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Wawra SE, Thoma M, Walter J, Lübbert C, Thajudeen T, Damm C, Peukert W. Ionomer and protein size analysis by analytical ultracentrifugation and electrospray scanning mobility particle sizer. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:777-787. [PMID: 29909434 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
By combining analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) in liquid phase and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) in the gas phase, additional information on the particle size and morphology has been obtained for rigid particles. In this paper, we transfer this concept to soft particles, allowing us to analyze the size and molar mass of the short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer Aquivion® in a dilute aqueous suspension. The determination of the primary size and exact molar mass of this class of polymers is challenging since they are optically transparent and due to the formation of different aggregate structures depending on the concentration and solvent properties. First, validation of AUC and SMPS measurements was carried out using the well-defined biopolymers bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ) to confirm the reliability of the results of the two unique and independent classifying methods. Then, the ionomer Aquivion® was studied using both techniques. From the mean molar mass of 185 ± 14 kDa obtained by AUC, a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 7.6 ± 0.5 nm was calculated. The particle size obtained from SMPS (7.1 nm) agrees very well with the results from AUC showing that the molecule was transferred into the gas phase without significantly changing its structure. In conclusion, the Aquivion® is molecularly dispersed in the used aqueous buffer solution without any aggregate formation in the investigated concentration range (< 2 g l-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Wawra
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Thoma
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Lübbert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thaseem Thajudeen
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda, 403401, India
| | - Cornelia Damm
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Weiss VU, Golesne M, Friedbacher G, Alban S, Szymanski WW, Marchetti‐Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Size and molecular weight determination of polysaccharides by means of nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA). Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1142-1150. [PMID: 29465753 PMCID: PMC6001696 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Size, size distribution and molecular weight (MW) determination of nanoparticles and that are for example large polymers, are of great interest and pose an analytical challenge. In this context, nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) is a valuable tool with growing impact. Separation of single-charged analytes according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) starting from single-digit EMDs up to several hundred nm diameters is possible. In case of spherical analytes, the EMD corresponds to the dry nanoparticle size. Additionally, the instrument is capable of number-based, single-particle detection following the recommendation of the European Commission for nanoparticle characterization (2011/696/EU). In case an EMD/MW correlation for a particular compound class (based on availability of well-defined standards) exists, a nanoparticle's MW can be determined from its EMD. In the present study, we focused on nES GEMMA of linear and branched, water-soluble polysaccharides forming nanoparticles and were able to obtain spectra for both analyte classes regarding single-charged species. Based on EMDs for corresponding analytes, an excellent EMD/MW correlation could be obtained in case of the branched natural polymer (dextran). This enables the determination of dextran MWs from nES GEMMA spectra despite high analyte polydispersity and in a size/MW range, where classical mass spectrometry is limited. EMD/MW correlations based on linear (pullulans, oat-ß-glucans) polymers were significantly different, possibly indicating challenges in the exact MW determination of these compounds by, for example, chromatographic and light scattering means. Despite these observations, nES GEMMA of linear, monosaccharide-based polymers enabled the determination of size and size-distribution of such dry bionanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | - Monika Golesne
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
- Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
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3
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Zimmerman D, DiIusto M, Dienes J, Abdulmalik O, Elmer JJ. Direct comparison of oligochaete erythrocruorins as potential blood substitutes. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:212-221. [PMID: 29313031 PMCID: PMC5675092 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While many blood substitutes are based on mammalian hemoglobins (e.g., human hemoglobin, HbA), the naturally extracellular hemoglobins of invertebrates (a.k.a. erythrocruorins, Ecs) are intriguing alternative oxygen carriers. Specifically, the erythrocruorin of Lumbricus terrestris has been shown to effectively deliver oxygen in mice and rats without the negative side effects observed with HbA. In this study, the properties of six oligochaete Ecs (Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia hortensis, Eisenia fetida, Eisenia veneta, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Amynthas gracilis) were compared in vitro to identify the most promising blood substitute candidate(s). Several metrics were used to compare the Ecs, including their oxidation rates, dissociation at physiological pH, thermal stability, and oxygen transport characteristics. Overall, the Ecs of Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) and Eisenia fetida (EfEc) were identified as promising candidates, since they demonstrated high thermal and oligomeric stability, while also exhibiting relatively low oxidation rates. Interestingly, the O2 affinity of LtEc (P50 = 26.25 mmHg at 37 °C) was also observed to be uniquely lower than EfEc and all of the other Ecs (P50 = 9.29–13.62 mmHg). Subsequent alignment of the primary sequences of LtEc and EfEc revealed several significant amino acid substitutions within the D subunit interfaces that may be responsible for this significant change in O2 affinity. Nonetheless, these results show that LtEc and EfEc are promising potential blood substitutes that are resistant to oxidation and denaturation, but additional experiments will need to be conducted to determine their safety, efficacy, and the effects of their disparate oxygen affinities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Zimmerman
