1
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Mai HN, Jung TW, Kim DJ, Sharma G, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Jang CG, Nah SY, Lee SH, Chung YH, Lei XG, Jeong JH, Kim HC. Protective potential of glutathione peroxidase-1 gene against cocaine-induced acute hepatotoxic consequences in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1502-1520. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
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2
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Chang NS. Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1306-15. [PMID: 27075929 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216644531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death emanating from the nucleus is largely unknown. In our recent study, we determined that when temperature is lowered in the surrounding environment, apoptosis stops and bubbling cell death (BCD) occurs. The study concerns the severity of frostbite. When exposed to severe cold and strong ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, people may suffer serious damages to the skin and internal organs. This ultimately leads to limb amputations, organ failure, and death. BCD is defined as "formation of a single bubble from the nucleus per cell and release of this swelling bubble from the cell surface to extracellular space that causes cell death." When cells are subjected to UV irradiation and/or brief cold shock (4℃ for 5 min) and then incubated at room temperature or 4℃ for time-lapse microscopy, each cell releases an enlarging nuclear gas bubble containing nitric oxide. Certain cells may simultaneously eject hundreds or thousands of exosome-like particles. Unlike apoptosis, no phosphatidylserine flip-over, mitochondrial apoptosis, damage to Golgi complex, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation are shown in BCD. When the temperature is increased back at 37℃, bubble formation stops and apoptosis restarts. Mechanistically, proapoptotic WW domain-containing oxidoreductase and p53 block the protective TNF receptor adaptor factor 2 that allows nitric oxide synthase 2 to synthesize nitric oxide and bubble formation. In this mini-review, updated knowledge in cell death and the proposed molecular mechanism for BCD are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Department of Neurochemistry, NYS Institute of Basic Research for Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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3
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Graumann K, Schaumburg F, Reubold TF, Hippe D, Eschenburg S, Lüder CGK. Toxoplasma gondii inhibits cytochrome c-induced caspase activation in its host cell by interference with holo-apoptosome assembly. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:150-162. [PMID: 28357287 PMCID: PMC5349237 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of programmed cell death pathways of mammalian cells often facilitates the sustained survival of intracellular microorganisms. The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a master regulator of host cell apoptotic pathways. Here, we have characterized a novel anti-apoptotic activity of T. gondii. Using a cell-free cytosolic extract model, we show that T. gondii interferes with the activities of caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 which have been induced by exogenous cytochrome c and dATP. Proteolytic cleavage of caspases 9 and 3 is also diminished suggesting inhibition of holo-apoptosome function. Parasite infection of Jurkat T cells and subsequent triggering of apoptosome formation by exogenous cytochrome cin vitro and in vivo indicated that T. gondii also interferes with caspase activation in infected cells. Importantly, parasite inhibition of cytochrome c-induced caspase activation considerably contributes to the overall anti-apoptotic activity of T. gondii as observed in staurosporine-treated cells. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that T. gondii abolishes binding of caspase 9 to Apaf-1 whereas the interaction of cytochrome c with Apaf-1 remains unchanged. Finally, T. gondii lysate mimics the effect of viable parasites and prevents holo-apoptosome functionality in a reconstituted in vitro system comprising recombinant Apaf-1 and caspase 9. Beside inhibition of cytochrome c release from host cell mitochondria, T. gondii thus also targets the holo-apoptosome assembly as a second mean to efficiently inhibit the caspase-dependent intrinsic cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Graumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany. ; Present address: In den Brühlwiesen 12, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany. ; Present address: Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas F Reubold
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Hippe
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Eschenburg
