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Menzel R, Tobias K, Fidan T, Rietz A, Ruess L. Dissection of the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in nematodes and Collembola of the soil fauna. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159541. [PMID: 39097082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that not only unicellular, photoautotrophic eukaryotes, plants, and fungi, but also invertebrates are capable of synthesizing ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) de novo. However, the distribution of this anabolic capacity among different invertebrate groups and its implementation at the gene and protein level are often still unknown. This study investigated the PUFA pathways in common soil fauna, i.e. two nematode and two Collembola species. Of these, one species each (Panagrellus redivivus, Folsomia candida) was assumed to produce ω3 LC-PUFA de novo, while the others (Acrobeloides bodenheimeri, Isotoma caerulea) were supposed to be unable to do so. A highly labeled oleic acid (99 % 13C) was supplemented and the isotopic signal was used to trace its metabolic path. All species followed the main pathway of lipid biosynthesis. However, in A. bodenheimeri this terminated at arachidonic acid (ω6 PUFA), whereas the other three species continued the pathway to eicosapentaenoic acid (ω3 PUFA), including I. caerulea. For the nematode P. redivivus the identification and functional characterization of four new fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes was performed. These genes encode the FAD activities Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5, respectively. Additionally, the Δ12 desaturase was analyzed, yet the observed activity of an ω3 FAD could not be attributed to a coding gene. In the Collembola F. candida, 11 potential first desaturases (Δ9) and 13 front-end desaturases (Δ6 or Δ5 FADs) have been found. Further sequence analysis indicates the presence of omega FADs, specifically Δ12, which are likely derived from Δ9 FADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Menzel
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kevin Tobias
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tugce Fidan
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rietz
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Institute of Biology - Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Yang H, Jiang J, Chen M, Song X, Yu C, Chen H, Zhao Y. Homologous Delta-12 Fatty Acid Desaturase ( FAD2) Genes Affect Gene Expression and Linoleic Acid Levels in Lentinula edodes under Heat Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:496. [PMID: 39057381 PMCID: PMC11277945 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Delta-12 fatty acid desaturases (FAD2s) actively regulate stress responses and cell differentiation in living organisms. In this study, six homologous FAD2 genes were identified based on the genome sequence of Lentinula edodes. Then, the six FAD2 protein sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, including ExPASy ProtParam, SignalP, TMHMM, and TargetP. These analyses were performed to predict the physical and chemical properties, signal peptides, and transmembrane and conserved domains of these proteins. The polypeptide sequences were aligned, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 7.0 software to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between homologous FAD2 sequences. The results demonstrated that the FAD2 proteins contained three conserved histidine-rich regions (HXXXH, HXXHH, and HXXHH), which included eight histidine residues. The linoleic acid content and FAD2 enzyme activity were further analyzed, and the levels in the mutagenic heat-tolerant strain 18N44 were lower than those in the wild-type strain 18. Interestingly, the expression levels of the FAD2-2 and FAD2-3 genes under heat stress in strain 18N44 were lower than those in strain 18. These findings indicated that FAD2-2 and FAD2-3 may play major roles in the synthesis of linoleic acid during heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanling Yang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China;
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Changxia Yu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Y.); (M.C.); (X.S.); (H.C.)
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3
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Zhang Y, Gao Z, Lei Y, Song L, He W, Liu J, Song M, Dai Y, Yang G, Gong A. FgFAD12 Regulates Vegetative Growth, Pathogenicity and Linoleic Acid Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:288. [PMID: 38667959 PMCID: PMC11051453 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as important components of lipids, play indispensable roles in the development of all organisms. ∆12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD12) is a speed-determining step in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. Here, we report the characterization of FAD12 in Fusarium graminearum, which is the prevalent agent of Fusarium head blight, a destructive plant disease worldwide. The results demonstrated that deletion of the FgFAD12 gene resulted in defects in vegetative growth, conidial germination and plant pathogenesis but not sexual reproduction. A fatty acid analysis further proved that the deletion of FgFAD12 restrained the reaction of oleic acid to linoleic acid, and a large amount of oleic acid was detected in the cells. Moreover, the ∆Fgfad12 mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and reduced tolerance to oxidative stress. The expression of FgFAD12 did show a temperature-dependent manner, which was not affected at a low temperature of 10 °C when compared to 25 °C. RNA-seq analysis further demonstrated that most genes enriched in fatty acid metabolism, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation pathways were significantly up-regulated in the ∆Fgfad12 mutants. Overall, our results indicate that FgFAD12 is essential for linoleic acid biosynthesis and plays an important role in the infection process of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yinyu Lei
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Liuye Song
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Weijie He
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultura University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Jingrong Liu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Mengge Song
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yafeng Dai
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
| | - Andong Gong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.Y.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang 464000, China
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4
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Wu C, Hong B, Jiang S, Luo X, Lin H, Zhou Y, Wu J, Yue X, Shi H, Wu R. Recent advances on essential fatty acid biosynthesis and production: Clarifying the roles of Δ12/Δ15 fatty acid desaturase. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Ahmed S, Roy MC, Al Baki MA, Jung JK, Lee D, Kim Y. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis against sex pheromone biosynthesis leads to loss of female attractiveness in Spodoptera exigua, an insect pestt. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259322. [PMID: 34788305 PMCID: PMC8598075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin female moths are known to release sex pheromones to attract conspecific males. Accurate sex pheromones are required for their chemical communication. Sex pheromones of Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, contain unsaturated fatty acid derivatives having a double bond at the 12th carbon position. A desaturase of S. exigua (SexiDES5) was proposed to have dual functions by forming double bonds at the 11th and 12th carbons to synthesize Z9,E12-tetradecedienoic acid, which could be acetylated to be a main sex pheromone component Z9,E12-tetradecenoic acetate (Z9E12-14:Ac). A deletion of SexiDES5 using CRISPR/Cas9 was generated and inbred to obtain homozygotes. Mutant females could not produce Z9E12-14:Ac along with Z9-14:Ac and Z11-14:Ac. Subsequently, pheromone extract of mutant females did not induce a sensory signal in male antennae. They failed to induce male mating behavior including hair pencil erection and orientation. In the field, these mutant females did not attract any males while control females attracted males. These results indicate that SexiDES5 can catalyze the desaturation at the 11th and 12th positions to produce sex pheromone components in S. exigua. This study also suggests an application of the genome editing technology to insect pest control by generating non-attractive female moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Kyo Jung
- Division of Crop Cultivation and Environment Research, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Daeweon Lee
- Metabolomics Research Center for Functional Materials, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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7