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Villanova University 800 East Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085
| | - Matthew DiIusto
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Villanova University 800 East Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085
| | - Jack Dienes
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Villanova University 800 East Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Div. of Hematology, Abramson Building The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th St. & Civic Center Blvd Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Jacob J Elmer
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Villanova University 800 East Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085
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4
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Clouet-Foraison N, Gaie-Levrel F, Coquelin L, Ebrard G, Gillery P, Delatour V. Absolute Quantification of Bionanoparticles by Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis: An Application to Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Measurements. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2242-2249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Clouet-Foraison
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Francois Gaie-Levrel
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Loic Coquelin
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Géraldine Ebrard
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe Gillery
- University
of
Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS/URCA n°7369
and University Hospital of Reims, Laboratory of Pediatric Biology
and Research, 45 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Delatour
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Weiss VU, Kerul L, Kallinger P, Szymanski WW, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Liquid phase separation of proteins based on electrophoretic effects in an electrospray setup during sample introduction into a gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (CE-GEMMA/CE-ES-DMA). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 841:91-8. [PMID: 25109866 PMCID: PMC4150488 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
First demonstration of a hyphenated CE–GEMMA combination for proteins. Feasibility of on-line CE–GEMMA in a commercial device at ambient pressure. On-line combination of liquid phase and gas phase electrophoretic separation.
Nanoparticle characterization is gaining importance in food technology, biotechnology, medicine, and pharmaceutical industry. An instrument to determine particle electrophoretic mobility (EM) diameters in the single-digit to double-digit nanometer range receiving increased attention is the gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) separating electrophoretically single charged analytes in the gas-phase at ambient pressure. A fused-silica capillary is used for analyte transfer to the gas-phase by means of a nano electrospray (ES) unit. The potential of this capillary to separate analytes electrophoretically in the liquid phase due to different mobilities is, at measurement conditions recommended by the manufacturer, eliminated due to elevated pressure applied for sample introduction. Measurements are carried out upon constant feeding of analytes to the system. Under these conditions, aggregate formation is observed for samples including high amounts of non-volatile components or complex samples. This makes the EM determination of individual species sometimes difficult, if not impossible. With the current study we demonstrate that liquid phase electrophoretic separation of proteins (as exemplary analytes) occurs in the capillary (capillary zone electrophoresis, CE) of the nano ES unit of the GEMMA. This finding was consecutively applied for on-line desalting allowing EM diameter determination of analytes despite a high salt concentration within samples. The present study is to our knowledge the first report on the use of the GEMMA to determine EM diameters of analytes solubilized in the ES incompatible electrolyte solutions by the intended use of electrophoresis (in the liquid phase) during sample delivery. Results demonstrate the proof of concept of such an approach and additionally illustrate the high potential of a future on-line coupling of a capillary electrophoresis to a GEMMA instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kerul
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Sizing up large protein complexes by electrospray ionisation-based electrophoretic mobility and native mass spectrometry: morphology selective binding of Fabs to hepatitis B virus capsids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1437-46. [PMID: 24357008 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capsid of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major viral antigen and important diagnostic indicator. HBV capsids have prominent protrusions ('spikes') on their surface and are unique in having either T = 3 or T = 4 icosahedral symmetry. Mouse monoclonal and also human polyclonal antibodies bind either near the spike apices (historically the 'α-determinant') or in the 'floor' regions between them (the 'β-determinant'). Native mass spectrometry (MS) and gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) were used to monitor the titration of HBV capsids with the antigen-binding domain (Fab) of mAb 3120, which has long defined the β-determinant. Both methods readily distinguished Fab binding to the two capsid morphologies and could provide accurate masses and dimensions for these large immune complexes, which range up to ~8 MDa. As such, native MS and GEMMA provide valuable alternatives to a more time-consuming cryo-electron microscopy analysis for preliminary characterisation of virus-antibody complexes.
