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Wagner AM, Strohecker SA, Costello EK, Rood JA, Kneas KA. Water-Soluble Osmium Complexes Suitable for use in Luminescence-Based, Hydrogel-Supported Sensors. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2271-2280. [PMID: 27664088 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osmium transition metal complexes are of particular interest in luminescence-based sensing applications because of their longer wavelength absorptions and emissions, relative to similar ruthenium and rhenium complexes, that allow for inexpensive excitation and minimize interferences from autofluorescence when the sensor is used in biological samples. Reported here are the photophysical properties of a series of water-soluble osmium complexes suitable for use in hydrogel-based sensors: [Os(bpy)2(sulf-dpp)]Cl2, [Os(phen)2(sulf-dpp)]Cl2, [Os(dpp)2(sulf-dpp)]Cl2, and [Os(CO)2Cl2(sulf-dpp)], where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, dpp is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and sulf-dpp is bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid disodium salt. The family of complexes showed minimal oxygen quenching, making them particularly well-suited for sensing applications in which oxygen concentration varies. Luminescence anisotropy was found to depend more significantly on net dipole moment than hydrodynamic radius of the molecule, and, as expected, excited state lifetime and luminescence anisotropy were highly dependent on the local environment of the reporter molecule. Results obtained for hydrogel-based relative humidity sensors containing [Os(CO)2Cl2(sulf-dpp)] and [Os(bpy)2(sulf-dpp)]Cl2 complexes highlight the significant potential for this class of compounds in a hydrogel-supported luminescence-based sensing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wagner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA, 17022, USA
| | - Sarah A Strohecker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA, 17022, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Costello
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA, 17022, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA, 17022, USA
| | - Kristi A Kneas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA, 17022, USA.
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Hall MD, Yasgar A, Peryea T, Braisted JC, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Coussens NP. Fluorescence polarization assays in high-throughput screening and drug discovery: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:022001. [PMID: 28809163 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of fluorescence polarization (FP) and fluorescence anisotropy (FA) to molecular weight changes has enabled the interrogation of diverse biological mechanisms, ranging from molecular interactions to enzymatic activity. Assays based on FP/FA technology have been widely utilized in high-throughput screening (HTS) and drug discovery due to the homogenous format, robust performance and relative insensitivity to some types of interferences, such as inner filter effects. Advancements in assay design, fluorescent probes, and technology have enabled the application of FP assays to increasingly complex biological processes. Herein we discuss different types of FP/FA assays developed for HTS, with examples to emphasize the diversity of applicable targets. Furthermore, trends in target and fluorophore selection, as well as assay type and format, are examined using annotated HTS assays within the PubChem database. Finally, practical considerations for the successful development and implementation of FP/FA assays for HTS are provided based on experience at our center and examples from the literature, including strategies for flagging interference compounds among a list of hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Lakowicz JR, Murtaza Z, Jones WE, Kim K, Szmacinski H. Polarized emission from a rhenium metal-ligand complex. J Fluoresc 2013; 6:245-9. [PMID: 24227348 DOI: 10.1007/bf00732828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1996] [Accepted: 08/08/1996] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the first observation of polarized emission from a rhenium-phenanthroline complex, Re(CO)3(phen)Cl. Highly luminescent rhenium complexes are known, with quantum yields near 0.5 and lifetimes in excess of 10 μs. The detection of polarized emission suggests the use of rhenium complexes as probes of the hydrodynamics of large macromolecular complexes and for use in fluorescence polarization immunoassays with gated detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Medical Biotechnology Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, 21201, Baltimore, Maryland
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Patsenker LD, Tatarets AL, Povrozin YA, Terpetschnig EA. Long-wavelength fluorescence lifetime labels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-011-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Yam VWW, Wong KMC. Luminescent metal complexes of d6, d8 and d10 transition metal centres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11579-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Heterogeneous transition metal-based fluorescence polarization (HTFP) assay for probing protein interactions. Biotechniques 2010; 47:837-44. [PMID: 19852767 DOI: 10.2144/000113223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of protein interactions are fundamental for the investigation of molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular processes and diseases, as well as for drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study details the development of a fluorescence polarization assay using melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) protein-binding compounds and studies of the binding properties of this protein. Since they are dependent on the the lifetime of the fluorescent label, currently available fluorescence polarization assays can only determine interactions with either high- or low-molecular weight interaction partners. Our new approach eliminates this limitation by immobilizing a known binding partner of MIA protein to a well plate and by labeling the target protein using luminescent transition metal labels such as Ru(bpy)3 for binding studies with both high- and low-molecular weight interaction partners. Due to the use of a functionalized surface, we termed our concept heterogeneous transition metal-based fluorescence polarization (HTFP) assay. The assay's independence from the molecular weight of potential binding partners should make the technique amenable to investigations on subjects as diverse as multimerization, interactions with pharmacophores, or binding affinity determination.
