1
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Thurin M. Tumor-Associated Glycans as Targets for Immunotherapy: The Wistar Institute Experience/Legacy. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:89-100. [PMID: 34161162 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by the expression of tumor-specific carbohydrate structures that differ from their normal counterparts. Carbohydrates on tumor cells have phenotypical as well as functional implications, impacting the tumor progression process, from malignant transformation to metastasis formation. Importantly, carbohydrates are structures that play a role in receptor-ligand interaction and elicit the activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, lectins, and other type 1 transmembrane proteins. They have been recognized as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, and evidence demonstrating their relevance as targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, continues to accumulate. Different approaches targeting carbohydrates include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody (Ab)-drug conjugates, vaccines, and adhesion antagonists. Development of bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) as promising cancer immunotherapeutic agents is rapidly evolving. As reviewed here, there are several cancer-associated glycan features that can be leveraged to design rational drug or immune system targets, applying multiple TACA structural and functional features to be targeted as the standard treatment paradigm. Many of the underlying targets were defined by researchers at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which provide basis for different immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Jiménez VA, Navarrete KR, Duque-Noreña M, Marrugo KP, Contreras MA, Campos CH, Alderete JB. Rational Design of Novel Glycomimetic Peptides for E-Selectin Targeting. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2463-2474. [PMID: 33929203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
E-selectin is a cell-adhesion receptor with specific recognition capacity toward sialo-fucosylated Lewis carbohydrates present in leukocytes and tumor cells. E-selectin interactions mediate the progress of inflammatory processes and tumor metastasis, which aroused the interest in using this protein as a biomolecular target to design glycomimetic inhibitors for active targeting or therapeutic purposes. In this work, we report the rational discovery of two novel glycomimetic peptides targeting E-selectin based on mutations of the reference selectin-binding peptide IELLQAR. Sixteen single or double mutants at Ile1, Leu3, Leu4, and Arg7 residues were evaluated as potential candidates for E-selectin targeting using 50 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Nine peptides showing a stable association with the functional pocket were modified by adding a cysteine residue to the N-terminus to confer versatility for further chemical conjugation. Subsequent 50 ns MD simulations resulted in five cysteine-modified peptides with retained or improved E-selectin binding potential. Then, 300 ns accelerated MD (aMD) simulations were used to examine the binding properties of the best five cysteine-modified peptides. CIEELQAR and CIELFQAR exhibit the most selective association with the functional pocket of E-selectin, as revealed by potential of mean force profiles. Microscale thermophoresis experiments confirmed the E-selectin binding capacity of the selected peptides with KD values in the low micromolar range (CIEELQAR KD = 35.0 ± 1.4 μM; CIELFQAR KD = 16.4 ± 0.7 μM), which are 25-fold lower than the reported value for the native ligand sLex (KD = 878 μM). Our findings support the potential of CIEELQAR and CIELFQAR as novel E-selectin-targeting peptides with high recognition capacity and versatility for chemical conjugation, which are critical for enabling future applications in active targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción- Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4300866, Chile
| | - Karen R Navarrete
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción- Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4300866, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción- Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4300866, Chile
| | - Kelly P Marrugo
- Departamento de Físico-química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile
| | - María A Contreras
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Cristian H Campos
- Departamento de Físico-química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile
| | - Joel B Alderete
- Instituto de Química de los Recursos Renovables, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay SN, Talca 3460000, Chile
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3
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Steplewski Z, Thurin M, Kieber-Emmons T. Antibodies: At The Nexus of Antigens and Cancer Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 1:S59-66. [PMID: 26116735 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the development of monoclonal antibodies and the inception of their use in cancer therapy, their impact on defining cancer biomarkers, and their structural utility in new cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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4
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de Oliveira JT, Santos AL, Gomes C, Barros R, Ribeiro C, Mendes N, de Matos AJ, Vasconcelos MH, Oliveira MJ, Reis CA, Gärtner F. Anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate induces canine mammary cancer cell aggressiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121590. [PMID: 25850034 PMCID: PMC4388625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir phosphate is a widely used anti-influenza sialidase inhibitor. Sialylation, governed by sialyltransferases and sialidases, is strongly implicated in the oncogenesis and progression of breast cancer. In this study we evaluated the biological behavior of canine mammary tumor cells upon oseltamivir phosphate treatment (a sialidase inhibitor) in vitro and in vivo. Our in vitro results showed that oseltamivir phosphate impairs sialidase activity leading to increased sialylation in CMA07 and CMT-U27 canine mammary cancer cells. Surprisingly, oseltamivir phosphate stimulated, CMT-U27 cell migration and invasion capacity in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner. CMT-U27 tumors xenograft of oseltamivir phosphate-treated nude mice showed increased sialylation, namely α2,6 terminal structures and SLe(x) expression. Remarkably, a trend towards increased lung metastases was observed in oseltamivir phosphate-treated nude mice. Taken together, our findings revealed that oseltamivir impairs canine mammary cancer cell sialidase activity, altering the sialylation pattern of canine mammary tumors, and leading, surprisingly, to in vitro and in vivo increased mammary tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T. de Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana L. Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Barros