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Broschwitz B, Prager L, Pokorny T, Ruther J. De novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid is widespread in parasitic wasps. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21788. [PMID: 33817829 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (C18:2∆9,12 , LA) is an important metabolite with numerous essential functions for growth, health, and reproduction of organisms. It has long been assumed that animals lack ∆12-desaturases, the enzymes needed to produce LA from oleic acid (C18:1∆9 , OA). There is, however, increasing evidence that this is not generally true for invertebrates. In the insect order Hymenoptera, LA biosynthesis has been shown for only two parasitic wasp species of the so-called "Nasonia group," but it is unknown whether members of other taxa are also capable of synthesizing LA. Here, we demonstrate LA biosynthesis in 13 out of 14 species from six families of parasitic wasps by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis using two different stable isotope labeling techniques. Females of the studied species converted topically applied fully 13 C-labeled OA into LA and/or produced labeled LA after feeding on fully 13 C-labeled α- d-glucose. These results indicate that ∆12-desaturases are widespread in parasitic Hymenoptera and confirm previous studies demonstrating that these insects are capable of synthesizing fatty acids de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Prager
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Pokorny
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ruther
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Joshi KK, Matlack TL, Pyonteck S, Vora M, Menzel R, Rongo C. Biogenic amine neurotransmitters promote eicosanoid production and protein homeostasis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51063. [PMID: 33470040 PMCID: PMC7926251 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans use protein homeostasis (proteostasis) pathways to respond to adverse physiological conditions, changing environment, and aging. The nervous system regulates proteostasis in different tissues, but the mechanism is not understood. Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans employs biogenic amine neurotransmitters to regulate ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) proteostasis in epithelia. Mutants for biogenic amine synthesis show decreased poly-ubiquitination and turnover of a GFP-based UPS substrate. Using RNA-seq and mass spectrometry, we found that biogenic amines promote eicosanoid production from poly-unsaturated fats (PUFAs) by regulating expression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Mutants for one of these P450s share the same UPS phenotype observed in biogenic amine mutants. The production of n-6 eicosanoids is required for UPS substrate turnover, whereas accumulation of n-6 eicosanoids accelerates turnover. Our results suggest that sensory neurons secrete biogenic amines to modulate lipid signaling, which in turn activates stress response pathways to maintain UPS proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K Joshi
- Department of GeneticsThe Waksman InstituteRutgers The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Tarmie L Matlack
- Department of GeneticsThe Waksman InstituteRutgers The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Stephanie Pyonteck
- Department of GeneticsThe Waksman InstituteRutgers The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Mehul Vora
- Department of GeneticsThe Waksman InstituteRutgers The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Ralph Menzel
- Institute of Biology and EcologyHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Department of GeneticsThe Waksman InstituteRutgers The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
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9
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Prospective enzymes for omega-3 PUFA biosynthesis found in endoparasitic classes within the phylum Platyhelminthes. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e212. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The free-living infectious stages of macroparasites, specifically, the cercariae of trematodes (flatworms), are likely to be significant (albeit underappreciated) vectors of nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to consumers within aquatic food webs, and other macroparasites could serve similar roles. In the context of de novo omega-3 (n-3) PUFA biosynthesis, it was thought that most animals lack the fatty acid (FA) desaturase enzymes that convert stearic acid (18:0) into ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), the main FA precursor for n-3 long-chain PUFA. Recently, novel sequences of these enzymes were recovered from 80 species from six invertebrate phyla, with experimental confirmation of gene function in five phyla. Given this wide distribution, and the unusual attributes of flatworm genomes, we conducted an additional search for genes for de novo n-3 PUFA in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Searches with experimentally confirmed sequences from Rotifera recovered nine relevant FA desaturase sequences from eight species in four genera in the two exclusively endoparasite classes (Trematoda and Cestoda). These results could indicate adaptations of these particular parasite species, or may reflect the uneven taxonomic coverage of sequence databases. Although additional genomic data and, particularly, experimental study of gene functionality are important future validation steps, our results indicate endoparasitic platyhelminths may have enzymes for de novo n-3 PUFA biosynthesis, thereby contributing to global PUFA production, but also representing a potential target for clinical antihelmintic applications.
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10
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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11
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Guha S, Calarco S, Gachet MS, Gertsch J. Juniperonic Acid Biosynthesis is Essential in Caenorhabditis Elegans Lacking Δ6 Desaturase ( fat-3) and Generates New ω-3 Endocannabinoids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092127. [PMID: 32961767 PMCID: PMC7564282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) plays important roles as a phospholipid component, signaling molecule and precursor of the endocannabinoid-prostanoid axis. Accordingly, the absence of AA causes detrimental effects. Here, compensatory mechanisms involved in AA deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. We show that the ω-3 C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid juniperonic acid (JuA) is generated in the C. elegansfat-3(wa22) mutant, which lacks Δ6 desaturase activity and cannot generate AA and ω-3 AA. JuA partially rescued the loss of function of AA in growth and development. Additionally, we observed that supplementation of AA and ω-3 AA modulates lifespan of fat-3(wa22) mutants. We described a feasible biosynthetic pathway that leads to the generation of JuA from α-linoleic acid (ALA) via elongases ELO-1/2 and Δ5 desaturase which is rate-limiting. Employing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified endocannabinoid-like ethanolamine and glycerol derivatives of JuA and ω-3 AA. Like classical endocannabinoids, these lipids exhibited binding interactions with NPR-32, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) shown to act as endocannabinoid receptor in C. elegans. Our study suggests that the eicosatetraenoic acids AA, ω-3 AA and JuA share similar biological functions. This biosynthetic plasticity of eicosatetraenoic acids observed in C. elegans uncovers a possible biological role of JuA and associated ω-3 endocannabinoids in Δ6 desaturase deficiencies, highlighting the importance of ALA.
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12
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Functional expression of Δ12 fatty acid desaturase modulates thermoregulatory behaviour in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11798. [PMID: 32678126 PMCID: PMC7366712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play crucial roles in adaptation to cold environments in a wide variety of animals and plants. However, the mechanisms by which PUFAs affect thermoregulatory behaviour remain elusive. Thus, we investigated the roles of PUFAs in thermoregulatory behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster. To this end, we generated transgenic flies expressing Caenorhabditis elegans Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAT-2), which converts mono-unsaturated fatty acids to PUFAs such as linoleic acid [C18:2 (n-6)] and linolenic acid [C18:3 (n-3)]. Neuron-specific expression of FAT-2 using the GAL4/UAS expression system led to increased contents of C18:2 (n-6)-containing phospholipids in central nerve system (CNS) and caused significant decreases in preferred temperature of third instar larvae. In genetic screening and calcium imaging analyses of thermoreceptor-expressing neurons, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of FAT-2 in TRPA1-expressing neurons led to decreases in preferred temperature by modulating neuronal activity. We conclude that functional expression of FAT-2 in a subset of neurons changes the thermoregulatory behaviour of D. melanogaster, likely by modulating quantities of PUFA-containing phospholipids in neuronal cell membranes.