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Virel A, Sanchez-Lopez J, Saa L, García AC, Pavlov V. Use of an Osmium Complex as a Universal Luminescent Probe for Enzymatic Reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:6194-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Hemmilá I, Mukkala VM. Time-Resolution in Fluorometry Technologies, Labels, and Applications in Bioanalytical Assays. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/20014091084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Miller JN. Long-Wavelength and Near-Infrared Fluorescence: State of the Art, Future Applications, and Standards. STANDARDIZATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS I 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/4243_2008_057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Smith DS, Eremin SA. Fluorescence polarization immunoassays and related methods for simple, high-throughput screening of small molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1499-507. [PMID: 18264817 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous (without separation) competitive immunoassay method based on the increase in fluorescence polarization (FP) of fluorescent-labeled small antigens when bound by specific antibody. The minimum detectable quantity of FPIAs with fluorescein label (about 0.1 ng analyte) is comparable with chromatography and ELISA methods, although this may be limited by sample matrix interference. Because of its simplicity and speed, FPIA is readily automated and therefore suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) in a variety of application areas. Systems that involve binding of ligands to receptor proteins are also susceptible to analysis by analogous FP methods employing fluorescent-labeled ligand and HTS applications have been developed, notably for use in candidate drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Smith
- MicroPharm Ltd, 51-53 Bartholomew Close, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
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11
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Sánchez-Martínez ML, Aguilar-Caballos MP, Gómez-Hens A. Long-wavelength fluorescence polarization immunoassay: determination of amikacin on solid surface and gliadins in solution. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7424-30. [PMID: 17784730 DOI: 10.1021/ac070761l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is increased by using two long-wavelength labels, Nile Blue and a ruthenium(II) chelate. The first label has been used to study the potential of FPIA on a solid surface using dry reagent technology. The aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin has been used as an analyte model, and the method has been applied to the analysis of serum samples. The second label has been used to show the practical application of FPIA to the determination of macromolecules, using gliadins as an analyte model, which have been determined in gluten-free food. Very low amounts of anti-amikacin antibodies and amikacin-Nile Blue tracer were immobilized onto nitrocellulose membranes, for the development of the amikacin method, and the consumption of reagents is lower than in conventional FPIA. Only the addition of the standard or sample extract at an adequate pH is required at the analysis time. The analyte displaces the tracer from the tracer-antibody immunocomplex, obtaining a decrease in the fluorescence polarization proportional to the analyte concentration. The gliadin-Ru(II) chelate tracer shows a relatively long lifetime, which allows the observation of differences in fluorescence polarization values between the tracer-antibody complex and the tracer alone. The dynamic range of the calibration graphs for both analytes is 0.5-10 microg mL-1 and the detection limits are 0.1 and 0.09 microg mL-1 for amikacin and gliadins, respectively. The study of the precision gave values of relative standard deviations lower than 5 and 1.5% for the amikacin and gliadin methods, respectively. Amikacin was determined in human serum samples using a previous deproteinization step with acetonitrile, obtaining recovery values in the range 83.4-122.8%. The gliadin method was applied to the analysis of gluten-free food samples by using a previous extraction step. The recovery study gave values between 94.3 and 105.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lourdes Sánchez-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie-Curie Annex building, 14071-Córdoba, Spain
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12
