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Feng Y, Ming T, Zhou J, Lu C, Wang R, Su X. The Response and Survival Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus under High Salinity Stress in Salted Foods. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101503. [PMID: 35627073 PMCID: PMC9140498 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has a strong tolerance to high salt stress. It is a major reason as to why the contamination of S. aureus in salted food cannot be eradicated. To elucidate its response and survival mechanisms, changes in the morphology, biofilm formation, virulence, transcriptome, and metabolome of S. aureus were investigated. IsaA positively regulates and participates in the formation of biofilm. Virulence was downregulated to reduce the depletion of nonessential cellular functions. Inositol phosphate metabolism was downregulated to reduce the conversion of functional molecules. The MtsABC transport system was downregulated to reduce ion transport and signaling. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was upregulated to improve cellular homeostasis. The betaine biosynthesis pathway was upregulated to protect the active structure of proteins and nucleic acids. Within a 10% NaCl concentration, the L-proline content was upregulated to increase osmotic stability. In addition, 20 hub genes were identified through an interaction analysis. The findings provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of salt-tolerant bacteria in salted foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134000, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-574-8760-8368
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.F.); (T.M.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (X.S.)
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Walczak M, Grzywa R, Łupicka-Słowik A, Skoreński M, Bobrek K, Nowak D, Boivin S, Brown EL, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Method for generation of peptide-specific IgY antibodies directed to Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen binding protein epitope. Biopolymers 2016; 104:552-9. [PMID: 26095000 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The IgY antibodies offer an attractive alternative to mammalian IgGs in research, diagnosis and medicine. The isolation of immunoglobulin Y from the egg yolks is efficient and economical, causing minimal suffering to animals. Here we present the methodology for the production of IgY antibodies specific to Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) and its peptidyl epitope (spanning residues 127-140). The Efb is an extracellular, adhesion protein which binds both human fibrinogen and complement C3 protein thus contributing to the high infectious potential of this pathogen. The selected epitope of Efb protein is responsible for the interaction with C3. The immunochemical characterization of both anti-Efb and epitope-specific IgY antibodies revealed their similar avidity, titer, and reactivity profile, although some differences in the hen's immune response to administered antigens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Walczak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephane Boivin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric L Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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Posner MG, Upadhyay A, Abubaker AA, Fortunato TM, Vara D, Canobbio I, Bagby S, Pula G. Extracellular Fibrinogen-binding Protein (Efb) from Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits the Formation of Platelet-Leukocyte Complexes. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2764-76. [PMID: 26627825 PMCID: PMC4742742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) from Staphylococcus aureus inhibits platelet activation, although its mechanism of action has not been established. In this study, we discovered that the N-terminal region of Efb (Efb-N) promotes platelet binding of fibrinogen and that Efb-N binding to platelets proceeds via two independent mechanisms: fibrinogen-mediated and fibrinogen-independent. By proteomic analysis of Efb-interacting proteins within platelets and confirmation by pulldown assays followed by immunoblotting, we identified P-selectin and multimerin-1 as novel Efb interaction partners. The interaction of both P-selectin and multimerin-1 with Efb is independent of fibrinogen. We focused on Efb interaction with P-selectin. Excess of P-selectin extracellular domain significantly impaired Efb binding by activated platelets, suggesting that P-selectin is the main receptor for Efb on the surface of activated platelets. Efb-N interaction with P-selectin inhibited P-selectin binding to its physiological ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), both in cell lysates and in cell-free assays. Because of the importance of P-selectin-PSGL-1 binding in the interaction between platelets and leukocytes, we tested human whole blood and found that Efb abolishes the formation of platelet-monocyte and platelet-granulocyte complexes. In summary, we present evidence that in addition to its documented antithrombotic activity, Efb can play an immunoregulatory role via inhibition of P-selectin-PSGL-1-dependent formation of platelet-leukocyte complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiago M Fortunato
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom and
| | - Dina Vara
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom and
| | - Ilaria Canobbio
- the Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
| | - Stefan Bagby
- From the Departments of Biology and Biochemistry and
| | - Giordano Pula
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom and
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Vanassche T, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, VAN Ryn J, Cheng A, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. Inhibition of staphylothrombin by dabigatran reduces Staphylococcus aureus virulence. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2436-46. [PMID: 22040101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand binding protein (VWbp) bind to prothrombin to form the staphylothrombin complex that converts fibrinogen into fibrin. OBJECTIVES To study the role of staphylothrombin and its inhibition by dabigatran on Staphylococcus aureus virulence. METHODS We studied the effect of staphylothrombin inhibition on bacterial attachment to polystyrene surfaces, leukocyte activation and bactericidal activity for S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus Newman, and staphylocoagulase- and VWbp-negative S. aureus Newman mutants in the presence or absence of prothrombin and fibrinogen. We measured the abscess size after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. aureus Newman, as well as an S. aureus Newman mutant strain lacking staphylocoagulase and VWbp, in mice treated with either dabigatran or placebo. RESULTS Staphylothrombin-mediated fibrin increased the association of S. aureus to polystyrene surfaces and reduced the bactericidal activity of leukocytes. The absence or inhibition of staphylothrombin decreased the bacterial association, enhanced leukocyte activation and reduced bacterial survival in vitro. Abscess size was smaller in mice treated with dabigatran or infected with a coagulase-negative mutant. CONCLUSION Inhibition or the absence of staphylothrombin reduced S. aureus virulence in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Characterization of the fibrinogen binding domain of bacteriophage lysin from Streptococcus mitis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3518-26. [PMID: 21690235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05088-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of bacteria to human platelets is a likely central mechanism in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Platelet binding by Streptococcus mitis SF100 is mediated in part by a lysin encoded by the lysogenic bacteriophage SM1. In addition to its role in the phage life cycle, lysin mediates the binding of S. mitis to human platelets via its interaction with fibrinogen on the platelet surface. To better define the region of lysin mediating fibrinogen binding, we tested a series of purified lysin truncation variants for their abilities to bind this protein. These studies revealed that the fibrinogen binding domain of lysin is contained within the region spanned by amino acid residues 102 to 198 (lysin(102-198)). This region has no sequence homology to other known fibrinogen binding proteins. Lysin(102-198) bound fibrinogen comparably to full-length lysin and with the same selectivity for the fibrinogen Aα and Bβ chains. Lysin(102-198) also inhibited the binding in vitro of S. mitis to human fibrinogen and platelets. When assessed by platelet aggregometry, the disruption of the lysin gene in SF100 resulted in a significantly longer time to the onset of aggregation of human platelets than that of the parent strain. The preincubation of platelets with purified lysin(102-198) also delayed the onset of aggregation by SF100. These results indicate that the binding of lysin to fibrinogen is mediated by a specific domain of the phage protein and that this interaction is important for both platelet binding and aggregation by S. mitis.