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7
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Zhong Y, Hyung SJ, Ruotolo BT. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for structural proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:47-58. [PMID: 22292823 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry has been an important tool in the fields of chemical physics and analytical chemistry for decades, but its potential for interrogating the structure of proteins and multiprotein complexes has only recently begun to be realized. Today, ion mobility-mass spectrometry is often applied to the structural elucidation of protein assemblies that have failed high-throughput crystallization or NMR spectroscopy screens. Here, we highlight the technology, approaches and data that have led to this dramatic shift in use, including emerging trends such as the integration of ion mobility-mass spectrometry data with more classical (e.g., 'bottom-up') proteomics approaches for the rapid structural characterization of protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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Guha S, Li M, Tarlov MJ, Zachariah MR. Electrospray–differential mobility analysis of bionanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:291-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Physical analysis of virus particles using electrospray differential mobility analysis. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 30:216-24. [PMID: 22172689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review critically examines an emerging tool to measure viral clearance from biomanufacturing streams, monitor assembly of viruses and virus-like particles, rapidly identify viruses from biological milieu, assay virus neutralization, and prepare bionanoconjugates for bacterial detection. Electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) is a tool of choice to simultaneously determine viral size and concentration because it provides full multimodal size distributions with subnanometer precision from individual capsid proteins to intact viral particles. The review contrasts ES-DMA to similar tools and highlights expected growth areas including at-line process sensing as a process analytical technology (PAT), bioseparating as a distinct unit operation, monitoring viral reactions, and interrogating virus-host protein interactions.
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10
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Using nanoelectrospray ion mobility spectrometry (GEMMA) to determine the size and relative molecular mass of proteins and protein assemblies: a comparison with MALLS and QELS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2421-33. [PMID: 21234551 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The determination of protein assembly size and relative molecular mass is currently of great importance in biochemical analysis. In particular, the technique of nanoelectrospray (nES) with a gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) has received increased attention for such measurements. However, in order for the GEMMA technique to gain broader acceptance in protein analysis, it must be further evaluated and compared with other established bioanalytical techniques. In the present study, nES-GEMMA was evaluated for the analysis of a set of protein and protein complexes involved in the Sec and the bacterial type III secretion pathway of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria. The same set of proteins, isolated and purified using standard biochemical protocols, were also analyzed using multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS), following size exclusion chromatography. This allowed for direct comparisons between the three techniques. It was found that nES-GEMMA, in comparison to the more established MALLS and QELS techniques, offers several complementary advantages. It requires considerably less amount of material, i.e., nanogram vs. milligram amounts, and time per sample analysis, i.e., few minutes vs. tens of minutes. Whereas the determined size and relative molecular mass are similar between the compared methods, the electrophoretic diameters determined using nES-GEMMA seem to be systematically smaller compared to the hydrodynamic diameter derived by QELS. Some of the GEMMA technique disadvantages include its narrow dynamic range, limited by the fact that at elevated protein concentrations there is increased potential for the occurrence of nES-induced oligomers. Thus, it is preferred to analyze dilute protein solutions because non-specific oligomers are less likely to occur whereas biospecific oligomers remain detected. To further understand the formation of nES-oligomers, the effect of buffer concentration on their formation was evaluated. Also, nES-GEMMA is not compatible with all the buffers commonly used with MALLS and QELS. Overall, however, the nES-GEMMA technique shows promise as a high-throughput proteomics/protein structure tool.