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten G K Lüder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Liu XF, Zhang LM, Guan HN, Zhang ZW, Xu SW. Effects of oxidative stress on apoptosis in manganese-induced testicular toxicity in cocks. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Dudekula S, Lee MH, Hsu LJ, Chen SJ, Chang NS. Zfra is a small wizard in the mitochondrial apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:1023-9. [PMID: 21212468 PMCID: PMC3034171 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zfra (zinc finger-like protein that regulates apoptosis) is a naturally occurring short peptide consisting of 31 amino acids, which regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death by interacting with receptor adaptor protein TRADD (TNF receptorassociated death domain protein) and downstream JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa B) and WWOX/WOX1 (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase). Cytochrome c release is generally considered as a pivotal step in apoptosis. Remarkably, overexpressed Zfra induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, which involves suppression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression (without causing cytochrome c release), counteracting the apoptotic function of tumor suppressor p53 and WWOX, and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential for ultimately leading to cell death. Control of cellular aging and apoptosis by Zfra, p53 and WWOX is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Dudekula
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 induces a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Hsu LJ, Hong Q, Schultz L, Kuo E, Lin SR, Lee MH, Lin YS, Chang NS. Zfra is an inhibitor of Bcl-2 expression and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1303-12. [PMID: 18403180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zfra is a small size 31-amino-acid C2H2 zinc finger-like protein, which is known to interact with c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX, FOR or WOX1), TNF receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) during stress response. Here, we show that Zfra became phosphorylated at Ser8 (as determined by specific antibody) and translocated to the mitochondria in response to inducers of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) (e.g. staurosporine and betulinic acid). Overexpressed Zfra induced cell death. This event is associated, in part, with increased dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increased chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Intriguingly, Zfra significantly downregulated Bcl-2 and yet blocked cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Overexpression of an S8G-Zfra mutant (Ser8 to Gly8 alteration) could not induce cell death, probably due to its failure of translocating to the mitochondria and causing MMP dissipation. Over-expressed proapoptotic WOX1 induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Zfra bound and blocked the effect of WOX1. Taken together, Ser8 is essential for overexpressed Zfra to exert cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. Zfra downregulates Bcl-2 and induces MMP dissipation but causes no cytochrome c release, indicating a novel death pathway from the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan, ROC
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8
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Erkkila K, Kyttanen S, Wikstrom M, Taari K, Hikim APS, Swerdloff RS, Dunkel L. Regulation of human male germ cell death by modulators of ATP production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1145-54. [PMID: 16403780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00142.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of testicular physiology, pathology, and male fertility issues requires knowledge of male germ cell death and energy production. Here, we induced human male germ cell apoptosis (detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA fragmentation, TUNEL, activation of caspases-3 and -9, and electron microscopy) by incubating seminiferous tubule segments under hormone- and serum-free conditions. Inhibitors of complexes I to IV of mitochondrial respiration, exposure to anoxia, and inhibition of F0F1-ATPase (with oligomycin) decreased the ATP levels (analyzed by HPLC) and suppressed apoptosis at 4 h. Uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and oligomycin combination also suppressed death at 4 h, as did the DNP alone. Inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxyglucose neither suppressed nor further induced apoptosis nor altered the antiapoptotic effects of the mitochondrial inhibitors. Furthermore, Fas system activation did not modify the effects of mitochondrial modulators. After 24 h, delayed male germ cell apoptosis was observed despite the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors. We conclude that the mitochondrial ATP production machinery plays an important role in regulating in vitro-induced primary pathways of human male germ apoptosis. The ATP synthesized by the F0F1-ATPase seems to be the crucial death regulator, rather than any of the complexes (I-IV) alone, the functional electron transport chain, or the membrane potential. We also conclude that there seem to be secondary pathways of human testicular cell apoptosis that do not require mitochondrial ATP production. The present study emphasizes the role of the main catabolic pathways in the complex network of regulating events of male germ cell life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Erkkila
- Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Seon Park
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Center for Cell Signaling Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, The Republic of Korea.
