1
|
Lamanilao GG, Dogan M, Patel PS, Azim S, Patel DS, Bhattacharya SK, Eason JD, Kuscu C, Kuscu C, Bajwa A. Key hepatoprotective roles of mitochondria in liver regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G207-G218. [PMID: 36648139 PMCID: PMC9988520 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00220.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced liver disease using surgical modalities is possible due to the liver's innate ability to regenerate following resection. Several key cellular events in the regenerative process converge at the mitochondria, implicating their crucial roles in liver regeneration. Mitochondria enable the regenerating liver to meet massive metabolic demands by coordinating energy production to drive cellular proliferative processes and vital homeostatic functions. Mitochondria are also involved in terminating the regenerative process by mediating apoptosis. Studies have shown that attenuation of mitochondrial activity results in delayed liver regeneration, and liver failure following resection is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging mitochondria therapy (i.e., mitotherapy) strategies involve isolating healthy donor mitochondria for transplantation into diseased organs to promote regeneration. This review highlights mitochondria's inherent role in liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gene G Lamanilao
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Murat Dogan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Prisha S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Disha S Patel
- Department of Legal Studies, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Syamal K Bhattacharya
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James D Eason
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Canan Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira RP, Machado IF, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. The potential role of sestrin 2 in liver regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:255-267. [PMID: 33359262 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a remarkably complex phenomenon conserved across all vertebrates, enabling the restoration of lost liver mass in a matter of days. Unfortunately, extensive damage to the liver may compromise this process, often leading to the death of affected individuals. Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common source of damage preceding regeneration, often present during liver transplantation, resection, trauma, or hemorrhagic shock. Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key hallmarks of IRI, which can jeopardize the liver's ability to regenerate. Therefore, a better understanding of both liver regeneration and IRI is of important clinical significance. In the current review, we discuss the potential role of sestrin 2 (SESN2), a novel anti-aging protein, in liver regeneration and ischemia/reperfusion preceding regeneration. We highlight its beneficial role in protecting cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as key aspects of its involvement in liver regeneration. Additionally, we describe how its ability to promote the expression of Nrf2 bears significant importance in this context. Finally, we focus on a potential novel link between SESN2, mitohormesis and ischemic preconditioning, which could explain some of the protective effects of preconditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl P Oliveira
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivo F Machado
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of hepatic blood inflow on liver ultrastructure and regeneration after extensive liver resection in rats with cirrhosis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2573-2583. [PMID: 30210605 PMCID: PMC6122590 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hepatic blood inflow on liver function, liver ultrastructure and the regeneration of future liver remnant (FLR) following major hepatectomy in rats with liver cirrhosis. A rat model of cirrhosis was established through intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride for 8 consecutive weeks. Extensive liver resection and different blood inflow models by portal vein (PV) and/or hepatic artery (HA) stenosis were conducted on the cirrhosis rats. Animal models were constructed as follows: Control (group A), low-flow PV + high-flow HA (group B), low-flow PV + low-flow HA (group C), high-flow PV + high-flow HA (group D) and high-flow PV + low-flow HA (group E). Hepatic blood inflow was detected by laser speckle contrast analysis, liver function and pathological changes were analyzed, Masson staining was used to identify the fibrosis of the liver and Periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to identify glycogen synthesis and hepatocyte function. The liver cell ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and the expression of Ki-67 in hepatocytes and the weight of the FLR were recorded to determine the regeneration of the FLR. Five days after major hepatectomy and liver blood inflow modulation, pathological examination of the livers from groups B and C revealed less congestion and less extensive hepatocellular injury. The serum alanine aminotransferase level of group B at 1, 3 and 5 days after hepatectomy and blood inflow modulation was 460.9±31.7, 331.0±22.0 and 285.6±15.8 U/l, respectively (control group: 676.9±41.7, 574.9±28.0 and 436.1±32.7 U/l, respectively; P<0.05); the total bilirubin of group B at 1, 3 and 5 days was 20.4±1.5, 16.1±1.0 and 13.5±0.6 µmol/l, respectively (control group: 30.3±1.4, 26.5±0.8 and 22.1±1.2 µmol/l, respectively; P<0.05). The size of the endoplasmic reticulum in the low-flow PV groups increased significantly and the mitochondrial swelling was alleviated. The positive rate of Ki-67 in the hepatocytes of groups B, C and D was 23.9±3.6, 15.7±2.3 and 12.9±2.4%, respectively (control group: 10.1±2.1%, P<0.05), and the positive rate of Ki-67 in group E was 6.1±1.4% (compared with that of the control group, P<0.05). The remnant liver weight of group B was 15.4±1.0 g (compared with that of the control group, P<0.05). Therefore, decreased portal blood flow combined with increased hepatic arterial blood flow alleviated the congestion in the liver following major hepatectomy in cirrhotic rats, improved the pathological status and liver function, increased the expression of Ki-67 and promoted liver regeneration.