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11
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Maißer A, Premnath V, Ghosh A, Nguyen TA, Attoui M, Hogan CJ. Determination of gas phase protein ion densities via ion mobility analysis with charge reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21630-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Jung JH, Lee JE, Hwang GB, Lee BU, Lee SB, Jurng JS, Bae GN. Electrospray-Assisted Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Real-time Characterization of Bacterial Particles. Anal Chem 2009; 82:664-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902189n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Uk Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Jurng
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Nam Bae
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jung JH, Lee JE, Kim SS. Generation of Nonagglomerated Airborne Bacteriophage Particles Using an Electrospray Technique. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2985-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802584z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Center for Environmental Technology Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, and Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Center for Environmental Technology Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, and Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Center for Environmental Technology Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, and Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305
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14
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Carazzone C, Raml R, Pergantis SA. Nanoelectrospray Ion Mobility Spectrometry Online with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Sizing Large Proteins, DNA, and Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5812-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7025578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carazzone
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Reingard Raml
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros A. Pergantis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
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15
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Ruotolo BT, Benesch JLP, Sandercock AM, Hyung SJ, Robinson CV. Ion mobility–mass spectrometry analysis of large protein complexes. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1139-52. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Dynamic light scattering and optical absorption spectroscopy study of pH and temperature stabilities of the extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus. Biophys J 2007; 94:2228-40. [PMID: 18065453 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) is constituted of subunits containing heme groups, monomers and trimers, and nonheme structures, called linkers, and the whole protein has a minimum molecular mass near 3.1 x 10(6) Da. This and other proteins of the same family are useful model systems for developing blood substitutes due to their extracellular nature, large size, and resistance to oxidation. HbGp samples were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In the pH range 6.0-8.0, HbGp is stable and has a monodisperse size distribution with a z-average hydrodynamic diameter (D(h)) of 27 +/- 1 nm. A more alkaline pH induced an irreversible dissociation process, resulting in a smaller D(h) of 10 +/- 1 nm. The decrease in D(h) suggests a complete hemoglobin dissociation. Gel filtration chromatography was used to show unequivocally the oligomeric dissociation observed at alkaline pH. At pH 9.0, the dissociation kinetics is slow, taking a minimum of 24 h to be completed. Dissociation rate constants progressively increase at higher pH, becoming, at pH 10.5, not detectable by DLS. Protein temperature stability was also pH-dependent. Melting curves for HbGp showed oligomeric dissociation and protein denaturation as a function of pH. Dissociation temperatures were lower at higher pH. Kinetic studies were also performed using ultraviolet-visible absorption at the Soret band. Optical absorption monitors the hemoglobin autoxidation while DLS gives information regarding particle size changes in the process of protein dissociation. Absorption was analyzed at different pH values in the range 9.0-9.8 and at two temperatures, 25 degrees C and 38 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, for pH 9.0 and 9.3, the kinetics monitored by ultraviolet-visible absorption presents a monoexponential behavior, whereas for pH 9.6 and 9.8, a biexponential behavior was observed, consistent with heme heterogeneity at more alkaline pH. The kinetics at 38 degrees C is faster than that at 25 degrees C and is biexponential in the whole pH range. DLS dissociation rates are faster than the autoxidation dissociation rates at 25 degrees C. Autoxidation and dissociation processes are intimately related, so that oligomeric protein dissociation promotes the increase of autoxidation rate and vice versa. The effect of dissociation is to change the kinetic character of the autoxidation of hemes from monoexponential to biexponential, whereas the reverse change is not as effective. This work shows that DLS can be used to follow, quantitatively and in real time, the kinetics of changes in the oligomerization of biologic complex supramolecular systems. Such information is relevant for the development of mimetic systems to be used as blood substitutes.
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Kuzmanovic DA, Elashvili I, O'Connell C, Krueger S. A novel application of small-angle scattering techniques: Quality assurance testing of virus quantification technology. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2007; 77:215-224. [PMID: 32288383 PMCID: PMC7127611 DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques, like small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), were used to measure and thus to validate the accuracy of a novel technology for virus sizing and concentration determination. These studies demonstrate the utility of SAS techniques for use in quality assurance measurements and as novel technology for the physical characterization of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Kuzmanovic
- Biotechnology Division, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA
| | - Ilya Elashvili
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Catherine O'Connell