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto J. de Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science and Study Central (CECA), Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Kawano S, Iyaguchi D, Sasaki Y, Sekizaki H, Toyota E. Identification of a Novel Carbohydrate-Mimicking Octapeptide from Chemical Peptide Library and Characterization as Selectin Inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:883-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Daisuke Iyaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | | | - Haruo Sekizaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Eiko Toyota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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6
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Identification of mRNA splicing factors as the endothelial receptor for carbohydrate-dependent lung colonization of cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3095-100. [PMID: 19218444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surfaces of epithelial cancer are covered by complex carbohydrates, whose structures function in malignancy and metastasis. However, the mechanism underlying carbohydrate-dependent cancer metastasis has not been defined. Previously, we identified a carbohydrate-mimicry peptide designated I-peptide, which inhibits carbohydrate-dependent lung colonization of sialyl Lewis X-expressing B16-FTIII-M cells in E/P-selectin doubly-deficient mice. We hypothesized that lung endothelial cells express an unknown carbohydrate receptor, designated as I-peptide receptor (IPR), responsible for lung colonization of B16-FTIII-M cells. Here, we visualized IPR by in vivo biotinylation, which revealed that the major IPR is a group of 35-kDa proteins. IPR proteins isolated by I-peptide affinity chromatography were identified by proteomics as Ser/Arg-rich alternative pre-mRNA splicing factors or Sfrs1, Sfrs2, Sfrs5, and Sfrs7 gene products. Bacterially expressed Sfrs1 protein bound to B16-FTIII-M cells but not to parental B16 cells. Recombinant Sfrs1 protein bound to a series of fucosylated oligosaccharides in glycan array and plate-binding assays. When anti-Sfrs antibodies were injected intravenously into mice, antibodies labeled a subset of lung capillaries. Anti-Sfrs antibodies inhibited homing of I-peptide-displaying phage to the lung colonization of B16-FTIII-M cells in vivo in the mouse. These results strongly suggest that Sfrs proteins are responsible for fucosylated carbohydrate-dependent lung metastasis of epithelial cancers.
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7
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Johnson MA, Pinto BM. Structural and functional studies of Peptide-carbohydrate mimicry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 273:55-116. [PMID: 23605459 DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain peptides act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates in that they are specifically recognizedby carbohydrate-binding proteins. Peptides that bind to anti-carbohydrate antibodies, carbohydrate-processingenzymes, and lectins have been identified. These peptides are potentially useful as vaccines andtherapeutics; for example, immunologically functional peptide molecular mimics (mimotopes) can strengthenor modify immune responses induced by carbohydrate antigens. However, peptides that bind specificallyto carbohydrate-binding proteins may not necessarily show the corresponding biological activity, andfurther selection based on biochemical studies is always required. The degree of structural mimicryrequired to generate the desired biological activity is therefore an interesting question. This reviewwill discuss recent structural studies of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry employing NMR spectroscopy,X-ray crystallography, and molecular modeling, as well as relevant biochemical data. These studiesprovide insights into the basis of mimicry at the molecular level. Comparisons with other carbohydrate-mimeticcompounds, namely proteins and glycopeptides, will be drawn. Finally, implications for the designof new therapeutic compounds will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., MB-44, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA,
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8
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Fukuda MN. Screening of peptide-displaying phage libraries to identify short peptides mimicking carbohydrates. Methods Enzymol 2006; 416:51-60. [PMID: 17113859 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)16004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-displaying phage technology has numerous applications. Using a specificity-defined monoclonal anti-carbohydrate antibody, we can identify a series of short peptides that mimic the binding specificity of a specific carbohydrate. This chapter introduces pioneering work applying phage display technology to the glycobiology field, presents a step-by-step protocol for phage library screening, and provides useful hints for evaluating results including false positives, all of which should contribute to successful cloning. Thus, biopanning using a monoclonal antibody as the target is described in detail. Because peptides are useful alternatives to carbohydrate ligands, their potential use as structural or functional mimics of carbohydrate-binding proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko N Fukuda
