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Yang Q, Liu S, Zhao Y, Han X, Chang R, Mao J. Enzymatic properties and inhibition tolerance analysis of key enzymes in β-phenylethanol anabolic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:772-783. [PMID: 38161995 PMCID: PMC10755794 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Huangjiu is known for its unique aroma, primarily attributed to its high concentration of β-phenylethanol (ranging from 40 to 130 mg/L). Phenylalanine aminotransferase Aro9p and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase Aro10p are key enzymes in the β-phenylethanol synthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ. This study examined the enzymatic properties of these two enzymes derived from S. cerevisiae HJ and S288C. After substrate docking, Aro9pHJ (-24.05 kJ/mol) and Aro10pHJ (-14.33 kJ/mol) exhibited lower binding free energies compared to Aro9pS288C (-21.93 kJ/mol) and Aro10pS288C (-12.84 kJ/mol). ARO9 and ARO10 genes were heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21. Aro9p, which was purified via affinity chromatography, showed inhibition by l-phenylalanine (L-PHE), but the reaction rate Vmax(Aro9pHJ: 23.89 μmol·(min∙g)-1) > Aro9pS288C: 21.3 μmol·(min∙g)-1) and inhibition constant Ki values (Aro9pHJ: 0.28 mol L-1>Aro9pS288C 0.26 mol L-1) indicated that Aro9p from S. cerevisiae HJ was more tolerant to substrate stress during Huangjiu fermentation. In the presence of the same substrate phenylpyruvate (PPY), Aro10pHJ exhibited a stronger affinity than Aro10pS288C. Furthermore, Aro9pHJ and Aro10pHJ were slightly more tolerant to the final metabolites β-phenylethanol and ethanol, respectively, compared to those from S288C. The study suggests that the mutations in Aro9pHJ and Aro10pHJ may contribute to the increased β-phenylethanol concentration in Huangjiu. This is the first study investigating enzyme tolerance mechanisms in terms of substrate and product, providing a theoretical basis for the regulation of the β-phenylethanol metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yuzong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Rui Chang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Fernández-del-Río L, Clarke CF. Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: An Update on the Origins of the Benzenoid Ring and Discovery of New Ring Precursors. Metabolites 2021; 11:385. [PMID: 34198496 PMCID: PMC8231959 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or CoQ) is a conserved polyprenylated lipid essential for mitochondrial respiration. CoQ is composed of a redox-active benzoquinone ring and a long polyisoprenyl tail that serves as a membrane anchor. A classic pathway leading to CoQ biosynthesis employs 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB). Recent studies with stable isotopes in E. coli, yeast, and plant and animal cells have identified CoQ intermediates and new metabolic pathways that produce 4HB. Stable isotope labeling has identified para-aminobenzoic acid as an alternate ring precursor of yeast CoQ biosynthesis, as well as other natural products, such as kaempferol, that provide ring precursors for CoQ biosynthesis in plants and mammals. In this review, we highlight how stable isotopes can be used to delineate the biosynthetic pathways leading to CoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA;
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Robinson KP, Jochem A, Johnson SE, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Defining intermediates and redundancies in coenzyme Q precursor biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100643. [PMID: 33862086 PMCID: PMC8122105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), a redox-active lipid essential for oxidative phosphorylation, is synthesized by virtually all cells, but how eukaryotes make the universal CoQ head group precursor 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HB) from tyrosine is unknown. The first and last steps of this pathway have been defined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the intermediates and enzymes involved in converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBz) have not been described. Here, we interrogate this pathway with genetic screens, targeted LC-MS, and chemical genetics. We identify three redundant aminotransferases (Bna3, Bat2, and Aat2) that support CoQ biosynthesis in the absence of the established pathway tyrosine aminotransferases, Aro8 and Aro9. We use isotope labeling to identify bona fide tyrosine catabolites, including 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPA) and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate (4-HPL). Additionally, we find multiple compounds that rescue this pathway when exogenously supplemented, most notably 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) and 4-hydroxymandelate (4-HMA). Finally, we show that the Ehrlich pathway decarboxylase Aro10 is dispensable for 4-HB production. These results define new features of 4-HB synthesis in yeast, demonstrate the redundant nature of this pathway, and provide a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sheila E Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thiruchelvi R Reddy
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason D Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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