- Biotechnology Division, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
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18
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Benesch JLP, Ruotolo BT, Simmons DA, Robinson CV. Protein complexes in the gas phase: technology for structural genomics and proteomics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3544-67. [PMID: 17649985 DOI: 10.1021/cr068289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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19
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Kaddis CS, Lomeli SH, Yin S, Berhane B, Apostol MI, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH, Loo JA. Sizing large proteins and protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1206-16. [PMID: 17434746 PMCID: PMC2680693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility with electrospray ionization (ESI) have the capability to measure and detect large noncovalent protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes. Using an ion mobility method of gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), protein particles representing a range of sizes can be separated by their electrophoretic mobility in air. Highly charged particles produced from a protein complex solution using electrospray can be manipulated to produce singly charged ions, which can be separated and quantified by their electrophoretic mobility. Results from ESI-GEMMA analysis from our laboratory and others were compared with other experimental and theoretically determined parameters, such as molecular mass and cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystal structure dimensions. There is a strong correlation between the electrophoretic mobility diameter determined from GEMMA analysis and the molecular mass for protein complexes up to 12 MDa, including the 93 kDa enolase dimer, the 480 kDa ferritin 24-mer complex, the 4.6 MDa cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and the 9 MDa MVP-vault assembly. ESI-GEMMA is used to differentiate a number of similarly sized vault complexes that are composed of different N-terminal protein tags on the MVP subunit. The average effective density of the proteins and protein complexes studied was 0.6 g/cm(3). Moreover, there is evidence that proteins and protein complexes collapse or become more compact in the gas phase in the absence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Kaddis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Shirley H. Lomeli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sheng Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Beniam Berhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marcin I. Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: , Phone: (310) 794-7023, Fax: (310) 206-4038
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20
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Fijolek A, Hofer A, Thelander L. Expression, purification, characterization, and in vivo targeting of trypanosome CTP synthetase for treatment of African sleeping sickness. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11858-65. [PMID: 17331943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611580200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
African sleeping sickness is a fatal disease caused by two parasite subspecies: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. We previously reported that trypanosomes have extraordinary low CTP pools compared with mammalian cells. Trypanosomes also lack salvage of cytidine/cytosine making the parasite CTP synthetase a potential target for treatment of the disease. In this study, we have expressed and purified recombinant T. brucei CTP synthetase. The enzyme has a higher K(m) value for UTP than the mammalian CTP synthetase, which in combination with a lower UTP pool may account for the low CTP pool in trypanosomes. The activity of the trypanosome CTP synthetase is irreversibly inhibited by the glutamine analogue acivicin, a drug extensively tested as an antitumor agent. There is a rapid uptake of acivicin in mice both given intraperitoneally and orally by gavage. Daily injection of acivicin in trypanosome-infected mice suppressed the infection up to one month without any significant loss of weight. Experiments with cultured bloodstream T. brucei showed that acivicin is trypanocidal if present at 1 mum concentration for at least 4 days. Therefore, acivicin may qualify as a drug with "desirable" properties, i.e. cure within 7 days, according to the current Target Product Profiles of WHO and DNDi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Fijolek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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21
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Poderycki MJ, Kickhoefer VA, Kaddis CS, Raval-Fernandes S, Johansson E, Zink JI, Loo JA, Rome LH. The vault exterior shell is a dynamic structure that allows incorporation of vault-associated proteins into its interior. Biochemistry 2006; 45:12184-93. [PMID: 17002318 PMCID: PMC2538551 DOI: 10.1021/bi0610552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaults are 13 million Da ribonucleoprotein particles with a highly conserved structure. Expression and assembly by multimerization of an estimated 96 copies of a single protein, termed the major vault protein (MVP), is sufficient to form the minimal structure and entire exterior shell of the barrel-shaped vault particle. Multiple copies of two additional proteins, VPARP and TEP1, and a small untranslated vault RNA are also associated with vaults. We used the Sf9 insect cell expression system to form MVP-only recombinant vaults and performed a series of protein-mixing experiments to test whether this particle shell is able to exclude exogenous proteins from interacting with the vault interior. Surprisingly, we found that VPARP and TEP1 are able to incorporate into vaults even after the formation of the MVP vault particle shell is complete. Electrospray molecular mobility analysis and spectroscopic studies of vault-interacting proteins were used to confirm this result. Our results demonstrate that the protein shell of the recombinant vault particle is a dynamic structure and suggest a possible mechanism for in vivo assembly of vault-interacting proteins into preformed vaults. Finally, this study suggests that the vault interior may functionally interact with the cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Poderycki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Sujna Raval-Fernandes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Erik Johansson