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13
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Kabeya N, Gür İ, Oboh A, Evjemo JO, Malzahn AM, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó. Unique fatty acid desaturase capacities uncovered in Hediste diversicolor illustrate the roles of aquatic invertebrates in trophic upgrading. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190654. [PMID: 32536307 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω3 or n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play physiologically important roles in vertebrates. These compounds have long been believed to have originated almost exclusively from aquatic (mostly marine) single-cell organisms. Yet, a recent study has discovered that many invertebrates possess a type of enzymes called methyl-end desaturases (ωx) that enables them to endogenously produce n-3 long-chain PUFA and could make a significant contribution to production of these compounds in the marine environment. Polychaetes are major components of benthic fauna and thus important to maintain a robust food web as a recycler of organic matter and a prey item for higher trophic level species like fish. In the present study, we investigated the ωx enzymes from the common ragworm, Hediste diversicolor, a common inhabitant in sedimentary littoral ecosystems of the North Atlantic. Functional assays of the H. diversicolor ωx demonstrated unique desaturation capacities. An ω3 desaturase mediated the conversion of n-6 fatty acid substrates into their corresponding n-3 products including DHA. A further enzyme possessed unique regioselectivities combining both ω6 and ω3 desaturase activities. These results illustrate that the long-chain PUFA biosynthetic enzymatic machinery of aquatic invertebrates such as polychaetes is highly diverse and clarify that invertebrates can be major contributors to fatty acid trophic upgrading in aquatic food webs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - İbrahim Gür
- Elazığ Fisheries Research Institute, Olgunlar Street, 23040 Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Angela Oboh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Nigeria
| | - Jan Ove Evjemo
- Department of Environment & New Resources, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture AS, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Arne M Malzahn
- Department of Environment & New Resources, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture AS, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
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14
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Mokoena NZ, Sebolai OM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Synthesis and function of fatty acids and oxylipins, with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106426. [PMID: 32032704 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of important biological functions in most biological systems. These PUFAs can be oxygenated via enzymatic or free radical-mediated reactions to form bioactive oxygenated lipid mediators termed oxylipins. Eicosanoids are broad class of oxylipins that are transient and locally synthesized signalling molecules, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins and thromboxanes, which mediate various physiological responses, such as inflammation. In addition to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, current developments in lipidomic methodologies have brought attention to vast number of oxylipins produced from other PUFAs, including omega-3. Although, the molecular mechanisms of how PUFAs and oxylipins contribute to majority of the fundamental biological processes are largely unclear, a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans remains a powerful model for exploring lipid metabolism and functions of PUFAs and oxylipins. For instance, the ability of C. elegans to modify fatty acid composition with dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation enables the dissection of the roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in many biological processes that include aging, reproduction, and neurobiology. However, much remains to be elucidated concerning the roles of oxylipins, but thus far, C. elegans is well-known for the synthesis of vast set of cytochrome (CYP) eicosanoids. These CYP eicosanoids are extremely susceptible to changes in the relative bioavailability of the different PUFAs, thus providing a better insight into complex mechanisms connecting essential dietary fatty acids to various biological processes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the synthesis and function of PUFAs and oxylipins in mammals. It also focusses on what is known regarding the production of PUFAs and oxylipins in C. elegans and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Mokoena
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - O M Sebolai
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - C H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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15
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Endoplasmic reticulum retention signaling and transmembrane channel proteins predicted for oilseed ω3 fatty acid desaturase 3 (FAD3) genes. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:433-458. [PMID: 31781992 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oilseed crop oils contain a variety of unsaturated fatty acids that are synthesized and regulated by fatty acid desaturases (FADs). In this study, 14 FAD3 (ω3 desaturase) protein sequences from oilseeds are analyzed and presented through the application of several computational tools. The results indicated a close relationship between Brassica napus and Camelina sativa, as well as between Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens FAD3s, due to a high similarity in codon preferences in codon usage clusters and the phylogenetic tree. The cis-acting element results reveal that the seed-specific promoter region of BnFAD3 contains the critical conserved boxes such as HSE and ABRE, which are involved in responsiveness to heat stress and abscisic acid. The presence of the aforementioned conserved boxes may increase cold acclimation as well as tolerance to drought and high salinity. Omega(ω)3 desaturases contain a Skn-1 motif which is a cis-acting regulatory element required involved in endosperm development. In oilseed FAD3s, leucine is the most repeated amino acid in FAD3 proteins. The study conveyed that B. napus, Camelina sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Vernicia fordii, Gossypium hirsutum, S. hispanica, Cannabis sativa, and P. frutescens have retention signal KXKXX/XKXX at their c-terminus sites, which is one of the most important characteristics of FADs. Additionally, it was found that BnFAD3 is a transmembrane protein that can convert ω6 to ω3 fatty acids and may simultaneously act as a potassium ion channel in the ER.
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16
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Presence or absence? Primary structure, regioselectivity and evolution of Δ12/ω3 fatty acid desaturases in nematodes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1194-1205. [PMID: 31108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For vertebrates, the adequate supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by the diet, in particular ω3 long-chain PUFA, is considered essential for neural development, growth and reproduction. In contrast to aquatic ecosystems, ω3 long-chain PUFA apparently are not widely available in the terrestrial food chain. Their de novo synthesis requires the presence of Δ12 and ω3 fatty acid desaturase enzymes, which are absent in vertebrates but present, for example, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (FAT-2 and FAT-1). This raises the question if soil-dwelling nematodes offer substantial supply of these valuable nutritional compounds in terrestrial food webs. BLAST searches in available nematode genomes revealed the existence of fat-2 like genes in almost all clade III-V species, but failed to identify orthologs in clade I-II nematodes. An additional RT-PCR screen across soil-dwelling nematode species identified six novel fat-2 like genes. Hints for the genetic basis of a ω3 (fat-1) desaturase activity was found only in selected clade IV-V species, but not in clades I to III nematodes. Fatty acid pattern analyses following a PUFA-free cultivation and enzymatic characterization of six selected fat-2 or fat-1 like desaturases in yeast confirmed the findings from the genetic approaches. Thus, in similar soil habitats, taxa exist that can synthesize ω3 long-chain PUFA (as Panagrolaimus, Mesorhabditis and Caenorhabditis) whereas others are unable to do so (Acrobeloides, Cephalobus and Oscheius). While these nematodes do not differ in trophic position or major diet, distinction in reproduction mode may have led to the observed variations in desaturase genes.