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Piszczek G. Luminescent metal-ligand complexes as probes of macromolecular interactions and biopolymer dynamics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 453:54-62. [PMID: 16603119 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of microsecond dynamics is important for an understanding of the mechanism and function of biological systems. Fluorescent techniques are well established in biophysical studies, but their applicability to probe microsecond timescale processes is limited. Luminescent metal-ligand complexes (MLCs) have created interest mainly due to their unique luminescent properties, such as the exceptionally long decay times and large fundamental anisotropy values, allowing examination of microsecond dynamics by fluorescence methods. MLC properties also greatly simplify instrumentation requirements and enable the use of light emitting diode excitation for time-resolved measurements. Recent literature illustrates how MLC labels take full advantage of well developed fluorescence techniques and how those methods can be extended to timescales not easily accessible with nanosecond probes. MLCs are now commercially available as reactive labels which give researchers access to methods that previously required more complex approaches. The present paper gives an overview of the applications of MLC probes to studies of molecular dynamics and interactions of proteins, membranes and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Piszczek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Zhi YG, Lai SW, Chan QKW, Law YC, Tong GSM, Che CM. Systematic Studies on Photoluminescence of Oligo(arylene-ethynylene)s: Tunability of Excited States and Derivatization as Luminescent Labeling Probes for Proteins. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Munaka T, Abe H, Kanai M, Sakamoto T, Nakanishi H, Yamaoka T, Shoji S, Murakami A. Real-time monitoring of antibody secretion from hybridomas on a microchip by time-resolved luminescence anisotropy analysis. Anal Biochem 2006; 353:1-6. [PMID: 16620756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a real-time monitoring system for cellular analysis using micro total analysis systems technology. Time-resolved luminescence anisotropy analysis was adopted for real-time detection of small amounts of a target protein produced by a small number of cells. The system was tested by real-time monitoring of the antibody secretion by hybridomas. The cells were successfully cultivated in a micro-incubation chamber (240 nl) fabricated on a microchip. The quantification of the antibody was achieved using the Ru(II) complex-labeled Staphylococcus aureus protein A probe, which can bind specifically to the Fc region of the antibody. Using this system, we detected as little as 24 fmol of immunoglobulin G under physiological conditions without the bound/free separation protocol. We successfully achieved real-time and quantitative monitoring of small amounts of antibody production by approximately 200 hybridoma cells. This method could be applied to various cellular analyses using small numbers of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Munaka
- Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Lo KKW. Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes as Biological Labels and Probes. PHOTOFUNCTIONAL TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2006_040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Sakamoto T, Mahara A, Munaka T, Yamagata K, Iwase R, Yamaoka T, Murakami A. Time-resolved luminescence anisotropy-based detection of immunoglobulin G using long-lifetime Ru(II) complex-labeled protein A. Anal Biochem 2005; 329:142-4. [PMID: 15136177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Fleming TJ, Sachdeva M, Delic M, Beltzer J, Wescott CR, Devlin M, Lander RC, Nixon AE, Roschke V, Hilbert DM, Sexton DJ. Discovery of high-affinity peptide binders to BLyS by phage display. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:94-102. [PMID: 15382264 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member and a key regulator of B cell responses. We employed a phage display-based approach to identify peptides that bind BLyS with high selectivity and affinity. Sequence analysis of first-generation BLyS-binding peptides revealed two dominant peptide motifs, including one containing a conserved DxLT sequence. Selected linear peptides with this motif were found to bind BLyS with K(D) values of 1-3 microM. In order to improve the binding affinity for BLyS, consensus residues flanking the DxLT sequence were seeded into a second-generation, BLyS affinity maturation library (BAML). BAML phage were subjected to stringent binding competition conditions to select for isolates expressing high-affinity peptide ligands for BLyS. Post-selection analysis of BAML peptide sequences resulted in the identification of a core decapeptide motif (WYDPLTKLWL). Peptides containing this core motif exhibited K(D) values as low as 26 nM, approximately 100-fold lower than that of first-generation peptides. A fluorescence anisotropy assay was developed to monitor the protein-protein interaction between BLyS labeled with a ruthenium chelate, and TACI-Fc, a soluble form of a BLyS receptor. Using this assay it was found that a BAML peptide disrupts this high-affinity protein-protein interaction. This demonstrates the potential of short peptides for disruption of high affinity cytokine-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Fleming
