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Dirba I, Schwöbel CA, Zintler A, Komissinskiy P, Molina-Luna L, Gutfleisch O. Production of Fe nanoparticles from γ-Fe 2O 3 by high-pressure hydrogen reduction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4777-4784. [PMID: 36132934 PMCID: PMC9417644 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the reduction of iron oxide γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by hydrogen at high pressures is studied. Increasing the hydrogen pressure enables reduction of γ-Fe2O3 to α-Fe at significantly lower temperatures. At low pressures, a temperature of 390 °C is necessary whereas at 530 bar complete reduction can be realized at temperatures as low as 210 °C. This leads to significant improvement in the final particle morphology, maintaining high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles with an average size of 47 ± 5 nm which is close to that of the precursor γ-Fe2O3. Neck formation, coalescence and growth during reduction can be significantly suppressed. Investigations of magnetic properties show that saturation magnetization of the reduced α-Fe nanoparticles decreases with particle size from 209 A m2 kg-1 at 390 °C reduction temperature to 204 A m2 kg-1 at 210 °C. Coercivity for the fine iron particles reaches 0.076 T which exceeds the theoretical anisotropy field. This is attributed to nano-scale surface effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dirba
- Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 16 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - C A Schwöbel
- Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 16 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - A Zintler
- Advanced Electron Microscopy Division, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - P Komissinskiy
- Advanced Thin Film Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - L Molina-Luna
- Advanced Electron Microscopy Division, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - O Gutfleisch
- Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 16 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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2
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Lehmann TS, Niewa R. Electrochemical Synthesis of Highly Nitrogen Containing
γ‐
FeN
0.13
and
ε
‐Fe
3
N
1.51
in a Molten Salt System. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S. Lehmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rainer Niewa
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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4
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Ye Z, Zhang P, Lei X, Wang X, Zhao N, Yang H. Iron Carbides and Nitrides: Ancient Materials with Novel Prospects. Chemistry 2018; 24:8922-8940. [PMID: 29411433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron carbides and nitrides have aroused great interest in researchers, due to their excellent magnetic properties, good machinability and the particular catalytic activity. Based on these advantages, iron carbides and nitrides can be applied in various areas such as magnetic materials, biomedical, photo- and electrocatalysis. In contrast to their simple elemental composition, the synthesis of iron carbides and nitrides still has great challenges, particularly at the nanoscale, but it is usually beneficial to improve performance in corresponding applications. In this review, we introduce the investigations about iron carbides and nitrides, concerning their structure, synthesis strategy and various applications from magnetism to the catalysis. Furthermore, the future prospects are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantong Ye
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Lei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobai Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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5
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Widenmeyer M, Hansen TC, Leineweber A, Weidenkaff A, Niewa R. Nitrogen Transfer between Solid Phases in the System Mn-N Detected via in situ Neutron Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Widenmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute for Materials Science; Chair of Chemical Materials Synthesis; University of Stuttgart; Heisenbergstraße 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin; 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Andreas Leineweber
- Institute of Materials Science; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Gustav-Zeuner-Straße 5 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Anke Weidenkaff
- Institute for Materials Science; Chair of Chemical Materials Synthesis; University of Stuttgart; Heisenbergstraße 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rainer Niewa
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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6
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Ogi T, Li Q, Horie S, Tameka A, Iwaki T, Okuyama K. High-purity core-shell α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized from α-hematite for rare-earth-free magnet applications. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Bridges CA, Rios O, Allard LF, Meyer HM, Huq A, Jiang Y, Wang JP, Brady MP. The impact of carbon coating on the synthesis and properties of α''-Fe16N2 powders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13010-7. [PMID: 27109006 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00737f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the preparation of carbon composite Fe16N2 powders, and the influence of a protective carbon coating on the yield and magnetic properties of Fe16N2. Nanoparticle precursors with and without carbon were reacted under ammonia gas flow to produce Fe16N2. Neutron and X-ray powder diffraction indicate that the powders contain typically 40-60% Fe16N2, with the remaining phases being unreacted iron, Fe4N or Fe3N. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that the carbon coating is effective at reducing the level of sintering of Fe nanoparticles during the reduction stage prior to ammonolysis. XPS results support the retention of a carbon coating on the surface after ammonolysis, and that there is Fe-C bonding present at the particle surface. In situ TEM was used to observe loss of ordering in the nitrogen sublattice of carbon composite Fe16N2 powders in the range of 168 °C to 200 °C. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show maximum values for saturation magnetization in the range of 232 emu g(-1), and for coercivity near 930 Oe, for different samples measured up to 2 T applied field at 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bridges
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Widenmeyer M, Shlyk L, Senyshyn A, Mönig R, Niewa R. Structural and Magnetic Characterization of Single-phase Sponge-like Bulk α′′-Fe16N2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Tsugawa Y, Maubuchi Y, Motohashi T, Kikkawa S. Magnetic properties of the ammonolysis product of α-Fe powder containing a small amount of aluminum. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Woidy P, Karttunen AJ, Widenmeyer M, Niewa R, Kraus F. On Copper(I) Fluorides, the Cuprophilic Interaction, the Preparation of Copper Nitride at Room Temperature, and the Formation Mechanism at Elevated Temperatures. Chemistry 2015; 21:3290-303. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Woidy
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg (Germany) http://www.uni‐marburg.de/fb15/ag‐kraus/
| | | | - Marc Widenmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
- Current address: Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Rainer Niewa
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg (Germany) http://www.uni‐marburg.de/fb15/ag‐kraus/
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11
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Hansen TC, Kohlmann H. Chemical Reactions followed byin situNeutron Powder Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Widenmeyer M, Meissner E, Senyshyn A, Niewa R. On the Formation Mechanism of Chromium Nitrides: Anin situStudy. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Widenmeyer M, Hansen TC, Meissner E, Niewa R. Formation and Decomposition of Iron Nitrides Observed by in situ Powder Neutron Diffraction and Thermal Analysis. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Yamamoto S, Gallage R, Isoda S, Ogata Y, Kusano Y, Kobayashi N, Ogawa T, Hayashi N, Takahashi M, Takano M. Stability of α′′-Fe16N2 in hydrogenous atmospheres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7040-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01839g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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