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Schön JC. Energy landscapes-Past, present, and future: A perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:050901. [PMID: 39101536 DOI: 10.1063/5.0212867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy landscapes and the closely related cost function landscapes have been recognized in science, mathematics, and various other fields such as economics as being highly useful paradigms and tools for the description and analysis of the properties of many systems, ranging from glasses, proteins, and abstract global optimization problems to business models. A multitude of algorithms for the exploration and exploitation of such landscapes have been developed over the past five decades in the various fields of applications, where many re-inventions but also much cross-fertilization have occurred. Twenty-five years ago, trying to increase the fruitful interactions between workers in different fields led to the creation of workshops and small conferences dedicated to the study of energy landscapes in general instead of only focusing on specific applications. In this perspective, I will present some history of the development of energy landscape studies and try to provide an outlook on in what directions the field might evolve in the future and what larger challenges are going to lie ahead, both from a conceptual and a practical point of view, with the main focus on applications of energy landscapes in chemistry and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Schön
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Zhang L, Chen L, Xia S, Wang C, Sun F. Entropy Generation Minimization for Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) Reactors. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20060415. [PMID: 33265505 PMCID: PMC7512934 DOI: 10.3390/e20060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal design and optimization for reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactors is particularly important to fuel synthesis in naval or commercial scenarios. The RWGS reactor with irreversibilities of heat transfer, chemical reaction and viscous flow is studied based on finite time thermodynamics or entropy generation minimization theory in this paper. The total entropy generation rate (EGR) in the RWGS reactor with different boundary conditions is minimized subject to specific feed compositions and chemical conversion using optimal control theory, and the optimal configurations obtained are compared with three reference reactors with linear, constant reservoir temperature and constant heat flux operations, which are commonly used in engineering. The results show that a drastic EGR reduction of up to 23% can be achieved by optimizing the reservoir temperature profile, the inlet temperature of feed gas and the reactor length simultaneously, compared to that of the reference reactor with the linear reservoir temperature. These optimization efforts are mainly achieved by reducing the irreversibility of heat transfer. Optimal paths have subsections of relatively constant thermal force, chemical force and local EGR. A conceptual optimal design of sandwich structure for the compact modular reactor is proposed, without elaborate control tools or excessive interstage equipment. The results can provide guidelines for designing industrial RWGS reactors in naval or commercial scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Lingen Chen
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-027-8361-5046; Fax: +86-027-8363-8709
| | - Shaojun Xia
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Fengrui Sun
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
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Chen L, Xia S, Sun F. Optimizing piston velocity profile for maximum work output from a generalized radiative law Diesel engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcm.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Andresen B. Aktuelle Trends in der Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Andresen
- Niels‐Bohr‐Institut, Universität Kopenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK‐2100 Kopenhagen (Dänemark) http://www.fys.ku.dk/∼andresen/BAhome/welcome.html
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Andresen B. Current trends in finite-time thermodynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2690-704. [PMID: 21374763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cornerstone of finite-time thermodynamics is all about the price of haste and how to minimize it. Reversible processes may be ultimately efficient, but they are unrealistically slow. In all situations-chemical, mechanical, economical-we pay extra to get the job done quickly. Finite-time thermodynamics can be used to develop methods to limit that extra expenditure, be it in energy, entropy production, money, or something entirely different. Finite-time thermodynamics also includes methods to calculate the optimal path or mode of operation to achieve this minimal expenditure. The concept is to place the system of interest in contact with a time-varying environment which will coax the system along the desired path, much like guiding a horse along by waving a carrot in front of it.
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Jansen M, Doll K, Schön JC. Addressing chemical diversity by employing the energy landscape concept. Acta Crystallogr A 2010; 66:518-34. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767310026371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jansen
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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