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17
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Semmelmann F, Kabeya N, Malcicka M, Bruckmann A, Broschwitz B, Straub K, Merkl R, Monroig O, Sterner R, Ruther J, Ellers J. Functional characterisation of two Δ12-desaturases demonstrates targeted production of linoleic acid as pheromone precursor in Nasonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.201038. [PMID: 31019064 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect pheromones are often derived from fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid desaturases, enzymes introducing double bonds into fatty acids, are crucial for the biosynthesis of these chemical signals. Δ12-desaturases catalyse the biosynthesis of linoleic acid by introducing a second double bond into oleic acid, but have been identified in only a few animal species. Here, we report the functional characterisation of two Δ12-desaturases, Nvit_D12a and Nvit_D12b, from the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We demonstrate that Nvit_D12a is expressed in the rectal vesicle of males where they produce a linoleic acid-derived sex pheromone to attract virgin females. 13C-labelling experiments with Urolepis rufipes, a closely related species belonging to the 'Nasonia group', revealed that females, but not males, are able to synthesise linoleic acid. U. rufipes males produce an isoprenoid sex pheromone in the same gland and do not depend on linoleic acid for pheromone production. This suggests that Δ12-desaturases are common in the 'Nasonia group', but acquired a specialised function in chemical communication of those species that use linoleic acid as a pheromone precursor. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that insect Δ12-desaturases have evolved repeatedly from Δ9-desaturases in different insect taxa. Hence, insects have developed a way to produce linoleic acid independent of the omega desaturase subfamily which harbours all of the eukaryotic Δ12-desaturases known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Semmelmann
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miriama Malcicka
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bruckmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Broschwitz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Straub
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Merkl
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Spain
| | - Reinhard Sterner
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ruther
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Zečić A, Dhondt I, Braeckman BP. The nutritional requirements of Caenorhabditis elegans. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:15. [PMID: 31080524 PMCID: PMC6501307 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals require sufficient intake of a variety of nutrients to support their development, somatic maintenance and reproduction. An adequate diet provides cell building blocks, chemical energy to drive cellular processes and essential nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the animal, or at least not in the required amounts. Dietary requirements of nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans have been extensively studied with the major aim to develop a chemically defined axenic medium that would support their growth and reproduction. At the same time, these studies helped elucidating important aspects of nutrition-related biochemistry and metabolism as well as the establishment of C. elegans as a powerful model in studying evolutionarily conserved pathways, and the influence of the diet on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zečić
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ineke Dhondt
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart P Braeckman
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Tang F, Yang X, Liu D, Zhang X, Huang X, He X, Shi J, Li Z, Wu Z. Co-expression of fat1 and fat2 in transgenic pigs promotes synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:369-379. [PMID: 31037571 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for the development and health of mammals, such as humans and livestock. n-3 PUFAs must be supplied by diet due to the absence of a key gene, namely, delta-15 desaturase (fat1), which is responsible for synthesizing n-3 PUFAs from a major type of n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA). To increase the dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs for humans, fat1-expressing transgenic (TG) livestock have been produced to provide n-3 PUFA-rich meats for humans. However, these TG livestock synthesized n-3 PUFAs from diet-derived, instead of endogenously produced, n-6 PUFAs because they still lack the delta-12 desaturase (fat2) gene for catalyzing conversion of internal oleic acid (OA) to LA. To fill the gap in the de novo n-3 PUFA biosynthesis pathway and to increase n-3 PUFA content in livestock, TG pigs co-expressing fat1-fat2 were generated in the present work. The OA content decreased in fat1-fat2 TG pigs, suggesting that OA was converted to LA by fat2 transgene-encoded delta-12 desaturase. The n-3 PUFA level was elevated, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio dropped in fat1-fat2 TG pigs, revealing that fat1 transgene promoted the synthesis of n-3 PUFAs from n-6 analogs. The expression levels of fatty acid elongase-5 (ELOVL5) and fatty acid elongase-2 (ELOVL2), which are two key enzyme genes for PUFA synthesis, as well as their transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, increased in fat1-fat2 TG pigs. Thus, the fat1 transgene enhanced n-3 PUFA synthesis by upregulating the expression of enzyme genes involved in the PUFA synthesis pathways. Overall, this study provided a new strategy to produce n-3 PUFA-rich meat for human consumption. The generated fat1-fat2 TG pigs can also serve as a large animal model for studying the roles of n-3 PUFAs in human development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Guangdong Wen's Breeding Swine Company, Yunfu, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Guangdong Wen's Breeding Swine Company, Yunfu, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Wen's Breeding Swine Company, Yunfu, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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20
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Garrido D, Kabeya N, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Reis DB, Martín MV, Rodríguez C, Almansa E, Monroig Ó. Methyl-end desaturases with ∆12 and ω3 regioselectivities enable the de novo PUFA biosynthesis in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1134-1144. [PMID: 31048041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interest in understanding the capacity of aquatic invertebrates to biosynthesise omega-3 (ω3) long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) has increased in recent years. Using the common octopus Octopus vulgaris as a model species, we previously characterised a ∆5 desaturase and two elongases (i.e. Elovl2/5 and Elovl4) involved in the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA in molluscs. The aim of this study was to characterise both molecularly and functionally, two methyl-end (or ωx) desaturases that have been long regarded to be absent in most animals. O. vulgaris possess two ωx desaturase genes encoding enzymes with ∆12 and ω3 regioselectivities enabling the de novo biosynthesis of the C18 PUFA 18:2ω6 (LA, linoleic acid) and 18:3ω3 (ALA, α-linolenic acid), generally regarded as dietary essential for animals. The O. vulgaris ∆12 desaturase ("ωx2") mediates the conversion of 18:1ω9 (oleic acid) into LA, and subsequently, the ω3 desaturase ("ωx1") catalyses the ∆15 desaturation from LA to ALA. Additionally, the O. vulgaris ω3 desaturase has ∆17 capacity towards a variety of C20 ω6 PUFA that are converted to their ω3 PUFA products. Particularly relevant was the affinity of the ω3 desaturase towards 20:4ω6 (ARA, arachidonic acid) to produce 20:5ω3 (EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid), as supported by yeast heterologous expression, and enzymatic activity exhibited in vivo when paralarvae were incubated in the presence of [1-14C]20:4ω6. These results confirmed that several routes enabling EPA biosynthesis are operative in O. vulgaris whereas ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) should be considered essential fatty acids since endogenous production appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garrido
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Diana B Reis
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Virginia Martín
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Almansa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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21
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Bai S, Engelen S, Denolf P, Wallis JG, Lynch K, Bengtsson JD, Van Thournout M, Haesendonckx B, Browse J. Identification, characterization and field testing of Brassica napus mutants producing high-oleic oils. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:33-41. [PMID: 30536486 PMCID: PMC6604813 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Producing healthy, high-oleic oils and eliminating trans-fatty acids from foods are two goals that can be addressed by reducing activity of the oleate desaturase, FAD2, in oilseeds. However, it is essential to understand the consequences of reducing FAD2 activity on the metabolism, cell biology and physiology of oilseed crop plants. Here, we translate knowledge from studies of fad2 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to investigate the limits of non-GMO approaches to maximize oleic acid in the seed oil of canola (Brassica napus), a species that expresses three active FAD2 isozymes. A series of hypomorphic and null mutations in the FAD2.A5 isoform were characterized in yeast (Saccharomyes cerevisiae). Then, four of these were combined with null mutations in the other two isozymes, FAD2.C5 and FAD2.C1. The resulting mutant lines contained 71-87% oleic acid in their seed oil, compared with 62% in wild-type controls. All the mutant lines grew well in a greenhouse, but in field experiments we observed a clear demarcation in plant performance. Mutant lines containing less than 80% oleate in the seed oil were indistinguishable from wild-type controls in growth parameters and seed oil content. By contrast, lines with more than 80% oleate in the seed oil had significantly lower seedling establishment and vigor, delayed flowering and reduced plant height at maturity. These lines also had 7-11% reductions in seed oil content. Our results extend understanding of the B. napusFAD2 isozymes and define the practical limit to increasing oil oleate content in this crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Bai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Steven Engelen
- BASF Agricultural Solutions Belgium N.V., Technologiepark 101, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Denolf
- BASF Agricultural Solutions Belgium N.V., Technologiepark 101, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - James G. Wallis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Katherine Lynch
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bengtsson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Michel Van Thournout
- BASF Agricultural Solutions Belgium N.V., Technologiepark 101, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boris Haesendonckx
- BASF Agricultural Solutions Belgium N.V., Technologiepark 101, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
- For correspondence ()
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Pichler H, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A. Modification of membrane lipid compositions in single-celled organisms – From basics to applications. Methods 2018; 147:50-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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23
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Kabeya N, Fonseca MM, Ferrier DEK, Navarro JC, Bay LK, Francis DS, Tocher DR, Castro LFC, Monroig Ó. Genes for de novo biosynthesis of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are widespread in animals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar6849. [PMID: 29732410 PMCID: PMC5931762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are responsible for virtually all production of omega-3 (ω3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are essential nutrients for vertebrates. Current consensus is that marine microbes account for this production, given their possession of key enzymes including methyl-end (or "ωx") desaturases. ωx desaturases have also been described in a small number of invertebrate animals, but their precise distribution has not been systematically explored. This study identifies 121 ωx desaturase sequences from 80 species within the Cnidaria, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda. Horizontal gene transfer has contributed to this hitherto unknown widespread distribution. Functional characterization of animal ωx desaturases provides evidence that multiple invertebrates have the ability to produce ω3 PUFA de novo and further biosynthesize ω3 long-chain PUFA. This finding represents a fundamental revision in our understanding of ω3 long-chain PUFA production in global food webs, by revealing that numerous widespread and abundant invertebrates have the endogenous capacity to make significant contributions beyond that coming from marine microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Miguel M. Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David E. K. Ferrier
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, East Sands, St. Andrews KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK
| | - Juan C. Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David S. Francis
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas R. Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science of University of Porto (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. (Ó.M.); (L.F.C.C.)
