Energetic Materials Based on the 5-Azido-3-nitro-1, 2,4-tri­azolate Anion

Molecule Empowerment and Crystal Desensitization: A Multilevel Structure-Property Analysis toward Designing High-Energy Low-Sensitivity Layered Energetic Materials

Layered energetic materials (LEMs) can effectively balance energy and mechanical sensitivity, making them a current research focus in the field of energetic materials. However, the influence of the layered stacking pattern on impact sensitivity is still unclear, leading to the lack of advanced design strategies for high-energy low-sensitivity LEMs. Herein, we first utilize novel indicators such as maximum plane separation and hydrogen bond dimension to perform high-throughput screening on over 106 candidate structures, resulting in 17 target crystals. A systematic analysis was then conducted on the relationships between the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the weakest energy-storing bond at the molecular level, the intralayer hydrogen bond energy (HBE), and the sliding energy barrier (SEB) at the crystal level with impact sensitivity. The findings suggest that a material can have low sensitivity only if at least two of the three properties perform well, and the interlayer sliding resistance can be reduced by enhancing the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions, which reasonably explains the experimental phenomena. More importantly, we developed a prediction model for the impact sensitivity of LEMs with a coefficient of determination of 0.88. Additionally, factors affecting HBE and SEB were identified, and a linear model was established based on molecular-level feature variables. Finally, a new strategy for designing high-energy low-sensitivity LEMs was proposed, namely, empowerment at the molecular scale and desensitization at the crystal scale. This study integrates high-throughput screening, multilevel structure-property relationship analysis, and mathematical model construction, offering new perspectives for the development of novel high-energy and low-sensitivity energetic materials.

Theoretical research about nonmetallic energetic salts with pentazolate anion

Significant progress has been made in the synthesis of nitrogen-rich high-energy salts by pairing pentazolate anion (cyclo-N₅^-) with different cations since cyclo-N₅^- was synthesized. It is difficult to screen out cyclo-N₅^- salts with high energy quickly and effectively in experiment, while theoretical research can realize this goal. Herein, nineteen high-energy salts, which were composed of tetrazole cation and cyclo-N₅^- anion, were designed. And their properties were studied via density functional theory and volume-based thermodynamic methods. The results indicate that most salts have high densities, low sensitivities, and good detonation properties. In particular, salt 14 (ρ_Calib = 1.802 g/cm³, ΔH_f = 1058.4 kJ/mol, D = 9.38 km/s, P = 39.10 GPa, h₅₀ = 44.92 cm) exhibits excellent detonation performance (approximating that of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)) superior to 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and lower impact sensitivity than CL-20 or HMX. Hence salt 14 is regarded as promising candidates for high-performance energetic materials.

Azo- and methylene-bridged mixed azoles for stable and insensitive energetic applications

A simple synthetic strategy for the preparation of high nitrogen content azo- and methylene bridged mixed energetic azoles was used.

A biography of potassium complexes as versatile, green energetic materials

This review covers flourishing green potassium complexes that have been developed as energetic materials.

Synthesis and characterization of a new family of energetic salts based on guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality

A new family of energetic salts based on a guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality was synthesized and well characterized.