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Ko YP, Liang X, Smith CW, Degen JL, Höök M. Binding of Efb from Staphylococcus aureus to fibrinogen blocks neutrophil adherence. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9865-74. [PMID: 21247890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.199687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its pivotal role in hemostasis, fibrinogen (Fg) and provisional fibrin matrices play important roles in inflammation and regulate innate immune responses by interacting with leukocytes. Efb (the extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein) is a secreted Staphylococcus aureus protein that engages host Fg and complement C3. However, the molecular details underlying the Efb-Fg interaction and the biological relevance of this interaction have not been determined. In the present study, we characterize the interaction of Efb with Fg. We demonstrate that the Fg binding activity is located within the intrinsically disordered N-terminal half of Efb (Efb-N) and that the D fragment of Fg is the region that mediates Efb-N binding. More detailed studies of the Efb-N-Fg interactions using ELISA and surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that Efb-N exhibits a much higher affinity for Fg than typically observed with Fg-binding MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules), and data obtained from ELISA analyses using truncated Efb-N constructs demonstrate that Efb-N contains two binding sites located within residues 30-67 and 68-98, respectively. Efb-N inhibits neutrophil adhesion to immobilized Fg by binding to Fg and blocking the interaction of the protein with the leukocyte integrin receptor, α(M)β(2). A motif in the Fg γ chain previously shown to be central to the α(M)β(2) interaction was shown to be functionally distinguishable from the Efb-N binding site, suggesting that the Fg-Efb interaction indirectly impedes Fg engagement by α(M)β(2). Taken together, these studies provide insights into how Efb interacts with Fg and suggest that Efb may support bacterial virulence at least in part by impeding Fg-driven leukocyte adhesion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Ko
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Disease, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lee LYL, Liang X, Höök M, Brown EL. Identification and characterization of the C3 binding domain of the Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50710-6. [PMID: 15337748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) is a virulence factor that binds to both the complement component C3b and fibrinogen. Our laboratory previously reported that by binding to C3b, Efb inhibited complement activation and blocked opsonophagocytosis. We have now located the Efb binding domain in C3b to the C3d fragment and determined a disassociation constant (Kd) of 0.24 microM for the Efb-C3d binding using intrinsic fluorescence quenching assays. Using truncated, recombinant forms of Efb, we also demonstrate that the C3b binding region of Efb is located within the C terminus, in contrast to the fibrinogen binding domains that are located at the N-terminal end of the protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding assays demonstrated that recombinant Efb could bind to both C3b and fibrinogen simultaneously, forming a trimolecular complex and that the C-terminal region of Efb could inhibit complement activity in vitro. In addition, secondary structure analysis using circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the C-terminal, C3b binding region of Efb is composed primarily of alpha-helices, suggesting that this domain of Efb represents a novel type of C3b-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Y L Lee
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas 77030-7552, USA
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Schubert A, Zakikhany K, Schreiner M, Frank R, Spellerberg B, Eikmanns BJ, Reinscheid DJ. A fibrinogen receptor from group B Streptococcus interacts with fibrinogen by repetitive units with novel ligand binding sites. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:557-69. [PMID: 12406229 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a frequent cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates. During the course of infection, GBS colonizes and invades a number of host compartments, thereby interacting with different host proteins. In the present report, we describe the isolation of the fbsA gene, which encodes a fibrinogen receptor from GBS. The deduced FbsA protein is characterized by repetitive units, each 16 amino acids in length. Sequencing of the fbsA gene from five different GBS strains revealed significant variation in the number of repeat-encoding units. The deletion of the fbsA gene in the genome of GBS 6313 completely abolished fibrinogen binding, suggesting that FbsA is the major fibrinogen receptor in this strain. Growth of the fbsA deletion mutant in human blood was significantly impaired, indicating that FbsA protects GBS from opsonophagocytosis. In Western blot experiments with truncated FbsA -proteins, the repeat region of FbsA was identified as mediating fibrinogen binding. Using synthetic peptides, even a single repeat unit of FbsA was demonstrated to bind to fibrinogen. Spot membrane analysis and competitive binding experiments with peptides carrying single amino acid substitutions allowed the prediction of a fibrinogen-binding motif with the consensus sequence G-N/S/T-V-L-A/E/M/Q-R-R-X-K/R/W-A/D/E/N/Q-A/F/I/L/V/Y-X-X-K/R-X-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schubert
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Germany
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