Collapse
|
4
|
Alexandrino H, Rolo A, Teodoro JS, Donato H, Martins R, Serôdio M, Martins M, Tralhão JG, Caseiro Alves F, Palmeira C, Castro E Sousa F. Bioenergetic adaptations of the human liver in the ALPPS procedure - how liver regeneration correlates with mitochondrial energy status. HPB (Oxford) 2017; 19:1091-1103. [PMID: 28941575 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Associating Liver Partition and Portal Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) depends on a significant inter-stages kinetic growth rate (KGR). Liver regeneration is highly energy-dependent. The metabolic adaptations in ALPPS are unknown. AIMS i) Assess bioenergetics in both stages of ALPPS (T1 and T2) and compare them with control patients undergoing minor (miHp) and major hepatectomy (MaHp), respectively; ii) Correlate findings in ALPPS with volumetric data; iii) Investigate expression of genes involved in liver regeneration and energy metabolism. METHODS Five patients undergoing ALPPS, five controls undergoing miHp and five undergoing MaHp. Assessment of remnant liver bioenergetics in T1, T2 and controls. Analysis of gene expression and protein content in ALPPS. RESULTS Mitochondrial function was worsened in T1 versus miHp; and in T2 versus MaHp (p < 0.05); but improved from T1 to T2 (p < 0.05). Liver bioenergetics in T1 strongly correlated with KGR (p < 0.01). An increased expression of genes associated with liver regeneration (STAT3, ALR) and energy metabolism (PGC-1α, COX, Nampt) was found in T2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Metabolic capacity in ALPPS is worse than in controls, improves between stages and correlates with volumetric growth. Bioenergetic adaptations in ALPPS could serve as surrogate markers of liver reserve and as target for energetic conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Alexandrino
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Rolo
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João S Teodoro
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Donato
- Serviço de Imagem Médica dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Martins
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Serôdio
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Martins
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José G Tralhão
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Caseiro Alves
- Serviço de Imagem Médica dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Castro E Sousa
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuklin A, Tokovenko B, Makogon N, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarząb B, Obolenskaya M. Hepatocytes response to interferon alpha levels recorded after liver resection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:90-9. [PMID: 24107099 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive damage of liver parenchyma stimulates hepatic cells to transit from quiescence to proliferation with eventual restoration of liver mass and function. Our recent studies have revealed upregulated expression of interferon (IFN)-α and its antiviral activity during the early hours after partial hepatectomy. In this study, we analyzed the response of primary hepatocytes from intact liver to IFN-α mimicking its levels (250 U/mL) during the transition period of liver restoration. The gene expression profile was analyzed with rat genome array 230 2.0 (Affymetrix). After 3- and 6-h treatment we identified respectively 28 and 124 differentially expressed genes responsible for autonomous changes in hepatocytes and those involving non-parenchymal cells in a concerted response to IFN-α. The response has an energy sparing character and affects all levels of gene expression. The factors activating T cells and apoptosis are opposed by those restricting the signal propagation, inhibiting T cells activation, and promoting survival. The partial resemblance between the specific in vitro response to IFN-α and the processes in regenerating liver is discussed. Our study opens the way to a more focused investigation of the liver cell response to quasiphysiological dose of IFN-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Kuklin
