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Iglesias R, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Pedrazzi M, Citores L, Ferreras JM, Bolognesi A. Primary Sequence and 3D Structure Prediction of the Plant Toxin Stenodactylin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090538. [PMID: 32825611 PMCID: PMC7551084 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenodactylin is one of the most potent type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs); its high toxicity has been demonstrated in several models both in vitro and in vivo. Due to its peculiarities, stenodactylin could have several medical and biotechnological applications in neuroscience and cancer treatment. In this work, we report the complete amino acid sequence of stenodactylin and 3D structure prediction. The comparison between the primary sequence of stenodactylin and other RIPs allowed us to identify homologies/differences and the amino acids involved in RIP toxic activity. Stenodactylin RNA was isolated from plant caudex, reverse transcribed through PCR and the cDNA was amplificated and cloned into a plasmid vector and further analyzed by sequencing. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that stenodactylin A and B chains contain 251 and 258 amino acids, respectively. The key amino acids of the active site described for ricin and most other RIPs are also conserved in the stenodactylin A chain. Stenodactylin amino acid sequence shows a high identity degree with volkensin (81.7% for A chain, 90.3% for B chain), whilst when compared with other type 2 RIPs the identity degree ranges from 27.7 to 33.0% for the A chain and from 42.1 to 47.7% for the B chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (A.B.)
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Ebulin-RP, a novel member of the Ebulin gene family with low cytotoxicity as a result of deficient sugar binding domains. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:460-473. [PMID: 29154940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sambucus ebulus is a rich source of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and RIP-related lectins generated from multiple genes. These proteins differ in their structure, enzymatic activity and sugar binding specificity. METHODS We have purified and characterized ebulin-RP from S. ebulus leaves and determined the amino acid sequence by cDNA cloning. Cytotoxicity was studied in a variety of cancer cells and a comparative study of the ability of ebulin-RP to bind sugars using "in vitro" and "in silico" approaches was performed. RESULTS Ebulin-RP is a novel heterodimeric type 2 RIP present in S. ebulus leaves together with the type 2 RIP ebulin l, which displayed rRNA N-glycosidase activity but unlike ebulin l, lacked functional sugar binding domains. As a consequence of changes in its B-chain, ebulin-RP displayed lower cytotoxicity than ebulin l towards cancer cells and induced apoptosis as the predominant pattern of cell death. CONCLUSIONS Ebulin-RP is a novel member of the ebulin gene family with low cytotoxicity as a result of deficient sugar binding domains. Type 2 RIP genes from Sambucus have evolved to render proteins with different sugar affinities that may be related to different biological activities and could result in an advantage for the plant. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The ebulin family of RIPs and lectins can serve as a good model for studying the evolutionary process which may have occurred in RIPs. The lack of cytotoxicity of ebulin-RP makes it a good candidate as a toxic moiety in the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates directed against specific targets.
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Chandran T, Sharma A, Vijayan M. Structural studies on a non-toxic homologue of type II RIPs from bitter gourd: Molecular basis of non-toxicity, conformational selection and glycan structure. J Biosci 2016; 40:929-41. [PMID: 26648038 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The structures of nine independent crystals of bitter gourd seed lectin (BGSL), a non-toxic homologue of type II RIPs, and its sugar complexes have been determined. The four-chain, two-fold symmetric, protein is made up of two identical two-chain modules, each consisting of a catalytic chain and a lectin chain, connected by a disulphide bridge. The lectin chain is made up of two domains. Each domain carries a carbohydrate binding site in type II RIPs of known structure. BGSL has a sugar binding site only on one domain, thus impairing its interaction at the cell surface. The adenine binding site in the catalytic chain is defective. Thus, defects in sugar binding as well as adenine binding appear to contribute to the non-toxicity of the lectin. The plasticity of the molecule is mainly caused by the presence of two possible well defined conformations of a surface loop in the lectin chain. One of them is chosen in the sugar complexes, in a case of conformational selection, as the chosen conformation facilitates an additional interaction with the sugar, involving an arginyl residue in the loop. The N-glycosylation of the lectin involves a plant-specific glycan while that in toxic type II RIPs of known structure involves a glycan which is animal as well as plant specific.
