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Figueira MI, Carvalho TMA, Macário-Monteiro J, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Vaz CV, Duarte AP, Socorro S. The Pros and Cons of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer: An Update with a Focus on Phytoestrogens. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1636. [PMID: 39200101 PMCID: PMC11351860 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogens in prostate cancer (PCa) is shrouded in mystery, with its actions going from angelic to devilish. The findings by Huggins and Hodges establishing PCa as a hormone-sensitive cancer have provided the basis for using estrogens in therapy. However, despite the clinical efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and the panoply of experimental evidence describing its anticarcinogenic effects, estrogens were abolished from PCa treatment because of the adverse secondary effects. Notwithstanding, research work over the years has continued investigating the effects of estrogens, reporting their pros and cons in prostate carcinogenesis. In contrast with the beneficial therapeutic effects, many reports have implicated estrogens in the disruption of prostate cell fate and tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, epidemiological data demonstrating the lower incidence of PCa in Eastern countries associated with a higher consumption of phytoestrogens support the beneficial role of estrogens in counteracting cancer development. Many studies have investigated the effects of phytoestrogens and the underlying mechanisms of action, which may contribute to developing safe estrogen-based anti-PCa therapies. This review compiles the existing data on the anti- and protumorigenic actions of estrogens and summarizes the anticancer effects of several phytoestrogens, highlighting their promising features in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.I.F.)
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Bastian PE, Daca A, Płoska A, Kuban-Jankowska A, Kalinowski L, Gorska-Ponikowska M. 2-Methoxyestradiol Damages DNA in Glioblastoma Cells by Regulating nNOS and Heat Shock Proteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2013. [PMID: 36290736 PMCID: PMC9598669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for over fifty percent of all primary intracranial neoplasms. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent form of malignant glioma and is often incurable. The main distinguishing trait of GBM is the presence of hypoxic regions accompanied by enhanced angiogenesis. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a well-established antiangiogenic and antiproliferative drug. In current clinical studies, 2-ME, known as Panzem, was examined for breast, ovarian, prostate, and multiple myeloma. The SW1088 grade III glioma cell line was treated with pharmacological and physiological doses of 2-ME. The induction of apoptosis and necrosis, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial membrane potential were established by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy was used to detect DNA damage. The Western blot technique determined the level of nitric oxide synthase and heat shock proteins. Here, for the first time, 2-ME is shown to induce nitro-oxidative stress with the concomitant modulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the SW1088 grade III glioma cell line. Crucial therapeutic strategies for GMB should address both cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and due to the above, 2-ME seems to be a perfect candidate for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
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Chen C, Ai QD, Wei YH. Kanglaite enhances the efficacy of cisplatin in suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibiting CKLF1 mediated NF-κB pathway and regulating transporter mediated drug efflux. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113388. [PMID: 32918990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kanglaite (KLT) is an active extract of the Coix lacryma-jobi seed, which can benefit Qi and nourish Yin, and disperse the accumulation of evils. It is used as a biphasic broad-spectrum anti-cancer drug, and shows synergistic effects with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the mechanism of KLT combined with cisplatin (CDDP) against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of present study was to investigate the potential synergistic effects of KLT and CDDP on HepG2 cells, discussing the possible mechanisms from the perspective of CKLF1 and NF-κB mediated inflammatory response and chemoresistance, and the involvement of drug efflux transporters. MATERIALS AND METHODS CDDP injured HepG2 cells were used to investigate the effects of KLT on chemotherapeutics treated HCC. Effects of KLT pretreatment on CDDP injured HepG2 cells were determined by MTT, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. Expression of chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were examined by qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, to study the role of CKLF1 in KLT mediated effects on this CDDP injured HCC cell model, HepG2 cells overexpressed with CKLF1 gene were used. Cell viability and NF-κB activation were investigated. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were measured by Elisa analysis and western blot to evaluate the inflammatory response. Additionally, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters, MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP were also determined in present study. RESULTS KLT pretreatment followed by CDDP treatment was found to show synergistic effects, which showed by decreased cell viability, migration and invasion ability of HepG2 cells. Expression of CKLF1 enhanced significantly in CDDP treated HepG2 cells, and KLT decreased this elevation obviously. Furthermore, CDDP activated NF-κΒ and promoted translocation of NF-κB toward the nucleus. KLT inhibited the activation of NF-κΒ, which sensitized cancer cells. Overexpression of CKLF1 reversed the effects of KLT on CDDP injured HepG2 cells, which exhibited by increased cell viability and enhanced activation of NF-κΒ. CDDP induced NF-κΒ activation could also lead to excessive inflammatory response, and KLT can suppress the aggravating inflammation which may be beneficial for tumor progression. Furthermore, we found that ABC drug efflux transporters MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP in CDDP treated HepG2 cells were decreased when pretreated with KLT. CONCLUSIONS KLT pretreatment may increase the effects of CDDP on HepG2 cells, by exhibiting cooperative effects on suppression of HepG2 cells. The mechanisms may partly by inhibiting CKLF1 mediated NF-κB pathway, which may contribute to inflammation of tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance of CDDP. Inhibition of transporter-mediated drug efflux is also involved in KLT mediated sensitization effects of CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Qi-di Ai