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- Corresponding author. (Ó.M.); (L.F.C.C.)
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24
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Malcicka M, Visser B, Ellers J. An Evolutionary Perspective on Linoleic Acid Synthesis in Animals. Evol Biol 2017; 45:15-26. [PMID: 29497218 PMCID: PMC5816129 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diet of organisms generally provides a sufficient supply of energy and building materials for healthy growth and development, but should also contain essential nutrients. Species differ in their exogenous requirements, but it is not clear why some species are able to synthesize essential nutrients, while others are not. The unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) plays an important role in functions such as cell physiology, immunity, and reproduction, and is an essential nutrient in diverse organisms. LA is readily synthesized in bacteria, protozoa and plants, but it was long thought that all animals lacked the ability to synthesize LA de novo and thus required a dietary source of this fatty acid. Over the years, however, an increasing number of studies have shown active LA synthesis in animals, including insects, nematodes and pulmonates. Despite continued interest in LA metabolism, it has remained unclear why some organisms can synthesize LA while others cannot. Here, we review the mechanisms by which LA is synthesized and which biological functions LA supports in different organisms to answer the question why LA synthesis was lost and repeatedly gained during the evolution of distinct invertebrate groups. We propose several hypotheses and compile data from the available literature to identify which factors promote LA synthesis within a phylogenetic framework. We have not found a clear link between our proposed hypotheses and LA synthesis; therefore we suggest that LA synthesis may be facilitated through bifunctionality of desaturase enzymes or evolved through a combination of different selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Watts JL, Ristow M. Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:413-446. [PMID: 28978773 PMCID: PMC5629314 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are highly conserved processes that affect nearly all aspects of organismal biology. Caenorhabditis elegans eat bacteria, which consist of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that are broken down during digestion into fatty acids, simple sugars, and amino acid precursors. With these nutrients, C. elegans synthesizes a wide range of metabolites that are required for development and behavior. In this review, we outline lipid and carbohydrate structures as well as biosynthesis and breakdown pathways that have been characterized in C. elegans We bring attention to functional studies using mutant strains that reveal physiological roles for specific lipids and carbohydrates during development, aging, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Wilding M, Nachtschatt M, Speight R, Scott C. An improved and general streamlined phylogenetic protocol applied to the fatty acid desaturase family. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:50-57. [PMID: 28739372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous tools to generate phylogenetic estimates are available, but there is no single protocol that will produce an accurate phylogenetic tree for any dataset. Here, we investigated some of those tools, paying particular attention to different alignment algorithms, in order to produce a phylogeny for the integral membrane fatty acid desaturase (FAD) family. Herein, we report a novel streamlined protocol which utilises peptide pattern recognition (PPR). This protocol can theoretically be applied universally to generate accurate multiple sequence alignments and improve downstream phylogenetic analyses. Applied to the desaturases, the protocol generated the first detailed phylogenetic estimates for the family since 2003, which suggested they may have evolved from three functionally distinct desaturases and further, that desaturases evolved first in cyanobacteria. In addition to the phylogenetic outputs, we mapped PPR sequence motifs onto an X-ray protein structure to provide insights into biochemical function and demonstrate the complementarity of PPR and phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wilding
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Matthias Nachtschatt
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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27
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Wang J, Chen W, Nian H, Ji X, Lin L, Wei Y, Zhang Q. Inhibition of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synthesis Decreases Growth Rate and Membrane Fluidity of Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae at Low Temperature. Lipids 2017; 52:729-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Isotopologue profiling enables insights into dietary routing and metabolism of trophic biomarker fatty acids. CHEMOECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-017-0236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Han S, Schroeder EA, Silva-García CG, Hebestreit K, Mair WB, Brunet A. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan. Nature 2017; 544:185-190. [PMID: 28379943 PMCID: PMC5391274 DOI: 10.1038/nature21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin and metabolic states both influence lifespan, but how they interact in lifespan regulation is largely unknown. The COMPASS chromatin complex, which trimethylates lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3), regulates lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the mechanism by which H3K4me3 modifiers affect longevity, and whether this mechanism involves metabolic changes, remain unclear. Here we show that a deficiency in H3K4me3 methyltransferase, which extends lifespan, promotes fat accumulation in worms with a specific enrichment of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). This fat metabolism switch in H3K4me3 methyltransferase-deficient worms is mediated at least in part by the downregulation of germline targets, including S6 kinase, and by the activation of an intestinal transcriptional network that upregulates delta-9 fatty acid desaturases. Notably, the accumulation of MUFAs is necessary for the lifespan extension of H3K4me3 methyltransferase-deficient worms, and dietary MUFAs are sufficient to extend lifespan. Given the conservation of lipid metabolism, dietary or endogenous MUFAs could extend lifespan and healthspan in other species, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Genetics Graduate Program, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Schroeder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carlos G Silva-García
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Katja Hebestreit
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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30
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Jezierska S, Van Bogaert INA. Crossing boundaries: the importance of cellular membranes in industrial biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:721-733. [PMID: 27837352 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
How small molecules cross cellular membranes is an often overlooked issue in an industrial microbiology and biotechnology context. This is to a large extent governed by the technical difficulties to study these transport systems or by the lack of knowledge on suitable efflux pumps. This review emphasizes the importance of microbial cellular membranes in industrial biotechnology by highlighting successful strategies of membrane engineering towards more resistant and hence better performing microorganisms, as well as transporter and other engineering strategies for increased efflux of primary and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of eukaryotic subcellular compartmentalization are discussed, as well as the biotechnological potential of membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jezierska
- Laboratory for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge N A Van Bogaert