- Dyax Corp., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Wong KMC, Tang WS, Chu BWK, Zhu N, Yam VWW. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Biomolecular Labeling Studies of Luminescent Platinum(II)-Terpyridyl Alkynyl Complexes. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Man-Chung Wong
- Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of The Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Centre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nano-Scale Metal-Based Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Suen Tang
- Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of The Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Centre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nano-Scale Metal-Based Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Wai-Kin Chu
- Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of The Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Centre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nano-Scale Metal-Based Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of The Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Centre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nano-Scale Metal-Based Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of The Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Centre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nano-Scale Metal-Based Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Kang JS, Piszczek G, Lakowicz JR. High-molecular-weight protein hydrodynamics studied with a long-lifetime metal-ligand complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:221-8. [PMID: 12044900 PMCID: PMC6800114 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)](2+) (RuBDc) is a very photostable probe that possesses favorable photophysical properties including long lifetime, high quantum yield, large Stokes' shift, and highly polarized emission. In the present study, we demonstrated the usefulness of this probe for monitoring the rotational diffusion of high-molecular-weight (MW) proteins. Using frequency-domain fluorometry with a high-intensity, blue light-emitting diode (LED) as the modulated light source, we compared the intensity and anisotropy decays of RuBDc conjugated to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), which show a six-fold difference in MW We obtained slightly longer lifetimes for IgM (=428 ns in buffer) than IgG (=422 ns in buffer) in the absence and presence of glycerol, suggesting somewhat more efficient shielding of RuBDc from water in IgM than in IgG. The anisotropy decay data showed longer rotational correlation times for IgM (1623 and 65.7 ns in buffer) as compared to IgG (264 and 42.5 ns in buffer). Importantly, the ratio of the long rotational correlation times of IgM to IgG in buffer was 6.2, which is very close to that of MW of IgM to IgG (6.0). The shorter correlation times are most likely to be associated with domain motions within the proteins. The anisotropy decays reflect both the molecular size and shape of the immunoglobulins, as well as the viscosity. These results show that RuBDc can have numerous applications in studies of high-MW protein hydrodynamics and in fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPI) of high-MW analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sook Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Pusan 602-739, South Korea
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Landgraf S. Application of semiconductor light sources for investigations of photochemical reactions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2029-2048. [PMID: 11666083 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor light sources, like laser diodes or ultrabright light emitting diodes, are widely used in optical spectroscopy. In this presentation an overview of applications in photochemistry is given. Since the beginning of the 1990s an increasing number of publications with the application of semiconductor light sources appeared. Three different techniques were used: single photon counting with short pulses, phase-modulation fluorometry using a conventional modulation spectrometer, or a lock-in amplifier. Using continuous wave laser diodes in the visible region, which are available from 690 to 630 nm (and, recently, down to 400 nm), a new compact fluorescence spectrometer was developed in our laboratory. Using the phase fluorometric method, measurements down to 100 ps are now possible. Values can be measured in steps of 10 ps with good reproducibility using a high-frequency signal generator and a GHz digital storage oscilloscope. Several investigations have been carried out applying this technique including time-resolved detection of crude oil as an example for possible practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Landgraf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria.
