1
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Zeng J, Qiu R, Zhu J. Screening Carbon-Boron Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Small-Molecule Activation including N 2 , O 2 , CO, CO 2 , CS 2 , H 2 O and CH 4 : A Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201236. [PMID: 36647683 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) activation is particularly challenging under ambient conditions because of its large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap (10.8 eV) and high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1 ) of the N≡N triple bond, attracting considerable attention from both experimental and theoretical chemists. However, most effort has focused on metallic systems. In contrast, nitrogen activation by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been initiated recently via theoretical calculations. Here we perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations to screen a series of experimentally viable FLPs for small-molecule activation including N2 , O2 , CO, CO2 , CS2 , H2 O and CH4 . In addition, aromaticity is found to play an important role in most of these small-molecule activation. The particularly thermodynamic stabilities of the activation products and low reaction barriers could be a step forward for the development of FLP towards small-molecule activation including N2 , inviting experimental chemists' verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206, Guanggu 1st road, 430205, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Rulin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
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2
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Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Small Molecule Activation including Catalytic Hydrogenation of Dinitrogen Promoted by a Dual Lewis Acid. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200991. [PMID: 36353939 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, N2 activation and functionalization have required the use of transition metal complexes. Thus, it is one of the most challenging projects to activate the abundant dinitrogen through metal-free systems under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept study on the catalytic hydrogenation of dinitrogen (with activation energy as low as 15.3 kcal mol-1 ) initiated by a dual Lewis acid (DLA) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, such a DLA could be also used to activate a series of small molecules including carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, N-ethylenemethylamine, and acetonitrile. It is found that aromaticity plays an important role in stabilizing intermediates and products. Our findings provide an alternative approach to N2 activation and functionalization, highlighting a great potential of DLA for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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3
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Yamauchi Y, Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. <i>N</i>-Phosphine Oxide-Substituted Imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) as Multifunctional Multipurpose <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
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4
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Rouf AM, Huang Y, Dong S, Zhu J. Systematic Design of a Frustrated Lewis Pair Containing Methyleneborane and Carbene for Dinitrogen Activation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5598-5606. [PMID: 33789042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of atmospherically abundant dinitrogen (N2) by metal-free species under mild reaction conditions has been one of the most challenging areas in chemistry for decades. Very recent but limited progress in N2 activation by boron species, including two-coordinated borylene and methyleneborane and three-coordinated borole and borane, has been made toward metal-free N2 activation. Here, we systematically probe an experimentally viable frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) containing two moieties (methyleneborane and carbene) for N2 activation via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which has proven to be an efficient approach for N2 activation in a thermodynamically and kinetically favorable manner. Aromaticity is found to play a crucial role in stabilization of the product. This study could be a valuable alternative for the development of metal-free N2 activation chemistry, highlighting great potential of FLP for N2 activation and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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6
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Delaude L. The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of CatalysisMolSys Research UnitInstitut de Chimie Organique (B6a)Université de Liège Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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7
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Simon M, Radius M, Wagner HE, Breher F. Imidazolyl Alanes – Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hanna E. Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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8
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Rouf AM, Dai C, Xu F, Zhu J. Dinitrogen Activation by Tricoordinated Boron Species: A Systematic Design. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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9
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Nomura K, Nagai G, Nasr A, Tsutsumi K, Kawamoto Y, Koide K, Tamm M. Synthesis of Half-Titanocenes Containing Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes That Contain a Weakly Coordinating Borate Moiety, Cp′TiX2(WCA-NHC), and Their Use as Catalysts for Ethylene (Co)polymerization. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Go Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Alexandre Nasr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ken Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Koji Koide
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Zhang J, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Purine-substituted imidazolium mesomeric betaines and their tautomeric N-heterocyclic carbenes. Formation of a cyclic borane adduct. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6801-6808. [PMID: 30203828 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
6-Chloropurine and 2,6-dichloropurine were reacted with N1-substituted imidazoles to give purin-6-yl substituted imidazolium salts, respectively. Deprotonation of the 1-methylimidazolium derivative resulted in the formation of the corresponding stable conjugated mesomeric betaine, whereas the 1-phenyl,- 1-vinyl- and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) derivatives proved to be unstable. In situ generation of the mesomeric betaines by caesium carbonate in the presence of sulfur and selenium, however, gave the thiones and the selenones of the tautomeric purine-substituted imidazol-2-ylidene, respectively. Its anionic N-heterocyclic carbene was formally trapped by reaction with triethylborane at high temperatures as a cyclic boron adduct which is the first representative of a new heterocyclic ring system. DFT calculations gained insight into the electronic properties of the N-heterocyclic carbenes substituted by π-electron donators. Results of a single crystal X-ray analysis of the boron adduct are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhang
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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11
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Radius M, Breher F. α-Borylated Phosphorus Ylides (α-BCPs): Electronic Frustration within a C−B π-Bond Arising from the Competition for a Lone Pair of Electrons. Chemistry 2018; 24:15744-15749. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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12
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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13
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Hazra S, Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. N-Phosphine Oxide-Substituted Imidazolylidenes (PoxIms): Multifunctional Multipurpose Carbenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:15238-15243. [PMID: 28891096 PMCID: PMC5698773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the concept of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) equipped with more than one functional moiety, which allows using these NHCs for multiple purposes. A pioneering example for such NHCs is N-phosphine oxide-substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms), and their synthesis and strategic use are highlighted. The utility of PoxIms by far exceeds the conventional use as multidentate ligands for metal complexes on account of the synergetic functions of the carbene and the N-phosphine oxide group(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Hazra
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Liu WC, Liu YH, Lin TS, Peng SM, Chiu CW. 1,2-Migration of N-Diarylboryl Imidazol-2-ylidene through Intermolecular Radical Process. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10543-10548. [PMID: 28820245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Boryl migration of N-boryl N-heterocyclic carbene to 2-boryl imidazole is proposed to proceed through generation and recombination of two radical intermediates, namely, a neutral diarylboron radical and a N-heterocyclic carbene radical. Crossover experiments suggest that these two radical species are stable enough to escape solvent cages and recombine intermolecularly. The presence of radical intermediates is further supported by spin trapping experiments. Besides, the coordination of Li+ cation is found to be critical for the stability of the NHC radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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15
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Waters JB, Tucker LS, Goicoechea JM. Deprotonation of Group 14 Metal Amide Complexes Bearing Ditopic Carbanionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Constitutional Isomerism and Dynamic Behavior. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Lajoy S. Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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