. As expected, the las21delta hog1delta strain was no longer copper-resistant. We found that Hog1 was constitutively activated in las21delta cells and in ssk1delta las21delta cells but not in sho1delta las21delta cells. Inactivation of either FSR2/MCD4 or MPC1/GPI13, both of which are involved in GPI anchor synthesis, like LAS21, caused a similar level of constitutive activation of Hog1 kinase and copper-resistance as found in the las21delta strain. The constitutive activation was canceled by introducing the sskl mutation, but not the sho1 mutation, in each GPI anchor mutant tested, suggesting that the defect in GPI anchor synthesis specifically affects the Slnl branch of the MAP kinase pathway. Since the wild-type cells grown in YPD containing 0.5 M NaCl do not show copper-resistance, mere activation of Hog1 is not sufficient for expression of copper-resistance. We propose that a defect in GPI anchor synthesis has multiple consequences, including activation of the Hog1 MAP kinase cascade and conferring copper-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toh-e
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Japan.
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23
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Eide DJ. Metal ion transport in eukaryotic microorganisms: insights from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adv Microb Physiol 2001; 43:1-38. [PMID: 10907553 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(00)43001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc are essential nutrients for all eukaryotic microorganisms. Therefore, these organisms possess efficient uptake mechanisms to obtain these nutrients from their extracellular environment. Metal ions must also be transported into intracellular organelles where they function as catalytic and structural cofactors for compartmentalized enzymes. Thus, intracellular transport mechanisms are also present. When present in high levels, metal ions can also be toxic, so their uptake and intracellular transport is tightly regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels to limit metal ion overaccumulation and facilitate storage and sequestration. Remarkable molecular insight into these processes has come from recent studies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organism, which is the primary subject of this chapter, serves as a useful paradigm to understand metal ion metabolism in other eukaryotic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia 65203, USA
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24
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Riggle PJ, Kumamoto CA. Role of a Candida albicans P1-type ATPase in resistance to copper and silver ion toxicity. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:4899-905. [PMID: 10940034 PMCID: PMC111370 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.17.4899-4905.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper ion homeostasis is complicated in that copper is an essential element needed for a variety of cellular processes but is toxic at excess levels. To identify Candida albicans genes that are involved in resistance to copper ion toxicity, a library containing inserts of C. albicans genomic DNA was used to complement the copper sensitivity phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cup1Delta strain that is unable to produce Cup1p, a metallothionein (MT) responsible for high-level copper ion resistance. A P1-type ATPase (CPx type) that is closely related to the human Menkes and Wilson disease proteins was cloned. The gene encoding this pump was termed CRD1 (for copper resistance determinant). A gene encoding a 76-amino-acid MT similar to higher eukaryotic MTs in structure was also cloned, and the gene was termed CRD2. Transcription of the CRD1 gene was found to increase upon growth with increasing copper levels, while the CRD2 mRNA was expressed at a constant level. Strains with the CRD1 gene disrupted were extremely sensitive to exogenous copper and failed to grow in medium containing 100 microM CuSO(4). These crd1 strains also exhibited increased sensitivity to silver and cadmium, indicating that Crd1p is somewhat promiscuous with respect to metal ion transport. Although strains with the CRD2 gene disrupted showed reduced growth rate with increasing copper concentration, the crd2 mutants eventually attained wild-type levels of growth, demonstrating that CRD2 is less important for resistance to copper ion toxicity. Crd1p is the first example of a eukaryotic copper pump that provides the primary source of cellular copper resistance, and its ability to confer silver resistance may enhance the prevalence of C. albicans as a nosocomial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Riggle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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25
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Petris MJ, Mercer JF, Camakaris J. The cell biology of the Menkes disease protein. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 448:53-66. [PMID: 10079815 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4859-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Petris
- Genetics Department, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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27
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Abstract
Transition metals such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc are essential nutrients. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal organism for deciphering the mechanism and regulation of metal ion transport. Recent studies of yeast have shown that accumulation of any single metal ion is mediated by two or more substrate-specific transport systems. High-affinity systems are active in metal-limited cells, whereas low-affinity systems play the predominant roles when the substrate is more abundant. Metal ion uptake systems of cells are tightly controlled, and both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms have been identified. Most importantly, studies of S. cerevisiae have identified a large number of genes that function in metal ion transport and have illuminated the existence of importance of gene families that play related roles in these processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Eide
- Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Missouri-Columbia 65203, USA.
