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Wang YH, Cao ZY, Zhou J. Nucleophilic Difluoromethylenation of Ketones Using Diethyl (Difluoro(trimethylsilyl)methyl)phosphonate Mediated by 18-Crown-6 Ether/KOAc. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7807-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Subramanian T, Ren H, Subramanian KL, Sunkara M, Onono FO, Morris AJ, Spielmann HP. Design and synthesis of non-hydrolyzable homoisoprenoid α-monofluorophosphonate inhibitors of PPAPDC family integral membrane lipid phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4414-4417. [PMID: 25150376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, diversity oriented synthesis of homoisoprenoid α-monofluorophosphonates utilizing electrophilic fluorination is presented along with their activity as inhibitors of PPAPDC2 family integral membrane lipid phosphatases. These novel phosphatase-resistant analogues of isoprenoid monophosphates are a platform for further structure-activity relationship studies and provide access to other isoprenoid family members where the phosphate ester oxygen is replaced by a α-monofluoromethylene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine UK COM, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine UK COM, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Fredrick O Onono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine UK COM, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - H Peter Spielmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Graham SL, Williams TM. Patent Update Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Inhibitors of protein farnesylation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.6.12.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mu Y, Eubanks LM, Poulter CD, Gibbs RA. Coupling of isoprenoid triflates with organoboron nucleophiles: synthesis and biological evaluation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1207-19. [PMID: 11886785 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki coupling reaction has been used to introduce a methyl group derived from commercially available methylboronic acid into a vinyl triflate. This has led to a concise synthesis of all-trans-geranylgeraniol, with the key step being the palladium-catalyzed, silver-mediated methylation of triflate to give ethyl geranylgeranoate. This coupling protocol has also been used to produce the novel geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) analogue 3-phenyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-PhGGPP, ). Our previously developed organocuprate coupling protocol has been used to introduce the cyclopropyl and tert-butyl moieties into the 3-position of vinyl triflate. The four GGPP analogues 3-vinyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-vGGPP, ), 3-cyclopropyl-3-desmethylgeranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-cpGGPP, ), 3-tert-butyl-3-desmethyl-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (3-tbGGPP, ), and were then evaluated as potential inhibitors of recombinant yeast protein-geranylgeranyl transferase I (PGGTase I). The potential mechanism-based inhibitors 3-vGGPP and 3-cpGGPP did not exhibit time-dependent inactivation of PGGTase I. Instead, both analogues were alternative substrates, in accord with the interaction of the corresponding farnesyl analogues 3-vFPP and 3-cpFPP with PFTase. The tert-butyl and phenyl analogues were not substrates, but were instead competitive inhibitors of PGGTase I. Note that all four of the GGPP analogues were bound less tightly by the enzyme than the natural substrate, in contrast to the behavior of the 3-substituted FPP analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongQi Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Cermak DM, Wiemer DF, Lewis K, Hohl RJ. 2-(Acyloxy)ethylphosphonate analogues of prenyl pyrophosphates: synthesis and biological characterization. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2729-37. [PMID: 11131164 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-(Acyloxy)ethylphosphonate analogues of geranyl, farnesyl, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate have been prepared. Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation of different terpene aldehydes with an unsymmetrical bisphosphonate was the key step in syntheses of the phosphonates bearing alpha,beta-unsaturated acyloxy groups. After preparation of the respective phosphonic acids through reaction with TMSBr, both acids and esters were tested for their effects on DNA synthesis in human-derived myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cell lines. The phosphonate esters varied substantially in their ability to impair proliferation of the different cell lines, but testing against one possible target, farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase), revealed little impact at concentrations ranging up to 10 microM. Because the corresponding 2,3-dihydro compounds showed similar biological activity, conjugate addition would not appear to be involved in the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Cermak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1294, USA
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Abstract
A series of alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation is considered to be the main cause of cancer. These mutational events include activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The elucidation of human cancer at the molecular level allows the design of rational, mechanism-based therapeutic agents that antagonize the specific activity of biochemical processes that are essential to the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Because the frequency of RAS mutations is among the highest for any gene in human cancers, development of inhibitors of the Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as potential anticancer agents is a very promising pharmacologic strategy. Inhibitors of Ras signaling have been shown to revert Ras-dependent transformation and cause regression of Ras-dependent tumors in animal models. The most promising new class of these potential cancer therapeutics are the farnesyltransferase inhibitors. The development of these compounds has been driven by the observation that oncogenic Ras function is dependent upon posttranslational modification, which enables membrane binding. In contrast to many conventional chemotherapeutics, farnesyltransferase inhibitors are remarkably specific and have been demonstrated to cause no gross systemic toxicity in animals. Some orally bioavailable inhibitors are presently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials. This review presents an overview on some inhibitors of the Ras signaling pathway, including their specificity and effectiveness in vivo. Because Ras signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of some hematologic malignancies, the potential therapeutic usefulness of these inhibitors is discussed.
