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Clausen TM, Kumar G, Ibsen EK, Ørum-Madsen MS, Hurtado-Coll A, Gustavsson T, Agerbæk MØ, Gatto F, Todenhöfer T, Basso U, Knowles MA, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Salanti A, Black PC, Daugaard M. A simple method for detecting oncofetal chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans in bladder cancer urine. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:65. [PMID: 32793395 PMCID: PMC7385127 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans in bladder tumors are modified with a distinct oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS) glycosaminoglycan that is normally restricted to placental trophoblast cells. This ofCS-modification can be detected in bladder tumors by the malarial VAR2CSA protein, which in malaria pathogenesis mediates adherence of parasite-infected erythrocytes within the placenta. In bladder cancer, proteoglycans are constantly shed into the urine, and therefore have the potential to be used for detection of disease. In this study we investigated whether recombinant VAR2CSA (rVAR2) protein could be used to detect ofCS-modified proteoglycans (ofCSPGs) in the urine of bladder cancer patients as an indication of disease presence. We show that ofCSPGs in bladder cancer urine can be immobilized on cationic nitrocellulose membranes and subsequently probed for ofCS content by rVAR2 protein in a custom-made dot-blot assay. Patients with high-grade bladder tumors displayed a marked increase in urinary ofCSPGs as compared to healthy individuals. Urine ofCSPGs decreased significantly after complete tumor resection compared to matched urine collected preoperatively from patients with bladder cancer. Moreover, ofCSPGs in urine correlated with tumor size of bladder cancer patients. These findings demonstrate that rVAR2 can be utilized in a simple biochemical assay to detect cancer-specific ofCS-modifications in the urine of bladder cancer patients, which may be further developed as a noninvasive approach to detect and monitor the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Emilie K. Ibsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj S. Ørum-Madsen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Antonio Hurtado-Coll
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø. Agerbæk
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Present Address: Elypta AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Studienpraxis Urologie, Clinical Trial Unit, Steinengrabenstr. 17, Nürtingen, Germany
| | - Umberto Basso
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV – IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Margaret A. Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter C. Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Screening for mucopolysaccharidoses in the Turkish population: Analytical and clinical performance of an age-range specific, dye-based, urinary glycosaminoglycan assay. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 464:72-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kubaski F, Osago H, Mason RW, Yamaguchi S, Kobayashi H, Tsuchiya M, Orii T, Tomatsu S. Glycosaminoglycans detection methods: Applications of mass spectrometry. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:67-77. [PMID: 27746032 PMCID: PMC5477676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long blocks of negatively charged polysaccharides. They are one of the major components of the extracellular matrix and play multiple roles in different tissues and organs. The accumulation of undegraded GAGs causes mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). GAGs are associated with other pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injury, and cancer. The need for further understanding of GAG functions and mechanisms of action boosted the development of qualitative and quantitative (alcian blue, toluidine blue, paper and thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, mass spectrometry) techniques. The availability of quantitative techniques has facilitated translational research on GAGs into the medical field for: 1) diagnosis, monitoring, and screening for MPS; 2) analysis of GAG synthetic and degradation pathways; and 3) determination of physiological and pathological roles of GAGs. This review provides a history of development of GAG assays and insights about the use of tandem mass spectrometry and its applications for GAG analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Harumi Osago
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | | | - Mikako Tsuchiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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4
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Mort JS, Geng Y, Fisher WD, Roughley PJ. Aggrecan heterogeneity in articular cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:89. [PMID: 26891838 PMCID: PMC4758135 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggrecan degradation is the hallmark of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA), though it is unclear whether a common proteolytic process occurs in all individuals. Methods Aggrecan degradation in articular cartilage from the knees of 33 individuals with OA, who were undergoing joint replacement surgery, was studied by immunoblotting of tissue extracts. Results Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases are the major proteases involved in aggrecan degradation within the cartilage, though the proportion of aggrecan cleavage attributable to MMPs or aggrecanases was variable between individuals. However, aggrecanases were more associated with the increase in aggrecan loss associated with OA than MMPs. While the extent of aggrecan cleavage was highly variable between individuals, it was greatest in areas of cartilage adjacent to sites of cartilage erosion compared to sites more remote within the same joint. Analysis of link protein shows that in some individuals additional proteolytic mechanisms must also be involved to some extent. Conclusions The present studies indicate that there is no one protease, or a fixed combination of proteases, responsible for cartilage degradation in OA. Thus, rather than targeting the individual proteases for OA therapy, directing research to techniques that control global protease generation may be more productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mort
- Research Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1003, boul. Décarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Yeqing Geng
- Research Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1003, boul. Décarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada.