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10
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Sharonov GV, Feofanov AV, Bocharova OV, Astapova MV, Dedukhova VI, Chernyak BV, Dolgikh DA, Arseniev AS, Skulachev VP, Kirpichnikov MP. Comparative analysis of proapoptotic activity of cytochrome c mutants in living cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10:797-808. [PMID: 16133870 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-0366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A non-traumatic electroporation procedure was developed to load exogenous cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and to study the apoptotic effect of cytochrome c, its K72-substitued mutants and "yeast --> horse" hybrid cytochrome c in living WEHI-3 cells. The minimum apoptosis-activating intracellular concentration of horse heart cytochrome c was estimated to be 2.7 +/- 0.5 microM (47 +/- 9 fg/cell). The equieffective concentrations of the K72A-, K72E- and K72L-substituted mutants of cytochrome c were five-, 15- and 70-fold higher. The "yeast --> horse" hybrid created by introducing S2D, K4E, A7K, T8K, and K11V substitutions (horse protein numbering) and deleting five N-terminal residues in yeast cytochrome c did not evoke apoptotic activity in mammalian cells. The apoptotic function of cytochrome c was abolished by the K72W substitution. The K72W-substituted cytochrome c possesses reduced affinity to the apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and forms an inactive complex. This mutant is competent as a respiratory-chain electron carrier and well suited for knock-in studies of cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Sharonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Liao DJ, Dickson RB. Cell death in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mouse mammary tumors may not be typical apoptosis. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1437-49. [PMID: 14563945 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000090153.13977.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enforced expression of c-myc has been shown to serve as an apoptotic stimulus in cultured cells. Prior studies have also demonstrated that several tissues expressing c-myc transgene display a large number of dead cells, although a morphologic or biochemical verification of apoptosis in these tissues has actually not been presented. In the present study, we examined the morphologic properties of cell death in the mammary tumors developed from MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. We found that c-myc-expressing mammary tumor cells exhibited malformation of mitochondria, characterized by an amorphous matrix with very few cristae. The mitochondria were also frequently degenerated by lysis of the matrix and cristae. The protein level of cytochrome c was much lower in the areas of c-myc-expressing tumor cells compared with the adjacent tumor foci, which was previously shown to have decreased expression of c-myc, reduced frequencies of cell death, and increased frequencies of proliferating cells. In the c-myc-expressing tumor areas, there were many dying or dead cells organized in clusters, termed "dead cell islands." These cells exhibited shrinkage, DNA breakage as indicated by a positive TUNEL staining, and nuclear localization of apoptosis-inducing factor, but a lack of typical apoptotic morphology, such as nuclear condensation and formation of cell membrane blebs and apoptotic bodies. Many macrophages infiltrated into these dead cell islands, engulfing the dying or dead tumor cells. In the total tumor tissue, the protein level of caspase-3 was very low, and the poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase was present mainly as the unprocessed, inactive form. Collectively, these results suggest that programmed cell death in the c-myc transgenic mammary tumor tissue may not be typical apoptosis and may involve a caspase-independent mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Inducing Factor
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Death
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Cytochrome c Group/metabolism
- Female
- Flavoproteins/metabolism
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Necrosis
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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12
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Tirosh O, Aronis A, Melendez JA. Mitochondrial state 3 to 4 respiration transition during Fas-mediated apoptosis controls cellular redox balance and rate of cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1331-4. [PMID: 14555205 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in death receptor-mediated apoptosis is ill defined. We show that ROS levels play a novel role in moderating the rate of cell death in Fas-dependent apoptosis. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with oligomycin (ATP-synthase inhibitor) or FCCP (mitochondrial uncoupler) and Fas activating antibody (CH11), facilitated rapid cell death. ATP levels, DEVDase activity and cytochrome c release were not account for the synergistic killing effect. However, a decrease in cellular ROS production was associated with CH11 treatment and combinations of CH11 with oligomycin or FCCP further inhibited cellular ROS levels. Thus, decreased ROS production is correlated with accelerated cell death. A transition from state 3 to state 4 mitochondrial respiration following apoptotic stimuli accounted for an attenuated membrane potential and as a results mitochondria-derived ROS production capacity diminished. Similar observations were demonstrated in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Transfection with mitochondrial targeted catalase inhibited mitochondrial ROS production and potentiated cell death. These data show that ROS production is important in receptor-mediated apoptosis and may play a pivotal role in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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13
