1
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Functionalized fused triazole-triazine: Novel multi-nitro compounds with various energetic functionalities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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2
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Liu Y, Yi P, Gong L, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks as Super Heat-Resistant Explosives: Potassium 4,4'-Oxybis[3,3'-(5-tetrazol)]furazan and Potassium (1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)tetrazole. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3186-3194. [PMID: 36757804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat-resistant explosives play an irreplaceable role in specialized applications. Two energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), potassium 4,4'-oxybis[3,3'-(5-tetrazol)]furazan and potassium (1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)tetrazole, featuring a three-dimensional metal-organic framework structure, were first synthesized and characterized by chemical (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal XRD) and physicochemical analyses (sensitivity toward friction, impact, electrostatic, and DSC-TGA test). The new 3D EMOFs were found to show high thermostability, highly positive heat of formation, and suitable sensitivities. The Hirshfeld surface was further analyzed in order to explore the effect on sensitivities. Their detonation properties (detonation velocity, detonation pressure, etc.) were calculated by the EXPLO5 program. K2NTT exhibits extremely high decomposition temperatures of up to 361 °C; meanwhile, its detonation performance is comparable to that of TATB and other energetic potassium salts, which makes it a promising heat-resistant explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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3
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Dong Z, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Lu GP. 2-(1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as a novel building block for energetic materials. Front Chem 2022; 10:996812. [PMID: 36092665 PMCID: PMC9458958 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of novel nitrogen-rich heterocyclic building blocks is of importance in the field of energetic materials. A series of 2-(1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives based on a new energetic skeleton have been first synthesized by a simple synthetic strategy. All three compounds are well-characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The compounds 5 and 8 are further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 8 and its salts (8a-8c) possess relative high decomposition temperature and low sensitivity, while 5 exhibits low decomposition temperature and high sensitivity. According to EXPLO5 calculation results of detonation performance, both 5 and 8 display acceptable detonation velocities (D) of 8450 m/s and 8130 m/s and detonation pressures (P) of 31.6 GPa and 29.2 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, 5 containing a rare diazonium ylide structure shows high impact sensitivity (4.5 J), making it has a potential as a primary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheting Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuangang Xu, ; Guo-Ping Lu,
| | - Guo-Ping Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuangang Xu, ; Guo-Ping Lu,
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Creegan SE, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Synthesis and Characterization of the Energetic 3‐Azido‐5‐amino‐6‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazine. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | | | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
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Gu H, Cheng G, Yang H. Tricyclic nitrogen-rich explosives with a planar backbone: bis(1,2,4-triazolyl)-1,2,3-triazoles as potential stable green gas generants. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Planar tricyclic energetic compounds with good energetic performance, thermal stability and gas production capacity were synthesized based on 1,2,3-triazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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Benz M, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Combining Performance with Thermal Stability: Synthesis and Characterization of 5‐(3,5‐Dinitro‐1
H
‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1
H
‐tetrazole and its Energetic Derivatives. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry Univeristy of Munich (LMU) Butendandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 München Germany
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8
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Creegan SE, Piercey DG. Nitroacetonitrile as a versatile precursor in energetic materials synthesis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39478-39484. [PMID: 35515370 PMCID: PMC9057483 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroacetonitrile is the simplest α-nitronitrile; it possesses a single central carbon attached to two strong electronegative, electron-withdrawing groups allowing extensive chemistry through the active methylene center. Free nitroacetonitrile has purification and stability issues, however stable salts of nitroacetonitrile possess the same reactivity as the free acid and are much more stable. Nitroacetonitrile serves as a versatile synthetic precursor in the formation of heterocyclic and polyfunctional aliphatic products and can allow for straightforward conversion to amino, acyl, and other functional groups. A main advantage of using nitroacetonitrile in the formation of heterocyclic-based energetics is its ability to add vicinal amino and nitro moieties onto fused ring structures, a common structural motif in insensitive energetic materials. In this minireview we discuss the preparation of nitroacetonitrile and its stable salts, as well as discuss the range of energetic materials this versatile precursor has found use in. Nitroacetonitrile is a useful synthetic precursor capable of participating in a wide range of reactions and enables the simple synthesis of annulated heterocyclic systems which are rapidly becoming promising new energetic materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
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Pagoria PF, Zhang MX, Zuckerman NB, DeHope AJ, Parrish DA. Synthesis and characterization of multicyclic oxadiazoles and 1-hydroxytetrazoles as energetic materials. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Izsák D, Klapötke TM, Lutter FH, Pflüger C. Tailoring the Energetic Properties of 5-(5-Amino-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)tetrazole and Its Derivatives by Salt Formation: From Sensitive Primary to Insensitive Secondary Explosives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Dippold AA, Izsák D, Klapötke TM, Pflüger C. Combining the Advantages of Tetrazoles and 1,2,3‐Triazoles: 4,5‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, 4,5‐Bis(1‐hydroxytetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, and their Energetic Derivatives. Chemistry 2016; 22:1768-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Dippold
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Dániel Izsák
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Carolin Pflüger
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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Zeng Q, Qu Y, Li J, Huang H. Theoretical studies on the derivatives of tris([1,2,4]triazolo)[4,3-a:4′,3′-c:4′′,3′′-e][1,3,5]triazine as high energetic compounds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris([1,2,4]triazolo)[4,3-a:4′,3′-c:4′′,3′′-e][1,3,5]triazine inherited from triazole and triazine is suggested theoretically as a new framework for insensitive and high-energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Yanyang Qu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Hui Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
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Fehlhammer WP, Beck W. Azide Chemistry - An Inorganic Perspective, Part II[‡][3+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of Metal Azides and Related Systems. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Yuan B, Yu Z, Bernstein ER. Initial Mechanisms for the Decomposition of Electronically Excited Energetic Salts: TKX-50 and MAD-X1. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2965-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510995z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zijun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Elliot R. Bernstein
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Gao X, Li J, Luo Y, Li C, Bi F, Zhang W, Zhang G, Gao Z. Ionic Ferrocenyl Compounds Containing Polycyano Anions. Synthesis, Structures, and Effects on Thermal Decomposition of Core Components of Solid Propellants. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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