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Dattelbaum JD, Abugo OO, Lakowicz JR. Synthesis and characterization of a sulfhydryl-reactive rhenium metal-ligand complex. Bioconjug Chem 2000; 11:533-6. [PMID: 10898575 PMCID: PMC6897573 DOI: 10.1021/bc990174+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and spectral characterization of a rhenium metal-ligand complex. This complex reacts with sulfhydryl groups via an iodoacetamide side chain on the phenanthroline ligand and displays a high limiting anisotropy near 0.35 when excited at 442 nm. When covalently linked to human serum albumin, this complex displayed a mean decay time of about 1 micros. This decay time is appropriate for measuring rotational correlation times on the microsecond time scale as may occur for large macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Dattelbaum
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Murtaza Z, Herman P, Lakowicz JR. Synthesis and spectral characterization of a long-lifetime osmium (II) metal-ligand complex: a conjugatable red dye for applications in biophysics. Biophys Chem 1999; 80:143-51. [PMID: 10483708 PMCID: PMC6901021 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(99)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for luminescent probes, which display both long excitation and emission wavelengths and long decay times. We synthesized and characterized an osmium metal-ligand complex which displays a mean decay time of over 100 ns when bound to proteins. [Os(1,10-phenanthroline)2(5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)[(PF6)2 can be excited at wavelengths up to 650 nm, and displays an emission maximum near 700 nm. The probe displays a modest but useful maximum fundamental anisotropy near 0.1 for 488-nm excitation, and thus convenient when using an argon ion laser. [Os(phen)2(aphen)](PF6)2 is readily activated to the isothiocyanate for coupling to proteins. When covalently linked to bovine serum albumin the intensity decay is moderately heterogeneous with a mean decay time of 145 ns. The anisotropy decay of the labeled protein displays a correlation time near 40 ns. This relatively long lifetime luminophores can be useful as a biophysical probe or in clinical applications such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Vereb G, Jares-Erijman E, Selvin PR, Jovin TM. Temporally and spectrally resolved imaging microscopy of lanthanide chelates. Biophys J 1998; 74:2210-22. [PMID: 9591648 PMCID: PMC1299564 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of temporal and spectral resolution in fluorescence microscopy based on long-lived luminescent labels offers a dramatic increase in contrast and probe selectivity due to the suppression of scattered light and short-lived autofluorescence. We describe various configurations of a fluorescence microscope integrating spectral and microsecond temporal resolution with conventional digital imaging based on CCD cameras. The high-power, broad spectral distribution and microsecond time resolution provided by microsecond xenon flashlamps offers increased luminosity with recently developed fluorophores with lifetimes in the submicrosecond to microsecond range. On the detection side, a gated microchannel plate intensifier provides the required time resolution and amplification of the signal. Spectral resolution is achieved with a dual grating stigmatic spectrograph and has been applied to the analysis of luminescent markers of cytochemical specimens in situ and of very small volume elements in microchambers. The additional introduction of polarization optics enables the determination of emission polarization; this parameter reflects molecular orientation and rotational mobility and, consequently, the nature of the microenvironment. The dual spectral and temporal resolution modes of acquisition complemented by a posteriori image analysis gated on the spatial, spectral, and temporal dimensions lead to a very flexible and versatile tool. We have used a newly developed lanthanide chelate, Eu-DTPA-cs124, to demonstrate these capabilities. Such compounds are good labels for time-resolved imaging microscopy and for the estimation of molecular proximity in the microscope by fluorescence (luminescence) resonance energy transfer and of molecular rotation via fluorescence depolarization. We describe the spectral distribution, polarization states, and excited-state lifetimes of the lanthanide chelate crystals imaged in the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vereb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Guo XQ, Castellano FN, Li L, Lakowicz JR. Use of a long-lifetime Re(I) complex in fluorescence polarization immunoassays of high-molecular-weight analytes. Anal Chem 1998; 70:632-7. [PMID: 9470490 PMCID: PMC6943338 DOI: 10.1021/ac970827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new class of fluorescence polarization immunoassays based on the luminescence from a Re(I) metal-ligand complex. Re(I) complexes are extremely photostable and possess useful photophysical properties including long lifetimes, high quantum yields, and high emission polarization in the absence of rotational diffusion. In the present study, a conjugatable, highly luminescent Re(I) metal-ligand complex, [Re(bcp)(CO)3(4-COOHPy)](ClO4), where bcp is 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 4-COOHPy is isonicotinic acid, has been evaluated for use in fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIs) with high-molecular-weight antigens. This Re(I) complex (Re) displays highly polarized emission (with a maximum anisotropy near 0.3) in the absence of rotational diffusion and a long average lifetime (2.7 microseconds) when bound to human serum albumin (HSA) in oxygenated aqueous solution. The emission polarization of the Re-HSA conjugate is sensitive to the binding of anti-HSA, resulting in a significant increase in anisotropy. The labeled HSA was also used in a competition immunoassay where unlabeled HSA was also used as an antigen. These experimental results, combined with theoretical predictions, demonstrate the potential of this Re(I) metal-ligand complex as a luminescence probe in FPIs of high-molecular-weight analytes (10(5)-10(8) Da).