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Luo W, Hsu JCF, Kieber-Emmons T, Wang X, Ferrone S. Human tumor associated antigen mimicry by xenoantigens, anti-idiotypic antibodies and peptide mimics: Implications for immunotherapy of malignant diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:769-87. [PMID: 16110640 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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10
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Arnusch CJ, André S, Valentini P, Lensch M, Russwurm R, Siebert HC, Fischer MJE, Gabius HJ, Pieters RJ. Interference of the galactose-dependent binding of lectins by novel pentapeptide ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1437-40. [PMID: 15006378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A library of pentapeptides containing the sequence -Y-X-Y- based on rational design was screened with six different lectins. Sequences were identified that modulate galectin binding to its natural carbohydrate ligand. SPR showed inhibition values 2-3 times stronger than galactose and NMR studies suggested real carbohydrate mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Arnusch
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Kaila N, Thomas BE. Design and synthesis of sialyl Lewis(x) mimics as E- and P-selectin inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:566-601. [PMID: 12369089 DOI: 10.1002/med.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The selectins are a family of cell-adhesion proteins that mediate the rolling of leukocytes on activated endothelial cells through the recognition of the carbohydrate epitope sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x)). Control of the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion process may prove useful in cases where excess recruitment of leukocytes can contribute to acute diseases such as stroke and reperfusion injury and chronic diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. The development of molecules that block the interactions between sLe(x) and the selectins has become an active area of research. In this review, we will highlight the various approaches taken toward the development of sLe(x) mimetics as antagonists of E- and P-selectin, including the use of structural information about the selectins and their interactions with sLe(x) that have been revealed through the use of NMR, protein crystallography and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, WYETH, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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12
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Kieber-Emmons T. Peptide mimotopes as surrogate antigens of carbohydrates in vaccine discovery. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:207-14. [PMID: 11943376 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens are immune targets associated with a variety of pathogens and tumor cells. Unfortunately, most carbohydrates are intrinsically T cell-independent antigens, which diminishes their efficacy as immunogens. The conversion of carbohydrate epitopes to peptide mimotopes is one means to overcome the T cell-independent nature of carbohydrate antigens because peptides have an absolute requirement for T cells. Although such conversion has great potential for the development of veterinarian and human vaccines, there are issues related to the use of peptide-based immunogens as functional surrogates. Some of these issues are fundamental, pertaining to how mimicry comes about at the molecular level, and some are application oriented, directed at elucidating important immunological mechanisms. In this article the potential and caveats of this technology regarding its application in vaccine discovery are analyzed.
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13
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O I, Otvos L, Kieber-Emmons T, Blaszczyk-Thurin M. Role of SA-Le(a) and E-selectin in metastasis assessed with peptide antagonist. Peptides 2002; 23:999-1010. [PMID: 12084533 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
E-selectin ligand Sialyl-Lewis a (SA-Le(a)) carbohydrate is expressed on many carcinomas. Peptide mimicking SA-Le(a) (DLWDWVVGKPAG) was previously selected from a recombinant library by screening with monoclonal antibody (MAb) NS19-9. In this study, the residues critical for interaction with the NS19-9 were mapped using peptide array generated by substitution of various amino acid residues. The replacement of Trp 5 with Phe resulted in a change of peptide's secondary structure and increased binding with MAb and E-selectin, suggesting improved carbohydrate mimicry. Colonization of tumor cells expressing SA-Le(a) was blocked by the peptide and was completely abolished in E-selectin knock out mice. The data suggest the critical role of carbohydrate antigens and E-selectin in metastasis and that peptides mimicking carbohydrate antigens can function as antagonists of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insug O
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Thurin M, Kieber-Emmons T. SA-Lea and tumor metastasis: the old prediction and recent findings. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 21:111-6. [PMID: 12031100 DOI: 10.1089/153685902317401708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several in vivo studies demonstrated that tumor metastasis depend on the expression of carbohydrate Lewis structures. Lewis antigens and their derivatives such as Lewis b (Leb), Lewis X (LeX), sialyl Lewis X (SA-LeX), sialyl Lewis a (SA-Lea), and Lewis Y (LeY) were identified as tumor-associated structures approximately 20 years ago by Koprowski et al. using hybridoma technology and showed that upregulation and/or de novo expression of these determinants on the tumor cell surface is associated with a poor prognosis. LeX and SA-LeX are ligands for selectin adhesion molecules; E- and P-selectins are vascular receptors expressed on activated endothelial cells (ECs) and L-selectin is expressed on leukocytes. Leukocytes also express on their surface LeX and SA-LeX determinants, which are involved in the initial steps of extravasation, that is, rolling, which is alpha step mediated by interaction with E-selectin on ECs. We hypothesized