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Yu-Hui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Pal P, Hales K, Hales DB. The pro-apoptotic actions of 2-methoxyestradiol against ovarian cancer involve catalytic activation of PKCδ signaling. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3646-3659. [PMID: 33088425 PMCID: PMC7546757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol, which is generated by the action of CYP1A1 enzyme in the liver. We have previously shown that a flaxseed-supplemented diet decreases both the incidence and severity of ovarian cancer in laying hens, also induces CYP1A1 expression in liver. Recently, we have shown that as a biologically derived active component of flax diet, 2MeOE2 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells which is partially dependent on p38 MAPK. The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of actions of 2MeOE2, a known microtubule disrupting agent, in inducing apoptosis in ovarian tumors. Results: 2MeOE2 induces γH2Ax expression and apoptotic histone modifications in ovarian cancer cells, which are predicted downstream targets of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) during apoptosis. Overexpressing full length PKCδ alone does not induce apoptosis but potentiates 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. C3-domain mutated dominant-negative PKCδ (PKCδDN) significantly reduces 2MeOE2-induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptotic histone modification. Silencing PKCδ diminishes 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. The catalytic fragment of PKCδ (PKCδCAT) evokes pro-apoptotic effects which are principally dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Conclusions: The pro-apoptotic actions of 2MeOE2 are in part dependent on catalytic activation of PKCδ. Catalytic activation of PKCδ accelerates the 2MeOE2-induced apoptotic cascade. This study describes a novel molecular action of flaxseed diet in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purab Pal
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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Choi HJ, Zhu BT. Upregulated cyclin B1/CDK1 mediates apoptosis following 2-methoxyestradiol-induced mitotic catastrophe: Role of Bcl-X L phosphorylation. Steroids 2019; 150:108381. [PMID: 30797877 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol is an endogenous nonpolar metabolite of 17β-estradiol with a strong antitubulin activity. Earlier we showed that 2-methoxyestradiol increases the level and activity of cyclin B1/CDK1, which subsequently induces mitotic prometaphase arrest. In the present study, we demonstrate that upregulation of cyclin B1/CDK1 is responsible for the increased phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL in 2-methoxyestradiol-induced, mitotically-arrested cancer cells. Additional analysis shows that only the increase in phosphorylation of Bcl-XL, but not Bcl-2, is associated with activation of the mitochondrial cell death pathway. We find that MAD2 is an important upstream mediator of the antitubulin function of 2-methoxyestradiol, resulting in activation of the MKK4-JNK1 pathway. JNK1 activation then leads to cyclin B1/CDK1 upregulation, which further increases Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL phosphorylation. Together, these results indicate that cyclin B1/CDK1 upregulation in cancer cells undergoing 2-methoxyestradiol-induced mitotic catastrophe causes apoptosis via Bcl-XL phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joung Choi
- School of Life and Health Sciences and School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- School of Life and Health Sciences and School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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Moorthy HK, Laxman Prabhu GG, Venugopal P. The resurgence of estrogens in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Indian J Urol 2019; 35:189-196. [PMID: 31367069 PMCID: PMC6639989 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_56_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of exogenous estrogens in manipulating the androgenestrogen equilibrium was one of the earliest therapeutic strategies developed to treat prostate cancer which followed close on heels the discovery of hormone dependence of this tumor. Despite its well-documented benefit, estrogen therapy fell out of favor with the advent of other forms of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as the former registered a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and poorer overall survival. Clearer understanding of the mechanism of action of estrogen coupled with the adoption of alternative routes of administration has triggered a renewed interest in estrogen therapy. Since then, many studies have not only proved the therapeutic benefit of estrogens but also explored the ways and means of minimizing the dreaded side effects deterring its use. Further, the fact that estrogen therapy offered a clear advantage of reduced cost of treatment over other treatments has led many countries to readopt it in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. We reviewed the published data on the use of estrogens in CRPC, which may affect its revival as an efficacious treatment option having minimal side effects, with modified dosage and route of administration. Estrogen therapy would be a less expensive option having equivalent or even better therapeutic effect than ADT in advanced carcinoma of prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G G Laxman Prabhu
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P Venugopal
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Seo J, Han SY, Seong D, Han HJ, Song J. Multifaceted C-terminus of HSP70-interacting protein regulates tumorigenesis via protein quality control. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:63-75. [PMID: 30600426 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
C-terminus of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-interacting protein (CHIP) is an E3 ligase involved in a variety of protein homeostasis events implicated in diverse signaling pathways. Its involvement in varied and even opposite signaling circuits might be due to its hallmark signature of associating with molecular chaperones, including HSP90 and HSP70. Together, these proteins may be pivotal in implementing protein quality control. A curious and puzzling aspect of the function of CHIP is its capability to induce protein degradation via the proteasome- or lysosome-dependent pathways. In addition, these pathways are combined with ubiquitin-dependent or -independent pathways. This review focuses on the role of CHIP in the development or suppression of tumorigenesis. CHIP can act as a tumor suppressor by downregulating various oncogenes. CHIP also displays an oncogenic feature involving the inhibition of diverse tumor suppressors, including proteins related to intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The ability of CHIP to exhibit dual roles in determining the fate of cells has not been studied analytically. However, its association with various proteins involved in protein quality control might play a major role. In this review, the mechanistic roles of CHIP in tumor formation based on the regulation of diverse proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Daehyeon Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Sinka I, Kiss A, Mernyák E, Wölfling J, Schneider G, Ocsovszki I, Kuo CY, Wang HC, Zupkó I. Antiproliferative and antimetastatic properties of 3-benzyloxy-16-hydroxymethylene-estradiol analogs against breast cancer cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:362-370. [PMID: 30010030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite emerging new therapeutic opportunities, cancer is still a major health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Breast tumors are the most frequently diagnosed female malignancies, and the triple-negative subtype is associated with poorer prognosis and lower survival rates than other breast cancer types. The aims of the present study were to determine the anticancer potency of a set of C-3 and C-16 modified estradiol-derivatives against a panel of breast cancer cell lines, and to characterize the mechanism of action of two selected compounds (1 and 5) against the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Growth-inhibitory properties were investigated by an MTT-assay. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry has revealed G1 phase accumulation and indicated the proapoptotic effect of 1 and 5 through the elevation of the apoptotic subG1 phase on MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 h treatment. The antimetastatic activities of these compounds were examined by wound healing and Boyden chamber assays, and both compounds were shown to significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells at sub-antiproliferative concentrations. Gelatin zymography assay has indicated that matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 are not involved in the antimetastatic action of the molecules. Western blot analysis was performed with 24 h incubation to examine the possible changes in the level of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and both compounds were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of FAK in a concentration-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of this study demonstrate that C-3 and C-16 modified estradiol derivatives are potent antiproliferative and antimetastatic compounds against a triple-negative breast cancer cell line with a mechanism of action involving the inhibition of FAK, a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Therefore, these findings can be utilized in the development of promising anticancer agents with steroid skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Sinka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kiss
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Özdemir Z, Bildziukevich U, Šaman D, Havlíček L, Rárová L, Navrátilová L, Wimmer Z. Amphiphilic derivatives of (3β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-carboxylic acid. Steroids 2017; 128:58-67. [PMID: 29100780 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic derivatives of (3β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-carboxylic acid (1) with the polyamine spermine and three other diamines, 1,2-diaminoethane, piperazine and cadaverine, were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity were investigated. Among the target compounds, several ones showed antimicrobial activity on Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms. The most active compounds were 20 (Streptococcus mutans CCM 7409, 3.125 µM), 16 (Streptococcus mutans CCM 7409, 12.5 µM) and 10d (Escherichia coli CCM 3954, 12.5 µM). In addition, compounds 5d, 10d, 13 and 20 displayed cytotoxicity on CEM (12.1 ± 2.1 µM, 7.6 ± 1.0 µM, 19.0 ± 0.4 µM and 5.9 ± 0.7 µM, respectively). Two additional compounds displayed medium cytotoxicity on CEM, 5a (34.6 ± 5.2 µM) and 5c (37.7 ± 5.9 µM). The compound 13 and 20 displayed high toxicity also on normal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Özdemir
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Havlíček
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Navrátilová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Lao K, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, You Q, Xiang H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogs as dual selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and antiangiogenic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:390-400. [PMID: 28810190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2-methoxyestradiol is a novel agent showing both anti-angiogenic and vascular disrupting properties. In this study, a series of 11α-substituted 2-methoxyestradiol analogs have been designed and synthesized targeting dual ERα and microtubulin. Biological evaluation was performed on their anti-proliferative activities against 5 different cell lines. The results indicated that most compounds exhibited good activities, in which compound 24c and 30c showed the best activity with low micromolar IC50 (2.73 μM -7.75 μM) in all cell lines. The investigation of ER affinity showed that the majority of the compounds displayed good activity at the concentration of 50 μM. In further mechanism study, it was observed that 24c and 30c could induce G2/M cell cycle arrest as well as significant anti-estrogenic activity. In CAM assay, compound 24c and 30c presented significantly anti-angiogenesis activity comparable with 2-methoxyestradiol. Overall, based on biological activities data, 24c and 30c can be identified as a potential lead molecule which might be of therapeutic importance for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Lao
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, No.1 Xinwang Road, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Mingqi Chen
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Higher Vocational Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Gushan Road 168, Nanjing, 211100, PR China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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11
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The role and impact of estrogens and xenoestrogen on the development of cervical cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1945-1953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Salama SA, Nasr AB, Dubey RK, Al-Hendy A. Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production in Rat and Human Leiomyoma Cells: A Potential Medicinal Treatment for Uterine Fibroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:542-50. [PMID: 17088081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study sought to investigate the effect of the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOHE(2)) on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and collagen synthesis in human and rat leiomyoma cells. METHODS [(3)H] thymidine and [(3)H] proline incorporation studies were conducted. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Bax were evaluated by Western blot. Flow cytometry analysis was used to study the effect of 2-MeOHE(2) on apoptosis and the cell cycle. RESULTS Compared with untreated controls, treatment of rat leiomyoma (ELT3) cells with 2-MeOHE(2) (0.1, 1, 2, 5, or 10 muM) reduced cell proliferation by 17%, 52%, 61%, 73%, and 79%, respectively (P <.05). Similarly, in human uterine leiomyoma cell line (huLM) cells, proliferation was reduced by 4%, 18%, 37%, 41%, and 51%, respectively. 2-MeOHE(2) also caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of collagen synthesis by 4%, 16%, 23%, 51%, and 70%, respectively, in huLM cells (P <.05). Cell cycle analysis indicated that 2-MeOHE(2) treatment (1 to 5 muM) in huLM cells resulted in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and a 45% increase in apoptosis compared with untreated control (P <.05). Western immunoblotting analysis indicated that 2-MeOHE(2) induces a concentration-dependent reduction in the expression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and VEGF proteins in both rat and human leiomyoma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that 2-MeOHE(2) is a potent antiproliferative/apoptotic and collagen synthesis inhibiting agent in human and rat leiomyoma cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the potential use of 2-methoxyestradiol as a nonsurgical alternative therapy for uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Salama