- Laboratory for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Brandstetter B, Ruther J. An insect with a delta-12 desaturase, the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis, benefits from nutritional supply with linoleic acid. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in chordates: Insights into the evolution of Fads and Elovl gene repertoire. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Watts JL. Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Uncover Conserved Functions of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020019. [PMID: 26848697 PMCID: PMC4773775 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model organism to study functions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ability to alter fatty acid composition with genetic manipulation and dietary supplementation permits the dissection of the roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in many biological process including reproduction, aging and neurobiology. Studies in C. elegans to date have mostly identified overlapping functions of 20-carbon omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in reproduction and in neurons, however, specific roles for either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids are beginning to emerge. Recent findings with importance to human health include the identification of a conserved Cox-independent prostaglandin synthesis pathway, critical functions for cytochrome P450 derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the requirements for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in sensory neurons, and the importance of fatty acid desaturation for long lifespan. Furthermore, the ability of C. elegans to interconvert omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids using the FAT-1 omega-3 desaturase has been exploited in mammalian studies and biotechnology approaches to generate mammals capable of exogenous generation of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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34
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Liu P, Sun L, Sun Y, Shang F, Yan G. Decreased fluidity of cell membranes causes a metal ion deficiency in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing carotenoids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:525-35. [PMID: 26749524 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The genome-wide transcriptional responses of S. cerevisiae to heterologous carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated using DNA microarray analysis. The results show that the genes involved in metal ion transport were specifically up-regulated in the recombinant strain, and metal ions, including Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+), were deficient in the recombinant strain compared to the ion content of the parent strain. The decrease in metal ions was ascribed to a decrease in cell membrane (CM) fluidity caused by lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol. This was confirmed by the observation that metal ion levels were restored when CM fluidity was increased by supplying linoleic acid. In addition, a 24.3 % increase in the β-carotene concentration was observed. Collectively, our results suggest that heterologous production of carotenoids in S. cerevisiae can induce cellular stress by rigidifying the CM, which can lead to a deficiency in metal ions. Due to the importance of CM fluidity in cellular physiology, maintaining normal CM fluidity might be a potential approach to improving carotenoid production in genetically engineered S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitong Liu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Sun
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Shang
- College of Biology Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Yan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010023. [PMID: 26742061 PMCID: PMC4728637 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - SeokBeom Kang
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
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36
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He J, Yang Z, Hu B, Ji X, Wei Y, Lin L, Zhang Q. Correlation of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the cold adaptation of Rhodotorula glutinis. Yeast 2015; 32:683-90. [PMID: 26284451 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the cold adaptation of Rhodotorula glutinis YM25079 and the membrane fluidity, content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and mRNA expression level of the Δ(12)-desaturase gene. The optimum temperature for YM25079 growth was analysed first, then the composition changes of membrane lipid in YM25079 were detected by GC-MS and membrane fluidity was evaluated by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) fluorescence. Meanwhile, the encoding sequence of Δ(12)-fatty acid desaturase in YM25079 was cloned and further transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVScl for functional analysis. The mRNA expression levels of Δ(12)-fatty acid desaturase at 15°C and 25°C were analysed by real-time PCR. YM25079 could grow at 5-30°C, with the optimum temperature of 15°C. The membrane fluidity of YM25079 was not significantly reduced when the culture temperature decreased from 25°C to 15°C, but the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linoleic acid and α-Linolenic acid increased significantly from 29.4% to 55.39%. Furthermore, a novel Δ(12)-fatty acid desaturase gene YM25079RGD12 from YM25079 was successfully identified and characterized, and the mRNA transcription level of the Δ(12)-desaturase gene was about five-fold higher in YM25079 cells grown at 15°C than that at 25°C. These results suggests that the cold adaptation of Rhodotorula glutinis YM25079 might result from higher expression of genes, especially the Δ(12)-fatty acid desaturase gene, during polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, which increased the content of PUFAs in the cell membrane and maintained the membrane fluidity at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.,Genetic Diagnosis Centre, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianbing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
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37
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Kaye Y, Grundman O, Leu S, Zarka A, Zorin B, Didi-Cohen S, Khozin-Goldberg I, Boussiba S. Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Pang SC, Wang HP, Li KY, Zhu ZY, Kang JX, Sun YH. Double transgenesis of humanized fat1 and fat2 genes promotes omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis in a zebrafish model. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:580-593. [PMID: 24832481 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential nutrients for human health. However, vertebrates, including humans, have lost the abilities to synthesize EPA and DHA de novo, majorly due to the genetic absence of delta-12 desaturase and omega-3 desaturase genes. Fishes, especially those naturally growing marine fish, are major dietary source of EPA and DHA. Because of the severe decline of marine fishery and the decrease in n-3 LC-PUFA content of farmed fishes, it is highly necessary to develop alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. In the present study, we utilized transgenic technology to generate n-3 LC-PUFA-rich fish by using zebrafish as an animal model. Firstly, fat1 was proved to function efficiently in fish culture cells, which showed an effective conversion of n-6 PUFA to n-3 PUFA with the n-6/n-3 ratio that decreased from 7.7 to 1.1. Secondly, expression of fat1 in transgenic zebrafish increased the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 contents to 1.8- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Third, co-expression of fat2, a fish codon-optimized delta-12 desaturase gene, and fat1 in fish culture cell significantly promoted n-3 PUFA synthesis with the decreased n-6/n-3 ratio from 7.7 to 0.7. Finally, co-expression of fat1 and fat2 in double transgenic zebrafish increased the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 contents to 1.7- and 2.8-fold, respectively. Overall, we generated two types of transgenic zebrafish rich in endogenous n-3 LC-PUFA, fat1 transgenic zebrafish and fat1/fat2 double transgenic zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that application of transgenic technology of humanized fat1 and fat2 in farmed fishes can largely improve the n-3 LC-PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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39