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28
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Catty P, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Goffeau A. The complete inventory of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae P-type transport ATPases. FEBS Lett 1997; 409:325-32. [PMID: 9224683 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of sixteen open reading frames encoding for P-type ATPases have been identified in the complete genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phylogenetic analysis distinguishes 6 distinct families. Topology predictions, identification of aminoacid sequence motifs and phenotype analysis of the available mutants suggest that these families correspond to ATPases transporting either H+ (2 members), Ca2+ (2 members), Na+ (3 members), heavy metals (2 members), possibly aminophospholipids (5 members including 4 new ones) or unknown substrates (2 new members). It is proposed that the latter family which has homologs in Tetrahymena thermophila, Plasmodium falciparum and Caenorhabditis elegans constitutes a new group called P4-ATPases with characteristic topology and aminoacid signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Catty
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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29
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Tabata K, Kashiwagi S, Mori H, Ueguchi C, Mizuno T. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a putative metal-transporting P-type ATPase from Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1326:1-6. [PMID: 9188794 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-transporting P-type ATPases were recently proposed to constitute a newly emerged sub-family of cation-transporting P-type ATPases, and are known to occur widely in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, no instance has been reported for higher plants. A cDNA clone encoding a metal-transporting P-type ATPase was thus searched for, if present, and was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. The amino acid sequence, predicted from the determined nucleotide sequence for the cloned cDNA, shows all the critical features common to known metal-transporting P-type ATPases. This plant P-type ATPase has a typical metal-binding motif at its N-terminal portion. The newly isolated Arabidopsis gene, named PAA1, provides us with the first instance of putative metal-transporting P-type ATPases in higher plants. Some results of genomic analyses for this gene are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tabata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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31
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Rad MR, Habbig B, Jansen G, Hattenhorst U, Kroll M, Hollenberg CP. Analysis of the DNA sequence of a 34,038 bp region on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV. Yeast 1997; 13:281-6. [PMID: 9090058 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19970315)13:3<281::aid-yea74>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the DNA sequence of a 34,038 bp segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV. Subsequent analysis revealed 20 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp and two tRNA genes. Five ORFs correspond to genes previously identified in S. cerevisiae, including RPLA2, PRE6, MSE1, IFM1 and SCM2 (TAT2, TAP2, LTG3). Two putative proteins share considerable homology with other proteins in the current data libraries. ORF O2145 shows 41.2% identity with the glycophospholipid-anchored surface glycoprotein Gas1p of S. cerevisiae and ORF O2197 has 53.2% identity to chromosome segregation protein Dis3p of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rad
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldor, Germany
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32
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Copper Homeostasis by Cpx-Type ATPases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Catty P, Goffeau A. Identification and phylogenetic classification of eleven putative P-type calcium transport ATPase genes in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Rep 1996; 16:75-85. [PMID: 8790914 DOI: 10.1007/bf01206198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an essential second messenger in yeast metabolism and physiology. So far, only four genes coding for calcium translocating ATPases had been discovered in yeast. The recent completion of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome allowed us to identify six new putative Ca(++)-ATPases encoding genes. Protein sequence homology analysis and phylogenetic classification of all putative Ca(++)-ATPase gene products from the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe reveal three clusters of homologous proteins. Two of them comprises seven proteins which might belong to a new class of P-type ATPases of unknown subcellular location and of unknown physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Catty
- Laboratorie de Biophysique Moleculaire et Cellulaire, DBMS-BMC, CEA, Grenoble, France
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34
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Abstract
Copper is a trace element necessary for the normal function of several important enzymes but copper homeostasis is still poorly understood. In recent years remarkable progress has been made in this field following the isolation of the gene defective in Menkes disease. Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome are X-linked recessive disorders, demonstrating the vital importance of copper, which is also highly toxic in excessive amounts. Its destructive effects are reflected in the autosomal recessive Wilson's disease. Progressive neurodegeneration and connective tissue disturbances are the main manifestations of Menkes disease. Although many patients present a severe clinical course, variable forms can be distinguished, and the occipital horn syndrome has been suggested to be a mild allelic form. The Menkes locus is mapped to Xq13.3 and the gene defective in Menkes disease has been isolated by positional cloning. The gene is predicted to encode an energy-dependent copper-binding protein, the first intracellular copper transporter described in eukaryotes. Isolation of the gene and subsequent characterization of the exon-intron organization now enables the establishment of DNA-based diagnostic methods. Furthermore, identification of the Menkes disease gene led to other important findings, such as isolation of its mouse homologue, confirming the allelic relationship between Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome, and isolation of the defective genes in Wilson's disease and its rat homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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35
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Thomas GR, Forbes JR, Roberts EA, Walshe JM, Cox DW. The Wilson disease gene: spectrum of mutations and their consequences. Nat Genet 1995; 9:210-7. [PMID: 7626145 DOI: 10.1038/ng0295-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the cloning of a gene that encodes a copper transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7B) which is defective in Wilson disease. We have now identified in 58 WND patients, 20 new mutations as well as three of five previously published mutations: 11 small insertions and deletions, seven missense, two nonsense and three splice site mutations. Two of the mutations are relatively frequent, representing 38% of the mutations in patients of European origin. Our findings suggest a wider spectrum of age of onset than is considered typical of Wilson disease: mutations that completely disrupt the gene can produce liver disease in early childhood when Wilson disease may not typically considered in the differential diagnosis. The mutations identified provide an explanation for at least part of the wide phenotypic variation observed in Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Thomas
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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