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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13
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Kumar BS, Raghuvanshi DS, Hasanain M, Alam S, Sarkar J, Mitra K, Khan F, Negi AS. Recent Advances in chemistry and pharmacology of 2-methoxyestradiol: An anticancer investigational drug. Steroids 2016; 110:9-34. [PMID: 27020471 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen hormone metabolite is a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Presently, it is an investigational drug under various phases of clinical trials alone or in combination therapy. Its anticancer activity has been attributed to its antitubulin, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic and ROS induction properties. This anticancer drug candidate has been explored extensively in last twenty years for its detailed chemistry and pharmacology. Present review is an update of its chemistry and biological activity. It also extends an assessment of potential of 2ME2 and its analogues as possible anticancer drug in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sathish Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Dushyant Singh Raghuvanshi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Arvind S Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
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14
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Shen YC, Upadhyayula R, Cevallos S, Messick RJ, Hsia T, Leese MP, Jewett DM, Ferrer-Torres D, Roth TM, Dohle W, Potter BVL, Barald KF. Targeted NF1 cancer therapeutics with multiple modes of action: small molecule hormone-like agents resembling the natural anticancer metabolite, 2-methoxyoestradiol. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1158-67. [PMID: 26461061 PMCID: PMC4647869 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both the number and size of tumours in NF1 patients increase in response to the rise in steroid hormones seen at puberty and during pregnancy. The size of tumours decreases after delivery, suggesting that hormone-targeting therapy might provide a viable new NF1 treatment approach. Our earlier studies demonstrated that human NF1 tumour cell lines either went through apoptosis or ceased growth in the presence of 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME2), a naturally occurring anticancer metabolite of 17-β estradiol. Previous reports of treatment with sulfamoylated steroidal and non-steroidal derivatives of 2ME2 showed promising reductions in tumour burden in hormone-responsive cancers other than NF1. Here we present the first studies indicating that 2ME2 derivatives could also provide an avenue for treating NF1, for which few treatment options are available. Methods: STX3451, (2-(3-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-7-methoxy-6-sulfamoyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), a non-steroidal sulphamate analogue of 2ME2, was tested in dose-dependent studies of malignant and benign NF1 human tumour cell lines and cell lines with variable controlled neurofibromin expression. The mechanisms of action of STX3451 were also analysed. Results: We found that STX3451-induced apoptosis in human malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) cell lines, even in the presence of elevated oestrogen and progesterone. It inhibits both PI3 kinase and mTOR signalling pathways. It disrupts actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures in cell lines derived from human MPNSTs and in cells derived from benign plexiform neurofibromas. STX3451 selectively kills MPNST-derived cells, but also halts growth of other tumour-derived NF1 cell lines. Conclusion: STX3451 provides a new approach for inducing cell death and lowering tumour burden in NF1 and other hormone-responsive cancers with limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chi Shen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ravi Upadhyayula
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Stephanie Cevallos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ryan J Messick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Tammy Hsia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Douglas M Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Daysha Ferrer-Torres
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Therese M Roth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kate F Barald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,NIH PREP program, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Cancer Biology Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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15
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Yang F, Song L, Wang H, Wang J, Xu Z, Xing N. Combination of Quercetin and 2-Methoxyestradiol Enhances Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP and PC-3 Cells Xenograft Tumor Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128277. [PMID: 26011145 PMCID: PMC4444352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin and 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) are promising anti-cancer substances. Our previous in vitro study showed that quercetin synergized with 2-Methoxyestradiol exhibiting increased antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in both androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines. In the present study, we determined whether their combination could inhibit LNCaP and PC-3 xenograft tumor growth in vivo and explored the underlying mechanism. Human prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells were inoculated subcutaneously in male BALB/c nude mice. When xenograft tumors reached about 100 mm3, mice were randomly allocated to vehicle control, quercetin or 2-Methoxyestradiol singly treated and combination treatment groups. After therapeutic intervention for 4 weeks, combination treatment of quercetin and 2-ME i) significantly inhibited prostate cancer xenograft tumor growth by 46.8% for LNCaP and 51.3% for PC-3 as compared to vehicle control group, more effective than quercetin (28.4% for LNCaP, 24.8% for PC3) or 2-ME (32.1% for LNCaP, 28.9% for PC3) alone; ii) was well tolerated by BALB/c mice and no obvious toxic reactions were observed; iii) led to higher Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3 protein expression and apoptosis rate; and iv) resulted in lower phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) protein level, vascular endothelial growth factor protein and mRNA expression, microvascular density and proliferation rate than single drug treatment. These effects were more remarkable compared to vehicle group. Therefore, combination of quercetin and 2-ME can serve as a novel clinical treatment regimen owning the potential of enhancing antitumor effect on prostate cancer in vivo and lessening the dose and side effects of either quercetin or 2-ME alone. These in vivo results will lay a further solid basis for subsequent researches on this novel therapeutic regimen in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pinto MP, Medina RA, Owen GI. 2-methoxyestradiol and disorders of female reproductive tissues. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:274-83. [PMID: 24764201 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol. Once thought of as a mere degradation product, 2ME has gained attention as an important component of reproductive physiology and as a therapeutic agent in reproductive pathologies such as preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the involvement of 2ME in reproductive pathophysiology and summarize its known mechanisms of action: microtubule disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of apoptosis. Currently, the clinical uses of 2ME as a single agent are limited due to its poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability; however, 2ME analogs and derivatives have been recently developed and tested as cancer treatments. Despite some isolated success stories and ongoing research, 2ME derivatives have not yet provided the expected results. The adjuvant use of 2ME derivatives with chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their intrinsic toxicity confounding the unwanted secondary effects of chemotherapy. However, due to the well-tested tolerance of the body to high doses of native 2ME, it may the combination of native 2ME with conventional treatments that will offer novel clinically relevant regimens for cancer and other reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Song IS, Jeong YJ, Jeong SH, Heo HJ, Kim HK, Lee SR, Ko TH, Youm JB, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Combination treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol overcomes bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma cells. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e50. [PMID: 24158003 PMCID: PMC3809360 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to bortezomib has already been observed in MM patients. In a previous report, we demonstrated that changes in the expression of mitochondrial genes lead to changes in mitochondrial activity and bortezomib susceptibility or resistance, and their combined effects contribute to the differential sensitivity or resistance of MM cells to bortezomib. Here we report that the combination treatment of bortezomib and 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), a natural estrogen metabolite, induces mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death of bortezomib-resistant MM KMS20 cells via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Bortezomib plus 2ME treatment induces a higher level of cell death compared with treatment with bortezomib alone and increases mitochondrial ROS and Ca(2+) levels in KMS20 cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine scavenges mitochondrial ROS and decreases cell death after treatment with bortezomib plus 2ME in KMS20 cells. Moreover, we observed that treatment with bortezomib plus 2ME maintains the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4/7 (MKK4/7). Collectively, combination treatment with bortezomib and 2ME induces cell death via JNK-MKK4/7 activation by overproduction of mitochondrial ROS. Therefore, combination therapy with specific mitochondrial-targeting drugs may prove useful to the development of novel strategies for the treatment of bortezomib-resistant MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sung Song
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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18
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Frank E, Schneider G. Synthesis of sex hormone-derived modified steroids possessing antiproliferative activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:301-15. [PMID: 23499871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During recent years intensive research has been focused on the synthesis of structurally modified steroid hormones in order to obtain compounds with beneficial biological activity such as cell-growth inhibition. Experimental results have revealed that some steroidal derivatives possess direct cytostatic effect on cancer cells in a hormone receptor-independent manner. After a brief account on the most important biological function and characteristics of the naturally occurring sex hormones in physiological and pathological conditions, structural modifications of estrane and androstane scaffolds are discussed in detail. The review covers literature publications (from 2002 to 2012) relating to the synthesis and antiproliferative activity of semisynthetic sex hormone-derived molecules containing simple or heterocyclic substituents. The compounds reviewed are divided into three main categories according to their sterane framework and the nature of substitution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Frank
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Maran A, Dadsetan M, Buenz CM, Shogren KL, Lu L, Yaszemski MJ. Hydrogel-PLGA delivery system prolongs 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated anti-tumor effects in osteosarcoma cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2491-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Mistry SJ, Oh WK. New paradigms in microtubule-mediated endocrine signaling in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:555-66. [PMID: 23635655 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer has limited therapeutic options and has remained a major clinical challenge. Historically, prostate cancer has been widely recognized as a chemotherapy-resistant disease. However, clinical studies with anti-microtubule agents over the past decade have shown important efficacy in improving survival in patients with advanced disease. The favorable outcomes with microtubule-targeted agents have thus rekindled interest in such therapies for the clinical management of prostate cancer. Microtubules are dynamic polymers of tubulin molecules that play diverse roles within the cell. The dynamic property of microtubules is responsible for forming the bipolar mitotic apparatus, the mitotic spindle, that functions to precisely segregate the chromosomes during cell division. Thus, owing to the pivotal role that they play in the orchestration of mitotic events, microtubules provide excellent targets for anti-cancer therapy. Recent evidence also suggests that microtubules play a crucial role in the regulation of endocrine signaling pathways. Interestingly, microtubule-targeted agents such as taxanes not only inhibit cell division but also impair endocrine receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Herein, we provide an overview of the current status of microtubule-targeted therapies that are used in the treatment of prostate cancer and discuss novel mechanisms by which such therapies modulate endocrine signaling in prostate cancer. We also address the emerging roles of microtubule regulatory proteins in prostate carcinogenesis that could serve as attractive targets for prostate cancer therapy and might also serve as predictive biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit from endocrine and/or chemotherapy. This may have important implications in designing mechanism-based and targeted-therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita J Mistry
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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21