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Castellano FN, Dattelbaum JD, Lakowicz JR. Long-lifetime Ru(II) complexes as labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups. Anal Biochem 1998; 255:165-70. [PMID: 9451499 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and spectral properties of two long-lifetime highly luminescent Ru(II) complexes containing either a sulfhydryl reactive iodoacetamido group or a less reactive choloroacetamido group, [Ru(bpy)2(5-iodoacetamido-1,10-phenanthroline)] (PF6)2 and [Ru(bpy)2(5-chloroacetamido-1,10-phenanthroline)](PF6) 2, respectively, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine. Ru(bpy)2(phen-IA)](PF6)2 was covalently linked to human serum albumin (HSA) and human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The photoluminescence lifetime of protein-bound probes approaches 1 microsecond under ambient conditions. In the absence of rotational motions, this probe displayed an anisotropy of 0.18 for excitation at 472 nm. Anisotropy decay data were used to determine the overall rotational correlation times of HSA and IgG. These long-lifetime sulfhydryl-reactive probes can be used to recover microsecond rotational motions and/or domain motions of proteins and/or macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Tolosa L, Szmacinski H, Rao G, Lakowicz JR. Lifetime-based sensing of glucose using energy transfer with a long lifetime donor. Anal Biochem 1997; 250:102-8. [PMID: 9234903 PMCID: PMC6937594 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical assay for glucose based on the luminescence decay time of a long lifetime metal-ligand complex. Concanavalin A was covalently labeled with Ruthenium metal-ligand complex (RuCon A) which served as the donor. The acceptor was malachite green which was covalently linked to insulin. The malachite green insulin was also covalently labeled with maltose (MIMG) to provide binding affinity to RuCon A. Binding of RuCon A to MIMG resulted in a decreased intensity and decay time of RuCon A. Glucose was detected by competitive displacement of MIMG from RuCon A, resulting in increased intensity and decay time. This glucose assay has several favorable features. The long lifetime of RuCon A allows phase-modulation decay time measurements using an amplitude-modulated bluelight-emitting diode as the light source. Reversibility of the assay can be controlled by the extent of sugar labeling of the insulin. Finally, the glucose-sensitive range can be adjusted by selection of the sugar structure and extent of labeling of the insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tolosa
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Anderson DJ, Guo B, Xu Y, Ng LM, Kricka LJ, Skogerboe KJ, Hage DS, Schoeff L, Wang J, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW, Ward KM, Davis KA. Clinical chemistry. Anal Chem 1997; 69:165R-229R. [PMID: 9195857 DOI: 10.1021/a1970008p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Ohio 44115, USA
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Li L, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR. Synthesis and luminescence spectral characterization of long-lifetime lipid metal-ligand probes. Anal Biochem 1997; 244:80-5. [PMID: 9025912 PMCID: PMC6906605 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.9869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized phospholipid analogues of phosphatidyl ethanolamine which contains a ruthenium metal-ligand complex (MLC) covalently bound to the amino group. Two analogues were synthesized, containing either one (Ru-PE) or two (Ru-PE2) lipid molecules covalently linked to the MLC by the amino group of the lipid. These MLC-lipid probes display intensity decay times from 682 to 357 ns, depending on temperature. Importantly, the luminescence MLC groups display polarized emission, enabling their use for studies of membrane dynamics. The long intensity decay times allowed measurement of the overall rotation correlation time of lipid vesicles to several microseconds. The spectral properties of the model membranes containing Ru-PE or Ru-PE2 were independent of the probe-to-lipid molar ratio from 1:20 to 1:100, suggesting minimal tendency for probe-probe interactions. These MLC-lipid probes can be expected to have numerous applications in studies of membrane dynamics on the microsecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Terpetschnig E, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR. Long-lifetime metal-ligand complexes as probes in biophysics and clinical chemistry. Methods Enzymol 1997; 278:295-321. [PMID: 9170319 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)78016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Terpetschnig
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Bio and Chemosensors, University of Regensburg, Germany
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