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Takamatsu S, Shimomura M, Kamada Y, Maeda H, Sobajima T, Hikita H, Iijima M, Okamoto Y, Misaki R, Fujiyama K, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Takehara T, Ueda K, Kuroda S, Miyoshi E. Core-fucosylation plays a pivotal role in hepatitis B pseudo virus infection: a possible implication for HBV glycotherapy. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1180-1189. [PMID: 27329181 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of cell surface proteins, such as growth factor receptors and virus/bacteria-entry receptors, can be dynamically regulated by oligosaccharide modifications. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of glycosylation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry into hepatoma cells. Infection of oligosaccharide-remodeling hepatoma cells with a pseudo virus of HBV, bio-nanocapsule (BNC), was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Among various experiments using several hepatoma cells, marked difference was observed between Huh6 cells and HB611 cells, which were established by HBV gene transfection into hepatoma cells. Comprehensive oligosaccharide analysis showed dramatic increases of core fucosylation in HB611 cells, compared with Huh6 cells. Knock down of fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) reduced BNC entry into HB611 cells. In contrast, overexpression of FUT8 in Huh6 cells increased BNC entry. Although expression of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is one of HBV receptors was very similar between Huh6 and HB611 cells, proteins coprecipitated with NTCP were dependent on levels of core-fucosylation, suggesting that core-fucosylation regulates BNC entry into hepatoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that core-fucosylation is an important glycosylation for HBV infection of hepatoma cells through HBV-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Down-regulation of core-fucosylation may be a novel target for HBV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Mayuka Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruka Maeda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihoga-oka Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuta Okamoto
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihoga-oka Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Tejero J, Jiménez P, Quinto EJ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M, Cordoba-Diaz M, Gayoso MJ, Girbés T. Elderberries: a source of ribosome-inactivating proteins with lectin activity. Molecules 2015; 20:2364-87. [PMID: 25647575 PMCID: PMC6272206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus (Adoxaceae) species have been used for both food and medicine purposes. Among these, Sambucus nigra L. (black elder), Sambucus ebulus L. (dwarf elder), and Sambucus sieboldiana L. are the most relevant species studied. Their use has been somewhat restricted due to the presence of bioactive proteins or/and low molecular weight compounds whose ingestion could trigger deleterious effects. Over the last few years, the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Sambucus species have been investigated. Among the proteins present in Sambucus species both type 1, and type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), and hololectins have been reported. The biological role played by these proteins remains unknown, although they are conjectured to be involved in defending plants against insect predators and viruses. These proteins might have an important impact on the nutritional characteristics and food safety of elderberries. Type 2 RIPs are able to interact with gut cells of insects and mammals triggering a number of specific and mostly unknown cell signals in the gut mucosa that could significantly affect animal physiology. In this paper, we describe all known RIPs that have been isolated to date from Sambucus species, and comment on their antiviral and entomotoxic effects, as well as their potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Emiliano J Quinto
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel J Gayoso
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
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Di Maro A, Citores L, Russo R, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis by the Maximum Likelihood method of ribosome-inactivating proteins from angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:575-88. [PMID: 24880476 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from angiosperms are rRNA N-glycosidases that have been proposed as defence proteins against virus and fungi. They have been classified as type 1 RIPs, consisting of single-chain proteins, and type 2 RIPs, consisting of an A chain with RIP properties covalently linked to a B chain with lectin properties. In this work we have carried out a broad search of RIP sequence data banks from angiosperms in order to study their main structural characteristics and phylogenetic evolution. The comparison of the sequences revealed the presence, outside of the active site, of a novel structure that might be involved in the internal protein dynamics linked to enzyme catalysis. Also the B-chains presented another conserved structure that might function either supporting the beta-trefoil structure or in the communication between both sugar-binding sites. A systematic phylogenetic analysis of RIP sequences revealed that the most primitive type 1 RIPs were similar to that of the actual monocots (Poaceae and Asparagaceae). The primitive RIPs evolved to the dicot type 1 related RIPs (like those from Caryophyllales, Lamiales and Euphorbiales). The gene of a type 1 RIP related with the actual Euphorbiaceae type 1 RIPs fused with a double beta trefoil lectin gene similar to the actual Cucurbitaceae lectins to generate the type 2 RIPs and finally this gene underwent deletions rendering either type 1 RIPs (like those from Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae and Iridaceae) or lectins without A chain (like those from Adoxaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Kinoshita M, Kakehi K. Capillary-based lectin affinity electrophoresis for interaction analysis between lectins and glycans. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1200:131-146. [PMID: 25117231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1292-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Capillary affinity electrophoresis (CAE) is a powerful technique for glycan analysis, and one of the analytical approaches for analyzing the interaction between lectins and glycans. The method is based on the high-resolution separation of fluorescently labeled glycans by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) in the presence of lectins (or glycan binding proteins). CAE allows simultaneous determination of glycan structures in a complex mixture of glycans. In addition, we can calculate the binding kinetics on a specific glycan in the complex mixture of glycans with a lectin. Here, we show detailed procedures for capillary affinity electrophoresis of fluorescently labeled glycans with lectins using CE-LIF apparatus. Its application to screening a sialic acid binding protein in plant barks is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of pharmacy, Kinki University, Kowakae3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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Ferreras JM, Citores L, Iglesias R, Jiménez P, Girbés T. Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:420-41. [PMID: 22069717 PMCID: PMC3202832 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from some species belonging to the Sambucus genus, have the characteristic that although being even more active than ricin inhibiting protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, they lack the high toxicity of ricin and related type 2 RIPs to intact cells and animals. This is due to the fact that after internalization, they follow a different intracellular pathway that does not allow them to reach the cytosolic ribosomes. The lack of toxicity of type 2 RIPs from Sambucus make them good candidates as toxic moieties in the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates directed against specific targets. Up to now they have been conjugated with either transferrin or anti-CD105 to target either transferrin receptor- or endoglin-overexpressing cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (P.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (P.J.); (T.G.)
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Iglesias R, Citores L, Ferreras JM, Pérez Y, Jiménez P, Gayoso MJ, Olsnes S, Tamburino R, Di Maro A, Parente A, Girbés T. Sialic acid-binding dwarf elder four-chain lectin displays nucleic acid N-glycosidase activity. Biochimie 2010; 92:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Citores L, Rojo MA, Jiménez P, Ferreras JM, Iglesias R, Aranguez I, Girbés T. Transient occurrence of an ebulin-related D-galactose-lectin in shoots of Sambucus ebulus L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:857-864. [PMID: 18068741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Young shoots of Sambucus ebulus L. contain a monomeric d-galactose binding lectin (SELlm), which disappears upon shoot development, and was previously undetected since it co-purifies with the non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein ebulin l and the dimeric lectin SELld. Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for SELlm and mass spectrometry analysis revealed a protein with a molecular mass of 34,239 Da, which displays 80%, 77% and 45% of amino acid sequence identity with the ebulin l-B chain, SELld and ricin-B chain, respectively. Furthermore, the cloned precursor, with respect to the ebulin l precursor is truncated and contains the signal peptide, a piece of the A chain, a piece of the connecting peptide and the B chain. Further processing yields the lectin protein, which contains only the B chain. Despite the fact that SELlm displays the same d-galactose-binding sites than ricin, it was found that the lectin has different binding properties to D-galactose-containing matrix than ricin. Notably, and unlike ricin, the binding of SELlm and other Sambucus lectins to such matrix was maximum in range of 0-10 degrees C and abolished at 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Ueda H, Fukushima H, Hatanaka Y, Ogawa H. Solubility-insolubility interconversion of sophoragrin, a mannose/glucose-specific lectin in Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) bark, regulated by the sugar-specific interaction. Biochem J 2005; 382:821-9. [PMID: 15222880 PMCID: PMC1133957 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sophoragrin, a mannose/glucose-specific lectin in Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) bark, was the first lectin found to show self-aggregation that is dependent on the sugar concentration accompanying the interconversion between solubility and insolubility [Ueno, Ogawa, Matsumoto and Seno (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 3146-3153]. The interconversion is regulated by the concentrations of Ca(2+) and specific sugars: mannose, glucose or sucrose. The specific glycotopes for sophoragrin were found in the sophoragrin subunit and an endogenous galactose-specific lectin, B-SJA-I (bark S. japonica agglutinin I), and the lectin subunit that binds to the glycotope was identified by photoaffinity glycan probes. Remarkably, the insoluble polymer of sophoragrin is dissociated by interaction with B-SJA-I into various soluble complexes. Based on these results, self-aggregation of sophoragrin was shown to be a unique homopolymerization due to the sugar-specific interaction. An immunostaining study indicated that sophoragrin localizes mainly in vacuoles of parenchymal cells coincidently with B-SJA-I. These results indicate that sophoragrin can sequester endogenous glycoprotein ligands via sugar-specific interactions, thus providing new insights into the occurrence and significance of the intravacuolar interaction shown by a legume lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Ueda
- *Department of Advanced Biosciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Hisako Fukushima
- *Department of Advanced Biosciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yasumaru Hatanaka
- †Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- *Department of Advanced Biosciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Pascal JM, Day PJ, Monzingo AF, Ernst SR, Robertus JD, Iglesias R, Pérez Y, Férreras JM, Citores L, Girbés T. 2.8-A crystal structure of a nontoxic type-II ribosome-inactivating protein, ebulin l. Proteins 2001; 43:319-26. [PMID: 11288182 DOI: 10.1002/prot.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ebulin l is a type-II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from the leaves of Sambucus ebulus L. As with other type-II RIP, ebulin is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of a toxic A chain and a galactoside-specific lectin B chain. A normal level of ribosome-inactivating N-glycosidase activity, characteristic of the A chain of type-II RIP, has been demonstrated for ebulin l. However, ebulin is considered a nontoxic type-II RIP due to a reduced cytotoxicity on whole cells and animals as compared with other toxic type-II RIP like ricin. The molecular cloning, amino acid sequence, and the crystal structure of ebulin l are presented and compared with ricin. Ebulin l is shown to bind an A-chain substrate analogue, pteroic acid, in the same manner as ricin. The galactoside-binding ability of ebulin l is demonstrated crystallographically with a complex of the B chain with galactose and with lactose. The negligible cytotoxicity of ebulin l is apparently due to a reduced affinity for galactosides. An altered mode of galactoside binding in the 2gamma subdomain of the lectin B chain primarily causes the reduced affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Hirabayashi J, Dutta SK, Kasai K. Novel galactose-binding proteins in Annelida. Characterization of 29-kDa tandem repeat-type lectins from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14450-60. [PMID: 9603958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel type lectins were found in the phylum Annelida, i.e. in the earthworm, tubifex, leech, and lugworm. The lectins (29-31 kDa) were extracted from the worms without the use of detergent and purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-agarose. On the basis of the partial primary structures of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris 29-kDa lectin (EW29), degenerate primers were synthesized for use in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. An amplified 155-base pair fragment was used to screen a cDNA library. Four types of full-length clones were obtained, all of which encoded 260 amino acids, but which were found to differ at 29 nucleotide positions. Since three of them resulted in non-silent substitutions, EW29 mRNA was considered to be a mixture of at least three distinct polynucleotides encoding the following proteins: Ala44-Gln197-Ile213 (clone 5), Gly44-Gln197-Val213 (clone 7), and Ala44-His197-Ile213 (clones 8 and 9; different at the nucleotide level, but encoding an identical polypeptide). Genomic polymerase chain reaction using DNA from a single worm revealed that the single worm already had four sets of cDNAs. The EW29 protein showed two features. First, the lectin was composed of two homologous domains (14,500 Da) showing 27% identity with each other. When each of the domains was separately expressed in Escherichia coli, the C-terminal domain was found to bind to asialofetuin-agarose as strongly as the whole protein, whereas the N-terminal domain did not bind and only retardation was observed. EW29 was found to exist as a monomer under non-denaturing conditions. It had significant hemagglutinating activity, which was inhibited by a wide range of galactose-containing saccharides. Second, EW29 contained multiple short conserved motifs, "Gly-X-X-X-Gln-X-Trp." Similar motifs have been found in many carbohydrate-recognizing proteins from an extensive variety of organisms, e.g. plant lectin ricin B-chain and Clostridium botulinum 33-kDa hemagglutinin. Therefore, these carbohydrate-recognition proteins appear to form a protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirabayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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