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Yang C, Shogren KL, Goyal R, Bravo D, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. RNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for 2-methoxyestradiol-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59406. [PMID: 23527187 PMCID: PMC3602192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapy are the only widely available options of treatment for this disease. Anti-tumor compound 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) triggers cell death through the induction of apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells, but not in normal osteoblasts. In this report, we have investigated whether autophagy plays a role in 2-ME actions on osteosarcoma cells. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that 2-ME treatment leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes in human osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME induces the conversion of the microtubule-associated protein LC3-I to LC3-II, a biochemical marker of autophagy that is correlated with the formation of autophagosomes. Conversion to LC3-II is accompanied by protein degradation in 2-ME-treated cells. 2-ME does not induce autophagosome formation in normal primary human osteoblasts. In addition, 2-ME-dependent autophagosome formation in osteosarcoma cells requires ATG7 expression. Furthermore, 2-ME does not induce accumulation of autophagosomes in osteosarcoma cells that express dominant negative mutant RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and are resistant to anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects of 2-ME. Taken together, our study shows that 2-ME treatment induces PKR-dependent autophagy in osteosarcoma cells, and that autophagy could play an important role in 2-ME-mediated anti-tumor actions and in the control of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kristen L. Shogren
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ribu Goyal
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dalibel Bravo
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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22
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Sarkar S, Brautigan DL, Parsons SJ, Larner JM. Androgen receptor degradation by the E3 ligase CHIP modulates mitotic arrest in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2012; 33:26-33. [PMID: 23246967 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has a vital role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer by promoting G1-S progression, possibly by functioning as a licensing factor for DNA replication. We here report that low dose 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous estrogen metabolite, induces mitotic arrest in prostate cancer cells involving activation of the E3 ligase CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) and degradation of the AR. Depletion of the AR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) eliminates 2-ME-induced arrest and introducing AR into PC3-M cells confers 2-ME-induced mitotic arrest. Knockdown of CHIP or MDM2 (mouse homolog of double minute 2 protein) individually or in combination reduced AR degradation and abrogated M phase arrest induced by 2-ME. Our data link AR degradation via ubiquitination to mitotic arrest. Targeting the AR by activating E3 ligases such as CHIP represents a novel strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D L Brautigan
- 1] Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J M Larner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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23
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N-Succinyl-chitosan nanoparticles induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in K562. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Choi HJ, Zhu BT. Critical role of cyclin B1/Cdc2 up-regulation in the induction of mitotic prometaphase arrest in human breast cancer cells treated with 2-methoxyestradiol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1306-15. [PMID: 22580043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies showed that 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME(2)), an endogenous nonpolar metabolite of estradiol-17β, is a strong inducer of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest (based on analysis of cellular DNA content) in human cancer cell lines. The present study sought to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying 2ME(2)-induced cell cycle arrest. We found that 2ME(2) can selectively induce mitotic prometaphase arrest, but not G(2) phase arrest, in cultured MDA-MB-435s and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. During the induction of prometaphase arrest, there is a time-dependent initial up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 proteins, occurring around 12-24h. The strong initial up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 matches in timing the 2ME(2)-induced prometaphase arrest. The 2ME(2)-induced prometaphase arrest is abrogated by selective knockdown of cyclin B1 and Cdc2, or by pre-treatment of cells with roscovitine, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, or by co-treatment of cells with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor that was found to suppress the early up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2. In addition, we provided evidence showing that MAD2 and JNK1 are important upstream mediators of 2ME(2)-induced up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 as well as the subsequent induction of mitotic prometaphase arrest. In conclusion, treatment of human cancer cells with 2ME(2) causes up-regulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2, which then mediate the induction of mitotic prometaphase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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25
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Nishimura SI, Hato M, Hyugaji S, Feng F, Amano M. Glycomics for Drug Discovery: Metabolic Perturbation in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells Induced by Unnatural Hexosamine Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Nishimura SI, Hato M, Hyugaji S, Feng F, Amano M. Glycomics for drug discovery: metabolic perturbation in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells induced by unnatural hexosamine mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3386-90. [PMID: 22345046 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibited: N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) derivatives with a fluorine atom at the C4 position (2-4) were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit cancer-cell growth was investigated. The administration of these 4F-GlcNAc derivatives to cells led to the unnatural sugar nucleotide 1. Furthermore, N-glycan profiles of cells were determined by using a glycoblotting-based enrichment analysis, which is suitable for high-throughput screenings for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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27
