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Shaking Things from the Ground-Up: A Systematic Overview of the Mechanochemistry of Hard and High-Melting Inorganic Materials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020897. [PMID: 36677953 PMCID: PMC9865874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We provide a systematic overview of the mechanochemical reactions of inorganic solids, notably simple binary compounds, such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulphides, phosphides, hydrides, borides, borane derivatives, and related systems. Whereas the solid state has been traditionally considered to be of little synthetic value by the broader community of synthetic chemists, the solid-state community, and in particular researchers focusing on the reactions of inorganic materials, have thrived in building a rich and dynamic research field based on mechanically-driven transformations of inorganic substances typically seen as inert and high-melting. This review provides an insight into the chemical richness of such mechanochemical reactions and, at the same time, offers their tentative categorisation based on transformation type, resulting in seven distinct groupings: (i) the formation of adducts, (ii) the reactions of dehydration; (iii) oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions; (iv) metathesis (or exchange) reactions; (v) doping and structural rearrangements, including reactions involving the reaction vessel (the milling jar); (vi) acid-base reactions, and (vii) other, mixed type reactions. At the same time, we offer a parallel description of inorganic mechanochemical reactions depending on the reaction conditions, as those that: (i) take place under mild conditions (e.g., manual grinding using a mortar and a pestle); (ii) proceed gradually under mechanical milling; (iii) are self-sustained and initiated by mechanical milling, i.e., mechanically induced self-propagating reactions (MSRs); and (iv) proceed only via harsh grinding and are a result of chemical reactivity under strongly non-equilibrium conditions. By elaborating on typical examples and general principles in the mechanochemistry of hard and high-melting substances, this review provides a suitable complement to the existing literature, focusing on the properties and mechanochemical reactions of inorganic solids, such as nanomaterials and catalysts.
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Granone LI, Dillert R, Heitjans P, Bahnemann DW. Effect of the Degree of Inversion on the Electrical Conductivity of Spinel ZnFe2
O4. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201804062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis I. Granone
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Callinstrasse 3 D-30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum-Engineering (LNQE); Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Schneiderberg 39 D-30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Ralf Dillert
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Callinstrasse 3 D-30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum-Engineering (LNQE); Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Schneiderberg 39 D-30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Callinstrasse 3a D-30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Detlef W. Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Callinstrasse 3 D-30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum-Engineering (LNQE); Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; Schneiderberg 39 D-30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory “Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials”; Saint-Petersburg State University; Ulyanovskaya str. 1 198504 Peterhof, Saint-Petersburg Russian Federation
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Ortiz-Quiñonez JL, Pal U, Villanueva MS. Structural, Magnetic, and Catalytic Evaluation of Spinel Co, Ni, and Co-Ni Ferrite Nanoparticles Fabricated by Low-Temperature Solution Combustion Process. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14986-15001. [PMID: 31458165 PMCID: PMC6644305 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the low-temperature (∼600 °C) solution combustion method for the fabrication of CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) of 12-64 nm range in pure cubic spinel structure, by adjusting the oxidant (nitrate ions)/reductant (glycine) ratio in the reaction mixture. Although nitrate ions/glycine (N/G) ratios of 3 and 6 were used for the synthesis, phase-pure NPs could be obtained only for the N/G ratio of 6. For the N/G ratio 3, certain amount of Ni2+ cations was reduced to metallic nickel. The NH3 gas generated during the thermal decomposition of the amino acid (glycine, H2NCH2COOH) induced the reduction reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized materials. XRD analyses of the samples indicate that the Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 NPs have lattice parameter larger than that of NiFe2O4, but smaller than that of CoFe2O4 NPs. Although the saturation magnetization (M s) of Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 NPs lies in between the saturation magnetization values of CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 NPs, high coercivity (H c, 875 Oe) of the NPs indicate their hard ferromagnetic behavior. Catalytic behavior of the fabricated spinel NPs revealed that the samples containing metallic Ni are active catalysts for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Ortiz-Quiñonez
- Facultad
de Ingeniería, Benemérita
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-39, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto
de Física, Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal
J-48, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Martin Salazar Villanueva
- Facultad
de Ingeniería, Benemérita
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-39, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico
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Wilkening M, Düvel A, Preishuber-Pflügl F, da Silva K, Breuer S, Šepelák V, Heitjans P. Structure and ion dynamics of mechanosynthesized oxides and fluorides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In many cases, limitations in conventional synthesis routes hamper the accessibility to materials with properties that have been predicted by theory. For instance, metastable compounds with local non-equilibrium structures can hardly be accessed by solid-state preparation techniques often requiring high synthesis temperatures. Also other ways of preparation lead to the thermodynamically stable rather than metastable products. Fortunately, such hurdles can be overcome by mechanochemical synthesis. Mechanical treatment of two or three starting materials in high-energy ball mills enables the synthesis of not only new, metastable compounds but also of nanocrystalline materials with unusual or enhanced properties such as ion transport. In this short review we report about local structures and ion transport of oxides and fluorides mechanochemically prepared by high-energy ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Düvel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien (ZFM), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klebson da Silva
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics of Materials, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Breuer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimir Šepelák
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien (ZFM), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Icten O, Hosmane NS, Kose DA, Zumreoglu-Karan B. Production of Magnetic Nano-bioconjugates via Ball Milling of Commercial Boron Powder with Biomolecules. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Šepelák V, Düvel A, Wilkening M, Becker KD, Heitjans P. Mechanochemical reactions and syntheses of oxides. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:7507-20. [PMID: 23364473 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Technological and scientific challenges coupled with environmental considerations have prompted a search for simple and energy-efficient syntheses and processing routes of materials. This tutorial review provides an overview of recent research efforts in non-conventional reactions and syntheses of oxides induced by mechanical action. It starts with a brief account of the history of mechanochemistry. Ensuing discussions will review the progress in homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanochemical reactions in oxides of various structures. The review demonstrates that the event of mechanically induced reactions provides novel opportunities for the non-thermal manipulation of materials and for the tailoring of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Šepelák
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Wang XL, Fang WQ, Yang S, Liu P, Zhao H, Yang HG. Structure disorder of graphitic carbon nitride induced by liquid-assisted grinding for enhanced photocatalytic conversion. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphitic-C3N4 with disordered structure was processed for the first time by a liquid-assisted planetary ball milling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Material of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai, China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy
| | - Wen Qi Fang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Material of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai, China
- QLD Micro and Nanotechnology Centre
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Material of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Material of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy
- Gold Coast Campus
- Griffith University
- , Australia
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Material of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai, China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy
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Baláž P, Achimovičová M, Baláž M, Billik P, Cherkezova-Zheleva Z, Criado JM, Delogu F, Dutková E, Gaffet E, Gotor FJ, Kumar R, Mitov I, Rojac T, Senna M, Streletskii A, Wieczorek-Ciurowa K. Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7571-637. [PMID: 23558752 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35468g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04353, Košice, Slovakia.
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Šepelák V, Bégin-Colin S, Le Caër G. Transformations in oxides induced by high-energy ball-milling. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11927-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Šepelák V, Bergmann I, Indris S, Feldhoff A, Hahn H, Becker KD, Grey CP, Heitjans P. High-resolution 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopic studies of the response of spinel aluminates to mechanical action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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