| | - William D Fisher
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Peter J Roughley
- Research Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1003, boul. Décarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Shimada Y, Wakabayashi T, Akiyama K, Hoshina H, Higuchi T, Kobayashi H, Eto Y, Ida H, Ohashi T. A method for measuring disease-specific iduronic acid from the non-reducing end of glycosaminoglycan in mucopolysaccharidosis type II mice. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:140-3. [PMID: 26051019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder arising from deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), which results in progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in multiple tissues. Accumulated GAGs are generally measured as the amount of total GAGs. However, we recently demonstrated that GAG accumulation in the brain of MPS II model mice cannot be reliably detected by conventional dye-binding assay measuring total GAGs. Here we developed a novel quantitative method for measurement of disease-specific GAGs based on the analysis of 2-sulfoiduronic acid levels derived from the non-reducing terminal end of the polysaccharides by using recombinant human IDS (rhIDS) and recombinant human iduronidase (rhIDUA). This method was evaluated on GAGs obtained from the liver and brain of MPS II mice. The GAGs were purified from tissue homogenates and then digested with rhIDS and rhIDUA to generate a desulfated iduronic acid from their non-reducing terminal end. HPLC analysis revealed that the generated iduronic acid levels were markedly increased in the liver and cerebrum of the MPS II mice, whereas the uronic acid was not detected in wild-type mice. These results indicate that this assay clearly detects the disease-specific GAGs in tissues from MPS II mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohta Shimada
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Taichi Wakabayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Akiyama
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshina
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neurological Disorders, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ida
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toya Ohashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Köwitsch A, Jurado Abreu M, Chhalotre A, Hielscher M, Fischer S, Mäder K, Groth T. Synthesis of thiolated glycosaminoglycans and grafting to solid surfaces. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:344-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Tomatsu S, Shimada T, Mason RW, Montaño AM, Kelly J, LaMarr WA, Kubaski F, Giugliani R, Guha A, Yasuda E, Mackenzie W, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Orii T. Establishment of glycosaminoglycan assays for mucopolysaccharidoses. Metabolites 2014; 4:655-79. [PMID: 25116756 PMCID: PMC4192686 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzymes essential for catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Accumulation of undegraded GAGs results in dysfunction of multiple organs, resulting in distinct clinical manifestations. A range of methods have been developed to measure specific GAGs in various human samples to investigate diagnosis, prognosis, pathogenesis, GAG interaction with other molecules, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. We established ELISA, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and an automated high-throughput mass spectrometry (HT-MS/MS) system (RapidFire) to identify epitopes (ELISA) or disaccharides (MS/MS) derived from different GAGs (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or chondroitin sulfate). These methods have a high sensitivity and specificity in GAG analysis, applicable to the analysis of blood, urine, tissues, and cells. ELISA is feasible, sensitive, and reproducible with the standard equipment. HT-MS/MS yields higher throughput than conventional LC-MS/MS-based methods while the HT-MS/MS system does not have a chromatographic step and cannot distinguish GAGs with identical molecular weights, leading to a limitation of measurements for some specific GAGs. Here we review the advantages and disadvantages of these methods for measuring GAG levels in biological specimens. We also describe an unexpected secondary elevation of keratan sulfate in patients with MPS that is an indirect consequence of disruption of catabolism of other GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Joan Kelly
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., Wakefield, MA 01880, USA.
| | | | - Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Medical Genetics Service/HCPA, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Aratrik Guha
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - William Mackenzie
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Tomatsu S, Fujii T, Fukushi M, Oguma T, Shimada T, Maeda M, Kida K, Shibata Y, Futatsumori H, Montaño AM, Mason RW, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Orii T. Newborn screening and diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:42-53. [PMID: 23860310 PMCID: PMC4047214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzyme activities needed to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharides. GAGs include: chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), keratan sulfate (KS), and hyaluronan. Their catabolism may be blocked singly or in combination depending on the specific enzyme deficiency. There are 11 known enzyme deficiencies, resulting in seven distinct forms of MPS with a collective incidence of higher than 1 in 25,000 live births. Accumulation of undegraded metabolites in lysosomes gives rise to distinct clinical syndromes. Generally, the clinical conditions progress if untreated, leading to developmental delay, systemic skeletal deformities, and early death. MPS disorders are potentially treatable with enzyme replacement therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For maximum benefit of available therapies, early detection and intervention are critical. We recently developed a novel high-throughput multiplex method to assay DS, HS, and KS simultaneously in blood samples by using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for MPS. The overall performance metrics of HS and DS values on MPS I, II, and VII patients vs. healthy controls at newborns were as follows using a given set of cut-off values: sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 98.5-99.4%; positive predictive value, 54.5-75%; false positive rate, 0.62-1.54%; and false negative rate, 0%. These findings show that the combined measurements of these three GAGs are sensitive and specific for detecting all types of MPS with acceptable false negative/positive rates. In addition, this method will also be used for monitoring therapeutic efficacy. We review the history of GAG assay and application to diagnosis for MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA.
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Bergeron KF, Xu X, Brandhorst BP. Oral-aboral patterning and gastrulation of sea urchin embryos depend on sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Mech Dev 2010; 128:71-89. [PMID: 21056656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heavily sulfated component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) implicated in a variety of cell signaling events involved in patterning of embryos. Embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were exposed to several inhibitors that disrupt GAG function during development. Treatment with chlorate, a general inhibitor of sulfation that leads to undersulfated GAGs, reduced sulfation of the urchin blastocoelar ECM. It also prevented correct specification of the oral-aboral axis and mouth formation, resulting in a radialized phenotype characterized by the lack of an oral field, incomplete gastrulation and formation of multiple skeletal spicule rudiments. Oral markers were initially expressed in most of the prospective ectoderm of chlorate-treated early blastulae, but then declined as aboral markers became expressed throughout most of the ectoderm. Nodal expression in the presumptive oral field is necessary and sufficient to specify the oral-aboral axis in urchins. Several lines of evidence suggest a deregulation of Nodal signaling is involved in the radialization caused by chlorate: (1) Radial embryos resemble those in which Nodal expression was knocked down. (2) Chlorate disrupted localized nodal expression in oral ectoderm, even when applied after the oral-aboral axis is specified and expression of other oral markers is resistant to treatment. (3) Inhibition with SB-431542 of ALK-4/5/7 receptors that mediate Nodal signaling causes defects in ectodermal patterning similar to those caused by chlorate. (4) Intriguingly, treatment of embryos with a sub-threshold dose of SB-431542 rescued the radialization caused by low concentrations of chlorate. Our results indicate important roles for sulfated GAGs in Nodal signaling and oral-aboral axial patterning, and in the cellular processes necessary for archenteron extension and mouth formation during gastrulation. We propose that interaction of the Nodal ligand with sulfated GAGs limits its diffusion, and is required to specify an oral field in the urchin embryo and organize the oral-aboral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Frederik Bergeron