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- *To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Leonard H. Rome, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 33-131 CHS mail code #173717, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1737, Tel. 310 825-0709; Fax. 310 206-5272;
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22
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Hogan CJ, Kettleson EM, Ramaswami B, Chen DR, Biswas P. Charge Reduced Electrospray Size Spectrometry of Mega- and Gigadalton Complexes: Whole Viruses and Virus Fragments. Anal Chem 2006; 78:844-52. [PMID: 16448059 DOI: 10.1021/ac051571i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to analyze and identify large macromolecular complexes whose molecular weight is beyond the analyzable range of mass spectrometry is of great interest. The size of such complexes makes them suitable for analysis via mobility size spectrometry. In this work, charge reduced electrospray size spectrometry was used for the analysis of bacteriophage viruses with total molecular masses ranging from 3.6 MDa up to the gigadalton range. The electrospray source used was operated in "cone jet" mode with a mean droplet diameter of 170.56 nm. Bacteriophage MS2 was found to have a mobility diameter of 24.13 +/- 0.06 nm and remain highly viable after the electrospray process. Larger bacteriophages T2 and T4 have lengths greater than the diameter of the electrospray jet and droplets; thus, they could not be completely enclosed and were found to fragment at the virus capsid head-tail noncovalent interface during either the jet formation or jet breakup process. No viable T2 or T4 virions were detectable after being electrosprayed. While the exact mechanism of fragmentation could not be determined, it is proposed here that macromolecular fragmentation at noncovalent interfaces occurs due to mechanically and electrically induced stresses during jet formation and jet breakup. Bacteriophage T4 capsid heads were found to be statistically significantly larger than bacteriophage T2 capsid heads, with a mean peak diameter of 88.32 +/- 1.02 nm for T4 and 87.03 +/- 0.18 nm for T2. While capsid head fragments were detectable, tail and tail-fiber fragments could not be detected by size spectrometric analysis. This is attributed to the fact that the contractile tails of bacteriophage T2 and T4 virions mechanically deform to a varying degree while confined within the smaller jet and droplets. Further evidence of contractile tail deformation during the electrospray process was found by measuring the size spectrum of bacteriophage lambda, which has a noncontractile tail. Bacteriophage lambda had two distinct peaks in its size spectrum, one corresponding to the capsid head and the other corresponding to the tail fragment. Size spectrometry was also used for rapid quantification of virus concentrations, thus demonstrating its full capabilities in the analysis of large macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hogan
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Environmental Engineering Science Program, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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23
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Ashcroft AE. Recent developments in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry: noncovalently bound protein complexes. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:452-64. [PMID: 16047045 DOI: 10.1039/b417724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biochemistry & Microbiology, The University of Leeds, UK
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24
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Kani K, Warren CM, Kaddis CS, Loo JA, Landgraf R. Oligomers of ERBB3 have two distinct interfaces that differ in their sensitivity to disruption by heregulin. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:8238-47. [PMID: 15611073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB receptors associate in a ligand-dependent or -independent manner, and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) or ErbB2 results in ligand-independent activation. Ligand-independent activation is poorly understood, and dimerization alone is not sufficient for activation. ErbB receptors also form higher order oligomers, but the mechanism of oligomer formation and their contribution to signaling are not known. The kinase-deficient ErbB3 as well as its extracellular domains are particularly prone to ligand-independent oligomerization, and oligomers are destabilized by binding of the ligand heregulin. In contrast, ligand binding facilitates heterodimerization with ErbB2 and is expected to stabilize an extended conformation of the ErbB3 extracellular domain (ECD) in which the dimerization interface is exposed. In the absence of ligand, ErbB3 can adopt a closed conformation that is held together by an intramolecular tether. We used a constitutively extended form of the ErbB3-ECD to analyze the conformation of the ECD in oligomers and the mechanism of oligomer disruption by heregulin. The extended conformation of the ECD forms oligomers more readily, suggesting the crystallographically defined dimer interface is one of the interfaces involved in oligomerization. Heregulin destabilizes oligomeric complexes but not dimers, which are neither stabilized nor disrupted by ligand binding, indicating a distinct second interface in oligomers of ErbB3. Cross-linking and activation studies on membrane-embedded ErbB3/ErbB2 chimeras confirm this dual effect of heregulin. Most of the ErbB3-ECD on the cell surface is apparently kept in an open conformation through oligomerization, and the resulting oligomers adopt a conformation representing a state of reduced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Kani
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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25