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Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Wikström M, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Chemical anoxia delays germ cell apoptosis in the human testis. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:617-26. [PMID: 12700196 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.013920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of testicular physiology and pathology requires knowledge of the regulation of cell death. Previous observation of suppression of apoptosis by hypoxia suggested a role for ATP in germ cell death. However, the exact effects of ATP production on germ cell death and of apoptosis on the levels of ATP and other adenine nucleotides (ANs) have remained unclear. We investigated the levels of ANs during human testicular apoptosis (analyzed by HPLC) and the role of chemical anoxia in germ cell death (detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA fragmentation, in situ end labeling of DNA, and electron microscopy). Incubation of seminiferous tubule segments under serum-free conditions induced apoptosis and concomitantly decreased the levels of ANs. Chemical anoxia, induced with potassium cyanide (KCN), an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, dropped ATP levels further and suppressed apoptosis at 4 h. After 24 h, many of the testicular cells underwent delayed apoptosis despite ATP depletion. Some cells showed signs of necrosis or toxicity. The addition of 2-deoxyglucose, an antimetabolite of glycolysis, did not alter the results obtained with KCN alone, whereas a toxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide switched apoptosis to necrosis. In most of the testicular cells, mitochondrial respiration appears to play a crucial role in controlling primary cell death cascades. In the human testis, there seem to be secondary apoptotic pathways that do not require functional respiration (or ATP).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Erkkilä
- Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Aronis A, Melendez JA, Golan O, Shilo S, Dicter N, Tirosh O. Potentiation of Fas-mediated apoptosis by attenuated production of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:335-44. [PMID: 12700633 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in death receptor-mediated apoptosis is ill-defined. Here, we show that ROS levels play a role in moderating Fas-dependent apoptosis. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with oligomycin (ATP-synthase inhibitor) or (mitochondrial uncoupler) and Fas-activating antibody (CH11) facilitated rapid cell death that was not associated with decreased ATP production or increased DEVDase activity and cytochrome c release. However, a decrease in cellular ROS production was associated with CH11 treatment, and combinations of CH11 with oligomycin or FCCP further inhibited cellular ROS production. Thus, decreased ROS production is correlated with enhanced cell death. A transition from state 3 to state 4 mitochondrial respiration accounted for the attenuated ROS production and membrane potential. Similar observations were demonstrated in isolated rat liver mitochondria. These data show that ROS production is important in receptor-mediated apoptosis, playing a pivotal role in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aronis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Henshall DC, Bonislawski DP, Skradski SL, Lan JQ, Meller R, Simon RP. Cleavage of bid may amplify caspase-8-induced neuronal death following focally evoked limbic seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:568-80. [PMID: 11493022 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which seizures induce neuronal death is not completely understood. Caspase-8 is a key initiator of apoptosis via extrinsic, death receptor-mediated pathways; we therefore investigated its role in mediating seizure-induced neuronal death evoked by unilateral kainic acid injection into the amygdala of the rat, terminated after 40 min by diazepam. We demonstrate that cleaved (p18) caspase-8 was detectable immediately following seizure termination coincident with an increase in cleavage of the substrate Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp (IETD)-p-nitroanilide and the appearance of cleaved (p15) Bid. Expression of Fas and FADD, components of death receptor signaling, was increased following seizures. In vivo intracerebroventricular z-IETD-fluoromethyl ketone administration significantly reduced seizure-induced activities of caspases 8, 9, and 3 as well as reducing Bid and caspase-9 cleavage, cytochrome c release, DNA fragmentation, and neuronal death. These data suggest that intervention in caspase-8 and/or death receptor signaling may confer protection on the brain from the injurious effects of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Henshall
- Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, Oregon 97232, USA.