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Ho SM, Lee MT, Lam HM, Leung YK. Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:591-614, ix. [PMID: 21889723 PMCID: PMC3167093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay targets for hormonal prostate cancer (PCa) therapies are based on negating androgen action. Recent epidemiologic and experimental data have pinpointed the key roles of estrogens in PCa development and progression. Racial and geographic differences, as well as age-associated changes, in estrogen synthesis and metabolism contribute significantly to the etiology. This article summarizes how different estrogens/antiestrogens/estrogen mimics contribute to prostate carcinogenesis, the roles of the different mediators of estrogen in the process, and the potentials of new estrogenic/antiestrogenic compounds for prevention and treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and the Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ming-tsung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and The Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-5181, Fax 513-558-0071,
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Gong QF, Liu EH, Xin R, Huang X, Gao N. 2ME and 2OHE2 exhibit growth inhibitory effects and cell cycle arrest at G2/M in RL95-2 human endometrial cancer cells through activation of p53 and Chk1. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 352:221-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Benedikt MB, Mahlum EW, Shogren KL, Subramaniam M, Spelsberg TC, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated anti-tumor effect increases osteoprotegerin expression in osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:950-6. [PMID: 20082321 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor that frequently develops during adolescence. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a naturally occurring metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, induces cell cycle arrest and cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. To investigate whether the osteoprotegrin (OPG) protein plays a role in 2-ME actions, we studied the effect of 2-ME treatment on OPG gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME treatment induced OPG gene promoter activity and mRNA levels. Also, Western blot analysis showed that 2-ME treatment increased OPG protein levels in MG63, KHOS, 143B and LM7 osteosarcoma cells by 3-, 1.9-, 2.8-, and 2.5-fold, respectively, but did not affect OPG expression in normal bone cells. In addition, increases in OPG protein levels were observed in osteosarcoma cell culture media after 3 days of 2-ME treatment. The effect of 2-ME on osteosarcoma cells was ligand-specific as parent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol and a tumorigenic estrogen metabolite, 16alpha-hydroxyestradiol, which do not affect osteosarcoma cell cycle and cell death, had no effect on OPG protein expression. Furthermore, co-treating osteosarcoma cells with OPG protein did not further enhance 2-ME-mediated anti-tumor effects. OPG-released in 2-ME-treated cultures led to an increase in osteoblastic activity and a decrease in osteoclast number, respectively. These findings suggest that OPG is not directly involved in 2-ME-mediated anti-proliferative effects in osteosarcoma cells, but rather participates in anti-resorptive functions of 2-ME in bone tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Benedikt
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Montgomery B, Nelson PS, Vessella R, Kalhorn T, Hess D, Corey E. Estradiol suppresses tissue androgens and prostate cancer growth in castration resistant prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:244. [PMID: 20509933 PMCID: PMC2889894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogens suppress tumor growth in prostate cancer which progresses despite anorchid serum androgen levels, termed castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), although the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that estrogen inhibits CRPC in anorchid animals by suppressing tumoral androgens, an effect independent of the estrogen receptor. Methods The human CRPC xenograft LuCaP 35V was implanted into orchiectomized male SCID mice and established tumors were treated with placebo, 17β-estradiol or 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Effects of 17β-estradiol on tumor growth were evaluated and tissue testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) evaluated by mass spectrometry. Results Treatment of LuCaP 35V with 17β-estradiol slowed tumor growth compared to controls (tumor volume at day 21: 785 ± 81 mm3 vs. 1195 ± 84 mm3, p = 0.002). Survival was also significantly improved in animals treated with 17β-estradiol (p = 0.03). The addition of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 did not significantly change survival or growth. 17β-estradiol in the presence and absence of ICI 182,780 suppressed tumor testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as assayed by mass spectrometry. Tissue androgens in placebo treated LuCaP 35V xenografts were; T = 0.71 ± 0.28 pg/mg and DHT = 1.73 ± 0.36 pg/mg. In 17β-estradiol treated LuCaP35V xenografts the tissue androgens were, T = 0.20 ± 0.10 pg/mg and DHT = 0.15 ± 0.15 pg/mg, (p < 0.001 vs. controls). Levels of T and DHT in control liver tissue were < 0.2 pg/mg. Conclusions CRPC in anorchid animals maintains tumoral androgen levels despite castration. 17β-estradiol significantly suppressed tumor T and DHT and inhibits growth of CRPC in an estrogen receptor independent manner. The ability to manipulate tumoral androgens will be critical in the development and testing of agents targeting CRPC through tissue steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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A phase II study of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) NanoCrystal® dispersion (NCD) in patients with taxane-refractory, metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1465-74. [PMID: 20499131 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2ME2 (Panzem®) is a non-estrogenic derivative of estradiol with antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity. Preclinical data support antitumor activity in prostate cancer. This trial evaluated the efficacy of 2ME2 NCD in patients with taxane-refractory, metastatic CRPC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with metastatic CRPC who had progressed on only one prior taxane-based regimen were eligible. All patients received 2ME2 NCD at 1,500 mg orally four times daily, repeated in 28 day cycles. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at month 6, with a secondary endpoint of PSA response. An exploratory endpoint was metabolic response on FDG-PET imaging. RESULTS A total of 50 pts was planned. The study was terminated after 21 pts when a futility analysis showed the primary endpoint was unlikely to be reached. The median number of cycles on study was 2 (range <1 to 12). Adverse events (AE) of grade ≥3 related to the study drug occurred in 7 unique patients (33%): elevations in liver function tests, fatigue or weakness, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hyponatremia. Paired FDG-PET scans were obtained for 11 pts. No metabolic responses were observed. CONCLUSIONS 2ME2 NCD did not appear to have clinically significant activity in this study. 2ME2 NCD was well-tolerated and showed some evidence of biologic activity. Given the aggressive biology in this taxane-refractory population, the potential benefit from a cytostatic agent like 2ME2 might better be realized in the pre-chemotherapy (or rising PSA only) stage of CRPC.