that the tumor cells transmigration from the bloodstream to metastatic sites is similar to lymphocyte extravasation and that adhesion of cancer cells in analogy with the lymphocyte rolling is mediated by interaction of carbohydrate determinants on tumor cells with selectins on ECs. To assess the role of interaction of carbohydrate structures with E-selectin in metastatic process in vivo, we demonstrated that the peptides mimicking SA-Lea blocked colonization of tumor cells in experimental model of lung metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, the metastases formation was completely attenuated in E-selectin-knock out (KO) mice demonstrating the importance of selectin-mediated interaction in this process. We also showed that a peptide mimicking SA-Lea E-selectin ligand has an ability to significantly reduce neutrophil recruitment into peritoneal cavity in acute inflammatory conditions. These studies support the hypothesis that the interaction of tumor cells via the carbohydrate SA-Lea determinant and E-selectin constitutes the important step in the metastatic process in analogy with lymphocyte extravasation and that carbohydrate antigen mimics have a potential as anti-inflammatories and anti-adhesive tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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15
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Cunto-Amesty G, Dam TK, Luo P, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Brewer CF, Van Cott TC, Kieber-Emmons T. Directing the immune response to carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30490-8. [PMID: 11384987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide mimetics may substitute for carbohydrate antigens in vaccine design applications. At present, the structural and immunological aspects of antigenic mimicry, which translate into immunologic mimicry, as well as the functional correlates of each, are unknown. In contrast to screening peptide display libraries, we demonstrate the feasibility of a structure-assisted vaccine design approach to identify functional mimeotopes. By using concanavalin A (ConA), as a recognition template, peptide mimetics reactive with ConA were identified. Designed peptides were observed to compete with synthetic carbohydrate probes for ConA binding, as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis. ITC measurements indicate that a multivalent form of one particular mimetic binds to ConA with similar affinity as does trimannoside. Splenocytes from mimeotope-immunized mice display a peptide-specific cellular response, confirming a T-cell-dependent nature for the mimetic. As ConA binds to the Envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), we observed that mimeotope-induced serum also binds to HIV-1-infected cells, as assessed by flow cytometry, and could neutralize T-cell line adapted HIV-1 isolates in vitro, albeit at low titers. These studies emphasize that mimicry is based more upon functional rather than structural determinants that regulate mimeotope-induced T-dependent antibody responses to polysaccharide and emphasize that rational approaches can be employed to develop further vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cunto-Amesty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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16
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Abstract
Our studies on glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were initiated through isolation and structural characterization of lacto-series type 1 and 2 GSLs, and globo-series GSLs. Lacto-series structures included histo-blood group ABH and I/i antigens. Our subsequent studies were focused on GSL changes associated with: (i) ontogenic development and differentiation; (ii) oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. Various novel types of GSLs such as extended globo-series, sialyl-Le(x) (SLe(x)), sialyl-dimeric-Le(x) (SLe(x)-Le(x)), dimeric-Le(x) (Le(x)-Le(x)), Le(y)-on-Le(x), dimeric-Le(a) (Le(a)-Le(a)), Le(b)-on-Le(a), etc. were identified as tumor-associated antigens. These studies provide an essential basis for up- or down-regulation of key glycosyltransferase genes controlling development, differentiation, and oncogenesis. GSL structures established in our laboratory are summarized in Table 1, and structural changes of GSLs associated with ontogenesis and oncogenesis are summarized in Sections 2 and 3. Based on these results, we endeavored to find out the cell biological significance of GSL changes, focused on (i) cell adhesion, e.g., the compaction process of preimplantation embryo in which Le(x)-to-Le(x), Gb4-to-GalGb4 or -nLc4 play major roles; and (ii) modulation of signal transduction through interaction of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase with ganglioside, e.g., EGF receptor tyrosine kinase with GM3. Recent trends of studies on i and ii lead to the concept that GSL clusters (microdomains) are organized with various signal transducer molecules to form 'glycosignaling domains' (GSD). GSL-dependent adhesion occurs through clustered GSLs, and is coupled with activation of signal transducers (cSrc, Src family kinase, Rho A, etc.). Clustered GSLs involved in cell adhesion are recognized by GSLs on counterpart cells (carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction), or by lectins (e.g., siglecs, selectins). Our major effort in utilization of GSLs in medical science has been for: (i) cancer diagnosis and treatment (vaccine development) based on tumor-associated GSLs and glycoepitopes; (ii) genetically defined phenotype for susceptibility to E. coli infection; (iii) clear identification of physiological E-selectin epitope (myeloglycan) expressed on neutrophils and myelocytes; (iv) characterization of sialyl poly-LacNAc epitopes recognized as male-specific antigens. Utilization of these GSLs or glycoepitopes in development of anti-adhesion approach to prevent tumor metastasis, infection, inflammation, or fertilization (i.e., contraceptive) is discussed. For each approach, development of mimetics of key GSLs or glycoepitopes is an important subject of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hakomori
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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