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Blaul B, Steinbauer R, Merkl P, Merkl R, Tschochner H, Ruther J. Oleic acid is a precursor of linoleic acid and the male sex pheromone in Nasonia vitripennis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:33-40. [PMID: 24874439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (C18:2(Δ9,12), LA) is crucial for many cell functions in organisms. It has long been a paradigm that animals are unable to synthesize LA from oleic acid (C18:1(Δ9), OA) because they were thought to miss Δ(12)-desaturases for inserting a double bound at the Δ(12)-position. Today it is clear that this is not true for all animals because some insects and other invertebrates have been demonstrated to synthesize LA. However, the ability to synthesize LA is known in only five insect orders and no examples have been reported so far in the Hymenoptera. LA plays a particular role in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis, because it is the precursor of the male sex pheromone consisting of (4R,5R)- and (4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-4-decanolides. Here we demonstrate by stable isotope labeling that N. vitripennis is able to incorporate externally applied fully (13)C-labeled OA into the male sex pheromone suggesting that they convert initially OA into LA. To verify this assumption, we produced fly hosts (Lucilia caesar) which were experimentally enriched in (13)C-labeled OA and reared male parasitoids on these hosts. Chemical analysis of transesterified lipid raw extracts from hosts and parasitoids revealed that N. vitripennis but not L. caesar contained (13)C-labeled LA methyl ester. Furthermore, male wasps from the manipulated hosts produced significant amounts of (13)C-labeled sex pheromone. These results suggest that N. vitripennis possesses a Δ(12)-desaturase. The additional fitness relevant function as pheromone precursor might have favored the evolution of LA biosynthesis in N. vitripennis to make the wasps independent of the formerly essential nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Blaul
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Steinbauer
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Biochemistry, Genetic & Microbiology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Merkl
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Biochemistry, Genetic & Microbiology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Merkl
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Biophysics & Physical Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Herbert Tschochner
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Biochemistry, Genetic & Microbiology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Ruther
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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40
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Buček A, Matoušková P, Sychrová H, Pichová I, Hrušková-Heidingsfeldová O. Δ12-Fatty acid desaturase from Candida parapsilosis is a multifunctional desaturase producing a range of polyunsaturated and hydroxylated fatty acids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93322. [PMID: 24681902 PMCID: PMC3969366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous Δ12-, Δ15- and multifunctional membrane fatty acid desaturases (FADs) have been identified in fungi, revealing great variability in the enzymatic specificities of FADs involved in biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, we report gene isolation and characterization of novel Δ12/Δ15- and Δ15-FADs named CpFad2 and CpFad3, respectively, from the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis. Overexpression of CpFad3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains supplemented with linoleic acid (Δ9,Δ12-18:2) and hexadecadienoic acid (Δ9,Δ12-16:2) leads to accumulation of Δ15-PUFAs, i.e., α-linolenic acid (Δ9,Δ12,Δ15-18:3) and hexadecatrienoic acid with an unusual terminal double bond (Δ9,Δ12,Δ15-16:3). CpFad2 produces a range of Δ12- and Δ15-PUFAs. The major products of CpFad2 are linoleic and hexadecadienoic acid (Δ9,Δ12-16:2), accompanied by α-linolenic acid and hexadecatrienoic acid (Δ9,Δ12,Δ15-16:3). Using GC/MS analysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives, we identified ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid) as an additional product of CpFad2. These results demonstrate that CpFAD2 is a multifunctional FAD and indicate that detailed analysis of fatty acid derivatives might uncover a range of enzymatic selectivities in other Δ12-FADs from budding yeasts (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Buček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (IP); (OHH)
| | - Olga Hrušková-Heidingsfeldová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (IP); (OHH)
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Shimizu N, Naito M, Mori N, Kuwahara Y. De novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid and its conversion to the hydrocarbon (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene in the astigmatid mite, Carpoglyphus lactis: incorporation experiments with 13C-labeled glucose. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 45:51-57. [PMID: 24333472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
De novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid (LA) and its conversion to (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene were examined in Carpoglyphus lactis (Acarina, Carpoglyphidae). Experiments involving (13)C-administration using [1-(13)C]-d-glucose revealed that (13)C atoms were incorporated into LA of total lipid extracted from the mite, resulting in labeling of all even-numbered carbons. This result demonstrated that LA was produced from (13)C-labeled acetyl-CoA, which is indicative of direct de novo biosynthesis. In these feeding experiments involving [1-(13)C]-D-glucose, (13)C atoms were also incorporated into (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene, which is one of the major secretory components in the mite. The labeling pattern of (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene at odd-numbered carbons agreed well with that of LA after loss of the carboxyl carbon. It was concluded that the mites could stably convert LA into (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene without the dietary requirement of this essential fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Shimizu
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe, Kameoka 621-8555, Japan.
| | - Michiya Naito
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe, Kameoka 621-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kuwahara
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, JST, ERATO, Kyoto Brunch, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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42
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Aboshi T, Shimizu N, Nakajima Y, Honda Y, Kuwahara Y, Amano H, Mori N. Biosynthesis of linoleic acid in Tyrophagus mites (Acarina: Acaridae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:991-996. [PMID: 23973745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here that Tyrophagus similis and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Astigmata: Acaridae) have the ability to biosynthesize linoleic acid [(9Z, 12Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid] via a Δ12-desaturation step, although animals in general and vertebrates in particular appear to lack this ability. When the mites were fed on dried yeast enriched with d31-hexadecanoic acid (16:0), d27-octadecadienoic acid (18:2), produced from d31-hexadecanoic acid through elongation and desaturation reactions, was identified as a major fatty acid component of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) in the mites. The double bond position of d27-octadecadienoic acid (18:2) of PCs and PEs was determined to be 9 and 12, respectively by dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) derivatization. Furthermore, the GC/MS retention time of methyl 9, 12-octadecadienoate obtained from mite extracts agreed well with those of authentic linoleic acid methyl ester. It is still unclear whether the mites themselves or symbiotic microorganisms are responsible for inserting a double bond into the Δ12 position of octadecanoic acid. However, we present here the unique metabolism of fatty acids in the mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Aboshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Identification and functional characterization of two Δ12-fatty acid desaturases associated with essential linoleic acid biosynthesis in Physcomitrella patens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:901-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two Δ12-desaturases associated with the primary steps of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis were successfully cloned from Physcomitrella patens and their functions identified. The open reading frames (ORFs) of PpFAD2-1 and PpFAD2-2 consisted of 1,128 bp and code for 375 amino acids. Their deduced polypeptides showed 62–64 % identity to microsomal Δ12-desaturases from other higher plants, and each contained the three histidine clusters typical of the catalytic domains of such enzymes. Yeast cells transformed with plasmid constructs containing PpFAD2-1 or PpFAD2-2 produced an appreciable amount of hexadecadienoic (16:2 Δ9,12) and linoleic acids (18:2 Δ9,12), not normally present in wild-type yeast cells, indicating that the genes encoded functional Δ12-desaturase enzymes. In addition, reduction of the growth temperature from 30 to 15 °C resulted in increased accumulation of unsaturated fatty acid products.
