Abrogation of G1 arrest after DNA damage is associated with constitutive overexpression of Mdm2, Cdk4, and Irf1 mRNAs in the BALB/c 3T3 A31 variant 1-1 clone

The growth arrest function of the human oncoprotein mouse double minute-2 is disabled by downstream mutation in cancer cells

We have reported earlier that ectopic expression of mouse double minute-2 (MDM2) induces G1 arrest in normal cells. To explain occasional overexpression of MDM2 in cancer cells, we searched for deletion or substitution mutation in the growth suppressor domains of MDM2 in several breast cancer cell lines that overexpress the oncoprotein. Our results suggest the absence of alteration (deletion or substitution) in the open reading frame of MDM2 transcripts in such cells. Because the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 overexpresses MDM2, we isolated the full-length MDM2 transcript from this cell line. The MDM2 cDNA synthesized from transcripts isolated from MCF-7 cells induced inhibition of G1 to S phase transition in normal human diploid cells such as WI38, suggesting that the genetic alterations in breast cancer cells that overexpress MDM2 disable the growth arrest function of the oncoprotein. Consistently, overexpression of full-length MDM2 in MCF-7 cells over its high endogenous level did not inhibit G1-S transition efficiently. Although MDM2 overexpression was accompanied by CDK4 overexpression or absence of cdk4 inhibitor p16 in most breast cancer cells, we found remarkably high levels of cyclin A rather than cyclin E in these cells. Ectopic expression of cyclin A released MDM2-mediated inhibition of G1-S transition in normal human diploid WI38 cells. We propose that cancer cells expressing high levels of cyclin A escape MDM2-mediated G1 arrest, which may account for a selective growth advantage over normal cells.