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16
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Roggero R, Robert-Hebmann V, Harrington S, Roland J, Vergne L, Jaleco S, Devaux C, Biard-Piechaczyk M. Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 to CXCR4 induces mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization and cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis independently of Fas signaling. J Virol 2001; 75:7637-50. [PMID: 11462036 PMCID: PMC114999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.16.7637-7650.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, induced by contact between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and its receptors, could contribute to the cell depletion observed in HIV-infected individuals. CXCR4 appears to play an important role in gp120-induced cell death, but the mechanisms involved in this apoptotic process remain poorly understood. To get insight into the signal transduction pathways connecting CXCR4 to apoptosis following gp120 binding, we used different cell lines expressing wild-type CXCR4 and a truncated form of CD4 that binds gp120 but lacks the ability to transduce signals. The present study demonstrates that (i) the interaction of cell-associated gp120 with CXCR4-expressing target cells triggers a rapid dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential resulting in the cytosolic release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, concurrent with activation of caspase-9 and -3; (ii) this apoptotic process is independent of Fas signaling; and (iii) cooperation with a CD4 signal is not required. In addition, following coculture with cells expressing gp120, a Fas-independent apoptosis involving mitochondria and caspase activation is also observed in primary umbilical cord blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes expressing high levels of CXCR4. Thus, this gp120-mediated apoptotic pathway may contribute to CD4(+) T-cell depletion in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roggero
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire CNRS EP 2104, Institut de Biologie, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
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17
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Zaragoza A, Díez-Fernández C, Alvarez AM, Andrés D, Cascales M. Mitochondrial involvement in cocaine-treated rat hepatocytes: effect of N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:1063-70. [PMID: 11226137 PMCID: PMC1572648 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of cocaine (0 - 1000 microM), was studied on parameters related to the mitochondrial role and the cascade of events that lead to apoptosis in hepatocyte cultures from phenobarbitone (PB) pretreated rats. Cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and LDH leakage was significantly enhanced above 100 microM cocaine. Apoptosis was visualized by DNA fragmentation on agarose gel, and appeared at 50 and 100 microM cocaine. Cocaine induced biphasic changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and significantly increased the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, the caspase-3 like DEVDase activity and the level of 20 kDa subunit, a product of pro-caspase-3 cleavage. The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and deferoxamine (DFO) on all these parameters confirmed the involvement of oxygen radicals in cocaine-induced necrosis/apoptosis. We conclude: first, that the biphasic changes recorded in mitochondrial inner membrane potential by the effect of cocaine, were parallel to apoptosis; second, that caspase-3 activity and cleavage to it p20 subunit increased sharply in parallel to the translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol; and third, that the antioxidants, NAC or DFO exerted a noticeable protective role in counteracting the cytotoxicity of cocaine, these effects being more pronounced in the case of DFO than NAC. These findings demonstrate that cocaine cytotoxicity involves mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Zaragoza
- Instituto de Bioquímica (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Díez-Fernández
- Instituto de Bioquímica (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Alvarez
- Centro de Citometría de Flujo, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andrés
- Instituto de Bioquímica (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cascales
- Instituto de Bioquímica (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Liu D, Martino G, Thangaraju M, Sharma M, Halwani F, Shen SH, Patel YC, Srikant CB. Caspase-8-mediated intracellular acidification precedes mitochondrial dysfunction in somatostatin-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9244-50. [PMID: 10734062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of initiator and effector caspases, mitochondrial changes involving a reduction in its membrane potential and release of cytochrome c (cyt c) into the cytosol, are characteristic features of apoptosis. These changes are associated with cell acidification in some models of apoptosis. The hierarchical relationship between these events has, however, not been deciphered. We have shown that somatostatin (SST), acting via the Src homology 2 bearing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, exerts cytotoxic action in MCF-7 cells, and triggers cell acidification and apoptosis. We investigated the temporal sequence of apoptotic events linking caspase activation, acidification, and mitochondrial dysfunction in this system and report here that (i) SHP-1-mediated caspase-8 activation is required for SST-induced decrease in pH(i). (ii) Effector caspases are induced only when there is concomitant acidification. (iii) Decrease in pH(i) is necessary to induce reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, cyt c release and caspase-9 activation and (iv) depletion of ATP ablates SST-induced cyt c release and caspase-9 activation, but not its ability to induce effector caspases and apoptosis. These data reveal that SHP-1-/caspase-8-mediated acidification occurs at a site other than the mitochondrion and that SST-induced apoptosis is not dependent on disruption of mitochondrial function and caspase-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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