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Shi X, Li J, Zou X, Greggain J, Rødkær SV, Færgeman NJ, Liang B, Watts JL. Regulation of lipid droplet size and phospholipid composition by stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2504-14. [PMID: 23787165 PMCID: PMC3735947 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m039669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturation regulates membrane function and fat storage in animals. To determine the contribution of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity on fat storage and development in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we analyzed the lipid composition and lipid droplet size in the fat-6;fat-7 desaturase mutants independently and in combination with mutants disrupted in conserved lipid metabolic pathways. C. elegans with impaired SCD activity displayed both reduced fat stores and decreased lipid droplet size. Mutants in the daf-2 (insulin-like growth factor receptor), rsks-1 (homolog of p70S6kinase, an effector of the target of rapamycin signaling pathway), and daf-7 (transforming growth factor β) displayed high fat stores, the opposite of the low fat observed in the fat-6;fat-7 desaturase mutants. The metabolic mutants in combination with fat-6;fat-7 displayed low fat stores, with the exception of the daf-2;fat-6;fat-7 triple mutants, which had increased de novo fatty acid synthesis and wild-type levels of fat stores. Notably, SCD activity is required for the formation of large-sized lipid droplets in all mutant backgrounds, as well as for normal ratios of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These studies reveal previously uncharacterized roles for SCD in the regulation of lipid droplet size and membrane phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Shi
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
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45
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Alterations in growth and fatty acid profiles under stress conditions of Hansenula polymorpha defective in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4935-45. [PMID: 23645092 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using chemical mutagenesis, mutants of Hansenula polymorpha that were defective in fatty acid synthesis were selected based on their growth requirements on saturated fatty acid mixtures. One mutant (S7) was incapable of synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic and α-linolenic acids. A genetic analysis demonstrated that the S7 strain had a double lesion affecting fatty acid synthesis and Δ(12)-desaturation. A segregant with a defect in PUFA synthesis (H69-2C) displayed normal growth characteristics in the temperature range of 20-42 °C through a modulation of the cellular fatty acid composition. Compared with the parental strain, this yeast mutant had increased sensitivity at low and high temperatures (15 and 48 °C, respectively) with an increased tolerance to oxidative stress. The responses to ethanol stress were similar for the parental and PUFA-defective strains. Myristic acid was also determined to play an essential role in the cell growth of H. polymorpha. These findings suggest that both the type of cellular fatty acids and the composition of fatty acids might be involved in the stress responsive mechanisms in this industrially important yeast.
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46
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Jiao J, Zhang Y. Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3799-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute,
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Vrinten P, Mavraganis I, Qiu X, Senger T. Biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the marine ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica. Lipids 2012; 48:263-74. [PMID: 23239113 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sphaeroforma arctica is a unique, recently discovered marine protist belonging to a group falling close to the yeast/animal border. S. arctica is found in cold environments, and accordingly has a fatty acid composition containing a high proportion of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including the ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Two elongases and five desaturases, representing the complete set of enzymes necessary for the synthesis of DHA from oleic acid, were isolated from this species and characterized in yeast. One elongase showed high conversion rates on a wide range of 18 and 20 carbon substrates, and was capable of sequential elongation reactions. The second elongase had a strong preference for the 20-carbon fatty acids EPA and arachidonic acid, with over 80 % of EPA converted to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the heterologous yeast host. The isolation of a Δ8-desaturase, along with the detection of eicosadienoic acid in S. arctica cultures indicated that this species uses the alternate Δ8-pathway for the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. S. arctica also carried a Δ4-desaturase that proved to be very active in the production of DHA from DPA. Finally, a long chain acyl-CoA synthetase from S. arctica improved DHA uptake in the heterologous yeast host and led to an improvement in desaturation and elongation efficiencies.
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Zhou XR, Green AG, Singh SP. Caenorhabditis elegans Delta12-desaturase FAT-2 is a bifunctional desaturase able to desaturate a diverse range of fatty acid substrates at the Delta12 and Delta15 positions. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43644-43650. [PMID: 22041902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans FAT-2 has been characterized as fatty acid Δ12-desaturase able to desaturate C16 and C18 fatty acids. However, in this report we show that when expressed in yeast cells this enzyme can also catalyze Δ15 desaturation. This results in the production of both linoleic acid (ω6 C18:2Δ9,12) and linolenic acid (ω3 C18:3Δ9,12,15) from oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) substrate, and hexadecadienoic acid (ω4 C16:2Δ9,12) and hexadecatrienoic acid (ω1 C16:3Δ9,12,15) from palmitoleic acid (C16:1Δ9) substrate. In addition, this enzyme can also produce C14:2Δ9,12, C15:2Δ9,12, C17:2Δ9,12, and C18:4Δ6,9,12,15 when C14:1Δ9, C15:1Δ9, C17:1Δ9, and C18:3Δ6,9,12 substrates are available in yeast cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of 2,4-dimethyloxazoline modification of fatty acid methyl esters confirms the positions of all newly formed double bonds. These results indicate that when expressed in yeast the C. elegans Δ12-desaturase CeFAT-2 shows a characteristic of a bifunctional Δ12/Δ15-desaturase and has a great deal of elasticity with respect to fatty acid chain length in being able to accept fatty acids ranging from C14 to C18. Interestingly, despite possessing a bifunctional Δ12/Δ15 desaturation activity, phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. elegans Δ12-desaturase CeFAT-2 might have arisen independently from other reported dual Δ12/Δ15-desaturases from fungi and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Rong Zhou
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Allan G Green
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Tian HC, Zhou J, Qiao B, Liu Y, Xia JM, Yuan YJ. Lipidome profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals pitching rate-dependent fermentative performance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1507-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Zhang D, Pirtle IL, Park SJ, Nampaisansuk M, Neogi P, Wanjie SW, Pirtle RM, Chapman KD. Identification and expression of a new delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2-4) gene in upland cotton and its functional expression in yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:462-71. [PMID: 19217793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genomic clone encompassing a 17.9-kb DNA fragment was found to contain a delta-12 fatty acid desaturase gene (designated FAD2-4). The FAD2-4 open reading frame has 1,155bp and is uninterrupted, encoding a conceptual FAD2-4 polypeptide of 384 amino acids that has 98% identity with the cotton FAD2-3 polypeptide. The FAD2-4 gene has a single intron of 2,780 bp in its 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). The 3'-flanking regions and 5'-UTR introns in the FAD2-4 and FAD2-3 genes are quite different, indicating that the genes might be paralogs in the cotton genome. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis indicated that the FAD2-4 and FAD2-3 genes were expressed in all tissues examined, including seeds, seedling tissues, young and mature leaves, roots, stems, developing flower buds, and ovule fibers. These constitutive patterns of expression were notably different from that of the FAD2-1 gene, which was restricted to seeds and developing flower buds, or to the expression of a newly-identified FAD2-2 gene isoform, which was barely detectable in roots, hypocotyls, stems, and fibers, but was expressed in all other tissues. The FAD2-4 coding region was expressed in yeast and shown to encode a functional delta-12 desaturase, converting oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2) in recombinant yeast cells. In addition, both the FAD2-4 and the FAD2-3 genes were transferred into the Arabidopsis thaliana fad2-1 mutant background where they effectively restored wild type fatty acid composition and growth characteristics. Finally, the cotton FAD2-4 green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion polypeptide appeared to be localized in the endomembrane system of transgenic Arabidopsis plants in the complemented fad2-1 mutant background, supporting a functional ER location for the cotton FAD2-4 polypeptide in this heterologous plant system. Thus, a new functional member of the FAD2 gene family in cotton has been characterized, indicating a complex regulation of membrane lipid desaturation in this important fiber/oilseed crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5217, USA
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