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Targeting the Ras signaling pathway: a rational, mechanism-based treatment for hematologic malignancies? Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA series of alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation is considered to be the main cause of cancer. These mutational events include activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The elucidation of human cancer at the molecular level allows the design of rational, mechanism-based therapeutic agents that antagonize the specific activity of biochemical processes that are essential to the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Because the frequency of RAS mutations is among the highest for any gene in human cancers, development of inhibitors of the Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as potential anticancer agents is a very promising pharmacologic strategy. Inhibitors of Ras signaling have been shown to revert Ras-dependent transformation and cause regression of Ras-dependent tumors in animal models. The most promising new class of these potential cancer therapeutics are the farnesyltransferase inhibitors. The development of these compounds has been driven by the observation that oncogenic Ras function is dependent upon posttranslational modification, which enables membrane binding. In contrast to many conventional chemotherapeutics, farnesyltransferase inhibitors are remarkably specific and have been demonstrated to cause no gross systemic toxicity in animals. Some orally bioavailable inhibitors are presently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials. This review presents an overview on some inhibitors of the Ras signaling pathway, including their specificity and effectiveness in vivo. Because Ras signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of some hematologic malignancies, the potential therapeutic usefulness of these inhibitors is discussed.
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Ali BR, Pal A, Croft SL, Taylor RJ, Field MC. The farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin A is a novel trypanocide with a complex mode of action including major effects on mitochondria. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999; 104:67-80. [PMID: 10589982 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(99)00131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes modify numerous proteins, including small GTPases of the ras superfamily, with isoprenes as a mechanism for membrane attachment. Inhibition of farnesylation of ras has been successfully exploited to control cell growth, with promise in the clinic for treatment of human tumours. Using an in vitro screen of mammalian farnesyltransferase inhibitors, we have identified manumycin A as potently active against growth of both bloodstream and procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Other structural classes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors were far less effective. Exposure of T. brucei for brief periods to lethal concentrations of manumycin A resulted in subsequent cell death whilst the concentration required to achieve killing was dependent on serum concentration, suggesting partitioning of manumycin A into hydrophobic cellular sites. Manumycin A did not affect trypanosomal protein and DNA synthesis or cell cycle progression but altered incorporation of prenyl groups into several polypeptides indicating a specific effect on the prenylation without effect on other mevalonate pathway products, most importantly prenyl pyrophosphate levels. Morphological analysis indicated that manumycin A caused significant mitochondrial damage suggesting an additional site of action. Structural analogues of manumycin A containing a quinone were also highly trypanocidal and altered mitochondrial morphology, suggesting interference with electron/proton transport systems. Furthermore, manumycin A also elicited mitochondrial alterations in mammalian cells indicating that the effect is not confined to lower eukaryotes. Manumycin A is well tolerated in vivo but failed to cure experimental trypanosomiasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ali
- Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, London, UK
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Waddick KG, Uckun FM. Innovative treatment programs against cancer. I. Ras oncoprotein as a molecular target. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:1411-26. [PMID: 9827573 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of Ras function may provide a novel means by which cancer cells with oncogenic mutations can be sensitized to chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic regimens. Moreover, cancer cells without ras oncogene mutations can also be eliminated by compounds that interfere with the mevalonate pathway, which is more fundamental to mitogenesis because it allows the synthesis of sterol and nonsterol lipids and without which many Ras-related proteins and nuclear lamins would not be prenylated and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Waddick
- Biotherapy and Drug Discovery Programs, Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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Holstein SA, Cermak DM, Wiemer DF, Lewis K, Hohl RJ. Phosphonate and bisphosphonate analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate as potential inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:687-94. [PMID: 9681134 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several phosphonate and bisphosphonate analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate have been prepared for an examination of their ability to inhibit farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase). A Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation of farnesal or geranial with tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate gave the desired vinyl phosphonates, while alkylation of the dimethyl methylphosphonate anion with a terpenoid bromide gave the corresponding saturated phosphonates. Alkylation of tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate with farnesyl bromide gave the expected alkyl bisphosphonate, which was converted to its alpha, beta-unsaturated derivative by preparation of the phenyl selenide, oxidation to the selenoxide, and elimination. In a similar fashion, triethyl phosphonoacetate was converted to a farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue by reaction with farnesyl bromide. After preparation of the respective acids, each compound was tested for inhibition of FPTase at concentrations ranging up to 10 microM. The effect of these compounds on FPTase activity varied substantially, ranging from depressed to surprisingly enhanced enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Holstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1294, USA
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Preparation of aromatic farnesol analogues via a Cu(I)-mediated Grignard coupling of THP ethers. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Chapter 18. Ras Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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