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
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10
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Tomatsu S, Montaño AM, Oguma T, Dung VC, Oikawa H, de Carvalho TG, Gutiérrez ML, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Fukushi M, Sakura N, Barrera L, Kida K, Kubota M, Orii T. Dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate as a biomarker for mucopolysaccharidosis I. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:141-50. [PMID: 20162367 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-9036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase leading to accumulation of its catabolic substrates, dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS), in lysosomes. This results in progressive multiorgan dysfunction and death in early childhood. The recent success of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for MPS I highlights the need for biomarkers that reflect response to such therapy. To determine which biochemical markers are better, we determined serum and urine DS and HS levels by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in ERT-treated MPS I patients. The group included one Hurler, 11 Hurler/Scheie, and two Scheie patients. Seven patients were treated from week 1, whereas the other seven were treated from week 26. Serum and urine DS (DeltaDi-4S/6S) and HS (DeltaDiHS-0S, DeltaDiHS-NS) were measured at baseline, week 26, and week 72. Serum DeltaDi-4S/6S, DeltaDiHS-0S, and DeltaDiHS-NS levels decreased by 72%, 56%, and 56%, respectively, from baseline at week 72. Urinary glycosaminoglycan level decreased by 61.2%, whereas urine DeltaDi-4S/6S, DeltaDiHS-0S, and DeltaDiHS-NS decreased by 66.8%, 71.8%, and 71%, respectively. Regardless of age and clinical severity, all patients showed marked decrease of DS and HS in blood and urine samples. We also evaluated serum DS and HS from dried blood-spot samples of three MPS I newborn patients, showing marked elevation of DS and HS levels compared with those in control newborns. In conclusion, blood and urine levels of DS and HS provide an intrinsic monitoring and screening tool for MPS I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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11
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Tomatsu S, Montaño AM, Oguma T, Dung VC, Oikawa H, Gutiérrez ML, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Fukushi M, Barrera LA, Kida K, Kubota M, Orii T. Validation of disaccharide compositions derived from dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses II and III by tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:124-31. [PMID: 19932038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are accumulated in various organs in both mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and mucolipidoses II and III (ML II and III). MPS and ML II and III patients can not properly degrade dermatan sulfate (DS) and/or heparan sulfate (HS). HS storage occurs in the brain leading to neurological signs while DS storage involves mainly visceral and skeletal manifestations. Excessive DS and HS released into circulation and thus blood levels of both are elevated, therefore, DS and HS in blood could be critical biomarkers for MPS and ML. Such measurement can provide a potential early screening, assessment of the clinical course and efficacy of therapies. We here assay DS and HS levels in MPS and ML patients using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Plasma samples were digested by heparitinase and chondroitinase B to obtain disaccharides of DS and HS, followed by LC/MS/MS analysis. One hundred-twenty samples from patients and 112 control samples were analyzed. We found that all MPS I, II, III and VI patients had a significant elevation of all DS+HS compositions analyzed in plasma, compared with the controls (P<0.0001). Specificity and sensitivity was 100% if the cut off value is 800 ng/ml between control and these types of MPS group. All MPS I, II and III patients also had a significant elevation of plasma HS, compared with the controls (P<0.0001). All MPS VI patients had a significant elevation of plasma DS, compared with the controls (P<0.0001). These findings suggest measurement of DS and/or HS levels by LC/MS/MS is applicable to the screening for MPS I, II, III and VI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States.