- 1 Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bannikova S, Zorov DB, Shoeman RL, Tolstonog GV, Traub P. Stability and Association with the Cytomatrix of Mitochondrial DNA in Spontaneously Immortalized Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Containing or Lacking the Intermediate Filament Protein Vimentin. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:710-35. [PMID: 16274293 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To extend previous observations demonstrating differences in number, morphology, and activity of mitochondria in spontaneously immortalized vim(+) and vim(-) fibroblasts derived from wild-type and vimentin knockout mice, some structural and functional aspects of mitochondrial genome performance and integrity in both types of cells were investigated. Primary Vim(+/+) and Vim(-/-) fibroblasts, which escaped terminal differentiation by immortalization were characterized by an almost twofold lower mtDNA content in comparison to that of their primary precursor cells, whereby the average mtDNA copy number in two clones of vim(+) cells was lower by a factor of 0.6 than that in four clones of vim(-) cells. However, during serial subcultivation up to high passage numbers, the vim(+) and vim() fibroblasts increased their mtDNA copy number 1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively. While early-passage cells of the vim(+) and vim(-) fibroblast clones differed only slightly in the ratio between mtDNA content and mitochondrial mass represented by mtHSP70 protein, after ca. 300 population doublings the average mtDNA/mtmass ratio in the vim(+) and vim() cells was increased by a factor of 2 and 4.5, respectively. During subcultivation, both types of cells acquired the fully transformed phenotype. These findings suggest that cytoskeletal vimentin filaments exert a strong influence on the mechanisms controlling mtDNA copy number during serial subcultivation of immortalized mouse embryo fibroblasts, and that vimentin deficiency causes a disproportionately enhanced mtDNA content in high-passage vim(-) fibroblasts. Such a role of vimentin filaments was supported by the stronger retention potential for mtDNA and mtDNA polymerase (gamma) detected in vim(+) fibroblasts by Triton X-100 extraction of mitochondria and agaroseembedded cells. Moreover, although the vim(+) and vim(-) fibroblasts were equally active in generating free radicals, the vim(-) cells exhibited higher levels of immunologically detectable 8-oxoG and mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MLH1 in their mitochondria. Because in vim(-) fibroblasts only one point mutation was detected in the mtDNA D-loop control region, these cells are apparently able to efficiently remove oxidatively damaged nucleobases. On the other hand, a number of large-scale mtDNA deletions were found in high-passage vim(-) fibroblasts, but not in low-passage vim(-) cells and vim(+) cells of both low and high passage. Large mtDNA deletions were also induced in young vim(-) fibroblasts by treatment with the DNA intercalator ethidium bromide, whereas no such deletions were found after treatment of vim(+) cells. These results indicate that in immortalized vim(-) fibroblasts the mitochondrial genome is prone to large-scale rearrangements, probably due to insufficient control of mtDNA repair and recombination processes in the absence of vimentin.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hernández-Muñoz R, Sánchez-Sevilla L, Martínez-Gómez A, Dent MAR. Changes in mitochondrial adenine nucleotides and in permeability transition in two models of rat liver regeneration. Hepatology 2003; 37:842-51. [PMID: 12668977 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Although enhanced phosphorylative activity can be a requisite for later DNA synthesis during liver regeneration (LR), mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species could lead to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability during the prereplicative phase of LR. Therefore, the role of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) was evaluated during rat LR, induced by either partial hepatectomy (PH) or after CCl(4) administration. Parameters indicative of mitochondrial function and membrane potentials, those of oxidative stress, and in vivo changes of the intramitochondrial pool of adenine nucleotides were determined. Twelve hours after PH, mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative activities and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) content were increased, reaching a maximal peak at 24 hours after surgery (maximal DNA synthesis). Parameters suggestive of oxidant stress were enhanced, but mitochondrial volume and membrane electrical potential remained unaltered. Interestingly, moderate mitochondrial swelling and depolarization were found at later post-PH times (72 hours). In CCl(4)-treated animals, it was found that an active liver cell necrosis delayed mitotic activity and mitochondrial uncoupled respiration. Starting 