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Thum L, Arztmann M, Zizak I, Grüneberger R, Steigert A, Grimm N, Wallacher D, Schlatmann R, Amkreutz D, Gili A. In situ cell for grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction on thin films in thermal catalysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033904. [PMID: 38446003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A cell for synchrotron-based grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction at ambient pressures and moderate temperatures in a controlled gas atmosphere is presented. The cell is suited for the in situ study of thin film samples under catalytically relevant conditions. To some extent, in addition to diffraction, the cell can be simultaneously applied for x-ray reflectometry and fluorescence studies. Different domes enclosing the sample have been studied and selected to ensure minimum contribution to the diffraction patterns. The applicability of the cell is demonstrated using synchrotron radiation by monitoring structural changes of a 3 nm Pd thin film upon interaction with gas-phase hydrogen and during acetylene semihydrogenation at 150 °C. The cell allows investigation of very thin films under catalytically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Thum
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Arztmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Zizak
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Grüneberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Grimm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rutger Schlatmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- HTW Berlin-University of Applied Sciences, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Amkreutz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Gili
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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Köwitsch N, Barth S, Ploner K, Blume R, Teschner D, Penner S, Armbrüster M. Properties of Bulk In-Pt Intermetallic Compounds in Methanol Steam Reforming. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200074. [PMID: 35312211 PMCID: PMC9311744 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts are often complex materials containing different compounds. While this can lead to highly beneficial interfaces, it is difficult to identify the role of single components. In methanol steam reforming (MSR), the interplay between intermetallic compounds, supporting oxides and redox reactions leads to highly active and CO2‐selective materials. Herein, the intrinsic catalytic properties of unsupported In3Pt2, In2Pt, and In7Pt3 as model systems for Pt/In2O3‐based catalytic materials in MSR are addressed. In2Pt was identified as the essential compound responsible for the reported excellent CO2‐selectivity of 99.5 % at 300 °C in supported systems, showing a CO2‐selectivity above 99 % even at 400 °C. Additionally, the partial oxidation of In7Pt3 revealed that too much In2O3 is detrimental for the catalytic properties. The study highlights the crucial role of intermetallic In−Pt compounds in Pt/In2O3 materials with excellent CO2‐selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Köwitsch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kevin Ploner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raoul Blume
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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Köwitsch N, Thoni L, Klemmed B, Benad A, Paciok P, Heggen M, Köwitsch I, Mehring M, Eychmüller A, Armbrüster M. Proving a Paradigm in Methanol Steam Reforming: Catalytically Highly Selective InxPdy/In2O3 Interfaces. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Köwitsch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Lukas Thoni
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66b, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Benjamin Klemmed
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66b, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Albrecht Benad
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66b, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Paul Paciok
- Ernst Ruska-Centrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska-Centrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Isabel Köwitsch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Alexander Eychmüller
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66b, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
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Neumann M, Teschner D, Knop-Gericke A, Reschetilowski W, Armbrüster M. Controlled synthesis and catalytic properties of supported In–Pd intermetallic compounds. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McGuirk GM, Ledieu J, Gaudry É, de Weerd MC, Hahne M, Gille P, Ivarsson DCA, Armbrüster M, Ardini J, Held G, Maccherozzi F, Bayer A, Lowe M, Pussi K, Diehl RD, Fournée V. The atomic structure of low-index surfaces of the intermetallic compound InPd. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:074705. [PMID: 26298146 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermetallic compound InPd (CsCl type of crystal structure with a broad compositional range) is considered as a candidate catalyst for the steam reforming of methanol. Single crystals of this phase have been grown to study the structure of its three low-index surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions, using low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). During surface preparation, preferential sputtering leads to a depletion of In within the top few layers for all three surfaces. The near-surface regions remain slightly Pd-rich until annealing to ∼580 K. A transition occurs between 580 and 660 K where In segregates towards the surface and the near-surface regions become slightly In-rich above ∼660 K. This transition is accompanied by a sharpening of LEED patterns and formation of flat step-terrace morphology, as observed by STM. Several superstructures have been identified for the different surfaces associated with this process. Annealing to higher temperatures (≥750 K) leads to faceting via thermal etching as shown for the (110) surface, with a bulk In composition close to the In-rich limit of the existence domain of the cubic phase. The Pd-rich InPd(111) is found to be consistent with a Pd-terminated bulk truncation model as shown by dynamical LEED analysis while, after annealing at higher temperature, the In-rich InPd(111) is consistent with an In-terminated bulk truncation, in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the relative surface energies. More complex surface structures are observed for the (100) surface. Additionally, individual grains of a polycrystalline sample are characterized by micro-spot XPS and LEED as well as low-energy electron microscopy. Results from both individual grains and "global" measurements are interpreted based on comparison to our single crystals findings, DFT calculations and previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McGuirk
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine), Parc de Saurupt, F-54011 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - J Ledieu
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine), Parc de Saurupt, F-54011 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - É Gaudry
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine), Parc de Saurupt, F-54011 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - M-C de Weerd
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine), Parc de Saurupt, F-54011 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - M Hahne
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Crystallography Section, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - P Gille
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Crystallography Section, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - D C A Ivarsson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - M Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - J Ardini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - G Held
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - F Maccherozzi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - A Bayer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Lowe
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Physics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - K Pussi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - R D Diehl
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - V Fournée
- Institut Jean Lamour (UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine), Parc de Saurupt, F-54011 Nancy Cedex, France
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