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Hanin L, Green B, Zal F, Vinogradov S. Mass distributions of a macromolecular assembly based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometric masses of the constituent subunits. J Biosci 2003; 28:557-68. [PMID: 14517359 DOI: 10.1007/bf02703331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular assemblies containing multiple protein subunits and having masses in the megadalton (MDa) range are involved in most of the functions of a living cell. Because of variation in the number and masses of subunits, macromolecular assemblies do not have a unique mass, but rather a mass distribution. The giant extracellular erythrocruorins (Ers), approximately 3.5 MDa, comprised of at least 180 polypeptide chains, are one of the best characterized assemblies. Three-dimensional reconstructions from cryoelectron microscopic images show them to be hexagonal bilayer complexes of 12 subassemblies, each comprised of 12 globin chains, anchored to a subassembly of 36 nonglobin linker chains. We have calculated the most probable mass distributions for Lumbricus and Riftia assemblies and their globin and linker subassemblies, based on the Lumbricus Er stoichiometry and using accurate subunit masses obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The expected masses of Lumbricus and Riftia Ers are 3.517 MDa and 3.284 MDa, respectively, with a possible variation of approximately 9% due to the breadth of the mass distributions. The Lumbricus Er mass is in astonishingly good agreement with the mean of 23 known masses, 3.524 +/- 0.481 MDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Hanin
- Department of Mathematics, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 8085, USA
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26
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Madura JD, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Dalal P, Harrington JP. Homology models for the tetrameric and dodecameric complexes of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Bacher G, Szymanski WW, Kaufman SL, Zöllner P, Blaas D, Allmaier G. Charge-reduced nano electrospray ionization combined with differential mobility analysis of peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, noncovalent protein complexes and viruses. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1038-52. [PMID: 11599082 DOI: 10.1002/jms.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of a novel electrospray-based method, termed gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), allowing the molecular mass determination of peptides, proteins and noncovalent biocomplexes up to 2 MDa (dimer of immunglobulin M). The macromolecular ions were formed by nano electrospray ionization (ESI) in the 'cone jet' mode. The multiple charged state of the monodisperse droplets/ions generated was reduced by means of bipolar ionized air (generated by an alpha-particle source) to yield exclusively singly charged positive and negative ions as well as neutrals. These ions are separated subsequently at atmospheric pressure using a nano differential mobility analyzer according to their electrophoretic mobility in air. Finally, the ions are detected using a standard condensation particle counter. Data were expressed as electrophoretic mobility diameters by applying the Millikan equation. The measured electrophoretic mobility diameters, or Millikan diameters, of 32 well-defined proteins were plotted against their molecular weights in the range 3.5 to 1920 kDa and exhibited an excellent squared correlation coefficient (r(2) = 0.999). This finding allowed the exact molecular weight determination of large (glyco)proteins and noncovalent biocomplexes by means of this new technique with a mass accuracy of +/-5.6% up to 2 MDa at the femtomole level. From the molecular masses of the weakly bound, large protein complexes thus obtained, the binding stoichiometry of the intact complex and the complex stability as a function of pH, for example, can be derived. Examples of specific protein complexes, such as the avidin or catalase homo-tetramer, are used to illustrate the potential of the technique for characterization of high-mass biospecific complexes. A discussion of current and future applications of charge-reduced nano ESI GEMMA, such as chemical reaction monitoring (reduction process of immunglobulin G) or size determination of an intact virus, a supramolecular complex, and monitoring of partial dissociation of a human rhinoviruses, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bacher
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Harris JR, Hoeger U, Adrian M. Transmission electron microscopical studies on some haemolymph proteins from the marine polychaete Nereis virens. Micron 2001; 32:599-613. [PMID: 11166580 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(00)00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hexagonal bilayer haemoglobin molecule from Nereis virens has been investigated in a comparative study using several different negative stain electron microscopical specimen preparations (i.e. by conventional adsorption to continuous carbon support films, by the negative staining-carbon film technique and by negative staining across the holes of holey carbon support films with air-drying and rapid freezing/cryo-negative staining). The benefits and limitations of these different approaches are indicated, with the overall conclusion that negative staining with ammonium molybdate across holes creates the best possibilities for molecular imaging, and also has the potential for the creation of two-dimensional (2D) crystals/arrays at the fluid-air interface. Of the different negative staining procedures presented, cryo-negative staining reveals the greatest details of N. virens haemoglobin. This is exemplified by the direct visualisation of the central linker-assembly within the haemoglobin molecule, a structural feature less clearly defined by the other negative staining techniques. A discoidal lipoprotein molecule (diameter 30-60nm; thickness ca 8nm) has been detected in N. virens, which represents the first documented account of an annelid haemolymph lipoprotein. The biological implications of this lipoprotein for lipid transport remain to be established. The presence of a low concentration of ferritin molecules in N. virens haemolymph is also shown, assisted by the formation of small 2D ferritin arrays in negatively stained specimens prepared across holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harris
- Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Electrospray diagnostics performed by using sucrose and proteins in the gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA). Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Koropchak JA, Sadain S, Yang X, Magnusson LE, Heybroek M, Anisimov M, Kaufman SL. Nanoparticle detection technology for chemical analysis. Anal Chem 1999; 71:386A-394A. [PMID: 10366886 DOI: 10.1021/ac990442x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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