12 hours after CCl(4) intoxication, a drastic increase of inorganic phosphate occurred within swollen and strongly depolarized mitochondria, suggesting changes in the MPT. Despite expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for mitochondrial transcription, factor A showed a similar time course in both experimental models. The so-called augmenter liver regeneration was found significantly elevated only in PH rats. In conclusion, onset of MPT could be associated with cell necrosis and inflammation after CCl(4) treatment, whereas this mitochondrial event could constitute a putative effector mechanism, through which growth or inflammatory factors inhibiting cell proliferation could initiate LR termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herraiz M, Beraza N, Solano A, Sangro B, Montoya J, Qian C, Prieto J, Bustos M. Liver failure caused by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase plus ganciclovir therapy is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA depletion. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:463-72. [PMID: 12691611 DOI: 10.1089/104303403321467225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) converts ganciclovir (GCV) into an active compound, which can be incorporated into DNA molecules and terminate DNA synthesis. Gene transfer of HSV-tk followed by GCV administration has been used with success to treat experimental cancer and this strategy has entered into clinical trials. Although it is thought that the cytotoxic effect occurs mainly in tumoral dividing cells, where mitotic activity favors integration of the genotoxic compound into nuclear DNA, there are concerns of potential damage to normal nondividing cells. In the present work we have explored the mechanisms of HSV-tk/GCV toxicity and in particular whether this therapy may cause lesions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial dysfunction. We found that the administration of GCV to rats injected with adenovirus encoding HSV-tk induced hepatocellular damage characterized by the presence of apoptotic bodies, ballooning of hepatocytes, and severe hepatic steatosis with mitochondria enlargement and cristae dissolution at the ultrastructural level. Remarkably, Southern blot analysis showed substantial reduction in the amount of mtDNA in the liver. Using radiolabeled GCV we could demonstrate incorporation of this compound into both nuclear and mtDNA in HSV-tk-transduced rat hepatocytic cell line MCA-RH7777 and subsequent alteration of mitochondrial function. Our observations confirm that GCV can damage both nuclear and mtDNA in cells transduced with HSV-tk and that this effect could be responsible for severe mitochondrial dysfunction and toxicity in normal nondividing cells. These data are relevant for the design of clinical trials using adenoviral vectors encoding HSV-tk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Herraiz
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, University of Navarra, Medical School Pamplona, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garesse R, Vallejo CG. Animal mitochondrial biogenesis and function: a regulatory cross-talk between two genomes. Gene 2001; 263:1-16. [PMID: 11223238 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cell physiology, producing the cellular energy and other essential metabolites as well as controlling apoptosis by integrating numerous death signals. The biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) depends on the coordinated expression of two genomes, nuclear and mitochondrial. As a consequence, the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and function depends on extremely complex processes that require a variety of well orchestrated regulatory mechanisms. It is now clear that in order to provide cells with the correct number of structural and functional differentiated mitochondria, a variety of intracellular and extracellular signals including hormones and environmental stimuli need to be integrated. During the last few years a considerable effort has been devoted to study the factors that regulate mtDNA replication and transcription as well as the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes in physiological and pathological conditions. Although still in their infancy, these studies are starting to provide the molecular basis that will allow to understand the mechanisms involved in the nucleo-mitochondrial communication, a cross-talk essential for cell life and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Garesse
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|