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Serra Moreno J, Panero S, Materazzi S, Martinelli A, Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Materazzi G. Polypyrrole‐polysaccharide thin films characteristics: Electrosynthesis and biological properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 88:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Serra Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Panero
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Materazzi
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Durigova M, Roughley PJ, Mort JS. Mechanism of proteoglycan aggregate degradation in cartilage stimulated with oncostatin M. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:98-104. [PMID: 17574450 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential synergistic and differential effects of cytokine combinations on proteoglycan aggregate catabolism in cartilage. METHODS Bovine articular cartilage explants were maintained in organ culture and subjected to stimulation with cytokine combinations including interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and oncostatin M (OSM). Aggrecan, link protein and hyaluronan (HA) release and degradation were analyzed, and the effect of the hyaluronidase inhibitor apigenin was investigated. RESULTS For all cytokine mixtures studied cleavage of aggrecan only by aggrecanase action was apparent. However, OSM acting synergistically with IL-1 or TNFalpha produced a rapid release of all proteoglycan aggregate components due to both aggrecan and HA degradation. This was abolished by the hyaluronidase inhibitor, apigenin. In addition, in the presence of OSM a low molecular weight aggrecan G3 product was observed, suggesting altered aggrecanase cleavage activity is induced by this cytokine. CONCLUSIONS Under cytokine stimulation, aggrecan release from cartilage may take place via proteolysis of the aggrecan core protein or via depolymerization of HA, with the latter mechanism being induced by OSM. OSM is associated with joint inflammation and its participation may account for the more rapid loss of aggrecan from articular cartilage in the inflammatory arthritides, compared to osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durigova
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Oguma T, Tomatsu S, Montano AM, Okazaki O. Analytical method for the determination of disaccharides derived from keratan, heparan, and dermatan sulfates in human serum and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography/turbo ionspray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2007; 368:79-86. [PMID: 17603992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We established a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to analyze the disaccharides produced from keratan sulfate (KS), heparan sulfate (HS), and dermatan sulfate (DS). It was revealed that KS, HS, and DS in human serum and plasma were digested to each disaccharide by keratanase II, heparitinase, and chondroitinase B, respectively. Analysis of disaccharides was performed by LC-MS/MS with multiple reactions monitoring in the negative ion mode. Separation of LC was performed on a Hypercarb (2.0 mm i.d.x150 mm, 5 microm) with a gradient elution of acetonitrile-0.01M ammonium bicarbonate (pH 10). The mobile phase flow rate was 0.2ml/min. An API-4000 mass spectrometer equipped with a turbo ionspray was used to determine each glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the serum of control subjects and plasma of mucopolysaccharidose (MPS) patients. The intraday precision expressed as a coefficient of variation was within 15.8% for five replicate analyses with three human control samples. The interday (overall, n=15) precision was within 14.8% for 3 days. This method is sensitive and reproducible, and it would be useful for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Oguma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710,
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15
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Roughley PJ, Melching LI, Heathfield TF, Pearce RH, Mort JS. The structure and degradation of aggrecan in human intervertebral disc. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2006; 15 Suppl 3:S326-32. [PMID: 16736203 PMCID: PMC2335376 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-006-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the intervertebral disc to resist compression is dependent on its high proteoglycan concentration. The disc proteoglycans are classified as aggregating or non-aggregating depending on their ability to interact with hyaluronan. The majority of the aggregating proteoglycans are derived from aggrecan, though their glycosaminoglycan substitution pattern has not been determined. In contrast, the origin of the non-aggregating proteoglycans is unclear, though it has been postulated that they are derived from aggrecan by proteolysis. The present work demonstrates that keratan sulfate (KS) in the glycosaminoglycan-binding region of disc aggrecan is confined to the KS-rich domain of the core protein and is not present in association with chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the CS1 and CS2 domains. It also shows that the non-aggregating disc proteoglycans are derived from aggrecan, with the large molecules possessing both the KS-rich and CS1 domains and the smaller molecules being generated from either the KS-rich or CS2 domain. The origin and spectrum of disc proteoglycan heterogeneity is the same in both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Rodriguez E, Roland SK, Plaas A, Roughley PJ. The glycosaminoglycan attachment regions of human aggrecan. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18444-50. [PMID: 16679517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan possesses both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) chains attached to its core protein, which reside mainly in the central region of the molecule termed the glycosaminoglycan-attachment region. This region is further subdivided into the KS-rich domain and two adjacent CS-rich domains (CS1 and CS2). The CS1 domain of the human is unique in exhibiting length polymorphism due to a variable number of tandem amino acid repeats. The focus of this work was to determine how length polymorphism affects the structure of the CS1 domain and whether CS and KS chains can coexist in the different glycosaminoglycan-attachment domains. The CS1 domain possesses several amino acid repeat sequences that divide it into three subdomains. Variation in repeat number may occur in any of these domains, with the consequence that CS1 domains of the same length may possess different amino acid sequences. There was no evidence to support the presence of KS in either the CS1 or the CS2 domains nor the presence of CS in the KS-rich domain. The structure of the CS chains was shown to vary between the CS1 and CS2 domains, particularly in the adult, with variation occurring in chain length and the sulfation of the non-reducing terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residue. CS chains in the adult CS2 domain were shorter than those in the CS1 domain and possessed disulfated terminal residues in addition to monosulfated residues. There was, however, no change in the sulfation pattern of the disaccharide repeats in the CS chains from the two domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Rodriguez
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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Kwon YJ, Standley SM, Goh SL, Fréchet JM. Enhanced antigen presentation and immunostimulation of dendritic cells using acid-degradable cationic nanoparticles. J Control Release 2005; 105:199-212. [PMID: 15935507 PMCID: PMC7114674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acid-degradable cationic nanoparticles encapsulating a model antigen (i.e., ovalbumin) were prepared by inverse microemulsion polymerization with acid-cleavable acetal cross-linkers. Incubation of these degradable nanoparticles with dendritic cells derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) resulted in the enhanced presentation of ovalbumin-derived peptides, as quantified by B3Z cells, a CD8+ T cell hybridoma. The cationic nature of the particles contributed to the increased surface endocytosis (or phagocytosis) observed with BMDCs, which is the first barrier to overcome for successful antigen delivery. The acid sensitivity of the particles served to direct more ovalbumin antigens to be processed into the appropriately trimmed peptide fragments and presented via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway following hydrolysis within the acidic lysosomes. It was also shown that adjuvant molecules such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) and anti-interleukin-10 oligonucleotides (AS10 ODN) could be co-delivered with the protein antigen for maximized cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, University of California, 718 Latimer Hall, Berkeley CA 94720-1460, United States. Tel.: +1 510 643 3077; fax: +1 510 643 3079.
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Rosén M, Edfors-Lilja I, Björnsson S. Quantitation of repetitive epitopes in glycosaminoglycans immobilized on hydrophobic membranes treated with cationic detergents. Anal Biochem 2002; 308:210-22. [PMID: 12419332 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear carbohydrate polymers containing repetitive sequences of differently sulfated uronic acid and glycosamine residues that are recognized by antibodies raised against proteoglycans. We have developed a method to demonstrate such repetitive sequence motifs in isolated GAG chains immobilized on hydrophobic membranes derivatized with cationic detergents. Six monoclonal antibodies directed against Cs (2B6, 3B3, Cs56, and 1B5), Hs (HepSS), and Ks (5D4) were used to detect native and chondroitinase-generated epitopes in the immobilized GAGs. All antibodies, except 1B5, were able to detect epitopes in both proteoglycans and isolated GAGs. Type of detergent and buffer composition affected the accessibility and the retention of immobilized GAGs. The epitope density, i.e., the number of repetitive epitopes per GAG mass, was estimated as the ratio between antibody (epitope) and Alcian blue (mass) staining measured simultaneously. The epitope profiles, using six antibodies, were different for each sample (CsA, CsC, Ds, Hs, intact cartilage, and human serum). The epitope profile may be used as a structural characteristic of a GAG population. Electrophoretic separation of GAGs based on their glucuronic/ioduronic acid content and O-sulfate/N-sulfate ratio was performed using a diethylene glycol-diaminobutanol agarose gel. The electrophoretic populations were characterized by immunoblotting to detergent-treated membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rosén
- Department of Biosciences and Process Technology, Växjö University, S 351 95 Växjö, Sweden.
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