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Ting C, Lee Y, Wong C, Wong A, Lung H, Lung M, Lo K, Wong R, Mak N. 2-Methoxyestradiol induces endoreduplication through the induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the activation of MAPK signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:825-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chang YF, Hsu YC, Hung HF, Lee HJ, Lui WY, Chi CW, Wang JJ. Quercetin induces oxidative stress and potentiates the apoptotic action of 2-methoxyestradiol in human hepatoma cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:735-45. [PMID: 19838948 DOI: 10.1080/01635580902825571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Asia. This study evaluated the growth inhibition effect of quercetin and 2-methoxyestradiol in vitro in human HCC cell lines. Combination treatment enhanced the cytotoxic effect in HA22T/VGH and HepG2 cell lines as compared with quercetin or 2-methoxyestradiol alone. The cell population of sub-G0/G1 phase and the level of annexin V binding were increased synergistically after combination treatment with quercetin and 2-methoxyestradiol in both cell lines. Moreover, quercetin combined with 2-methoxyestradiol increased superoxide levels, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in mRNA, protein levels, and SOD activity. Finally, we also found the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased after combination treatment. The changes of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial disruption were likely to be involved in the mechanism for the synergistic cytotoxicity effects of combination treatment in human hepatoma cells. These results provided a basis for further study of the potential usage of quercetin combination with hormonal agents for the treatment of human hepatoma.
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Kim SM, Lee SY, Cho JS, Son SM, Choi SS, Yun YP, Yoo HS, Yoon DY, Oh KW, Han SB, Hong JT. Combination of ginsenoside Rg3 with docetaxel enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells via inhibition of NF-kappaB. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 631:1-9. [PMID: 20056115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 has been a subject of interest for use as a cancer preventive or therapeutic agent. Nuclear factor-kappa (NF-kappaB) is constitutively activated in prostate cancer, and gives cancer cells resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. To investigate whether Rg3 can suppress the activation of NF-kappaB, and thus increase susceptibility of prostate (LNCaP and PC-3, DU145) cells against chemotherapeutics, prostate cancer cell growth as well as activation of NF-kappaB was examined. We found that a combination treatment of Rg3 (50 microM) with a conventional agent docetaxel (5 nM) was more effective in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and induction of apoptosis as well as G(0)/G(1) arrest accompanied with the significant inhibition of NF-kappaB activity than those by treatment of Rg3 or docetaxel alone. It was also found that NF-kappaB target gene expression of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 was much more significantly enhanced, but the expression of Bcl-2, inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP-1) and X chromosome IAP (XIAP), and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin B, D1 and E, and cyclin dependent kinases 2 and 4 was also much more significantly inhibited by the combination treatment. The combination of Rg3 (50 microM) with cisplatin (10 microM) and doxorubicin (2 microM) was also more effective in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and NF-kappaB activity than those by the treatment of Rg3 or chemotherapeutics alone. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits NF-kappaB, and enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and other chemotherapeutics. Thus, ginsenoside Rg3 could be useful as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 48, Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
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35
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Ban JO, Cho JS, Hwang IG, Noh JW, Kim WJ, Lee US, Moon DC, Jeong HS, Lee HS, Hwang BY, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT. Anti-Cancer Effect of the Combination of Thiacremonone and Docetaxel by Inactivation of NF-κB in Human Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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36
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Reiner T, Pozas ADL, Gomez LA, Perez-Stable C. Low dose combinations of 2-methoxyestradiol and docetaxel block prostate cancer cells in mitosis and increase apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 276:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Batsi C, Markopoulou S, Kontargiris E, Charalambous C, Thomas C, Christoforidis S, Kanavaros P, Constantinou AI, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. Bcl-2 blocks 2-methoxyestradiol induced leukemia cell apoptosis by a p27(Kip1)-dependent G1/S cell cycle arrest in conjunction with NF-kappaB activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:33-44. [PMID: 19447221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) induces leukemia cells to undergo apoptosis in association with Bcl-2 inactivation but the mechanisms whereby Bcl-2 contributes to protection against programmed cell death in this context remain unclear. Here we showed that 2-ME2 inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat leukemia cells by markedly suppressing the levels of cyclins D3 and E, E2F1 and p21(Cip1/Waf1) and up-regulating p16(INK4A). Further, 2-ME2 induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells in association with down-regulation and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 (as mediated by JNK), up-regulation of Bak, activation of caspases-9 and -3 and PARP-1 cleavage. To determine the importance and mechanistic role of Bcl-2 in this process, we enforced its expression in Jurkat cells by retroviral transduction. Enforcing Bcl-2 expression in Jurkat cells abolished 2-ME2-induced apoptosis and instead produced a G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in association with markedly increased levels of p27(Kip1). Bcl-2 and p27(Kip1) were localized mainly in the nucleus in these apoptotic resistant cells. Interestingly, NF-kappaB activity and p50 levels were increased by 2-ME2 and suppression of NF-kappaB signaling reduced p27(Kip1) expression and sensitized cells to 2-ME2-induced apoptosis. Importantly, knocking-down p27(Kip1) in Jurkat Bcl-2 cells sensitized them to spontaneous and 2-ME2-induced apoptosis. Thus, Bcl-2 prevented the 2-ME2-induced apoptotic response by orchestrating a p27(Kip1)-dependent G1/S phase arrest in conjunction with activating NF-kappaB. Thus, we achieved a much better understanding of the penetrance and mechanistic complexity of Bcl-2 dependent anti-apoptotic pathways in cancer cells and why Bcl-2 inactivation is so critical for the efficacy of apoptosis and anti-proliferative inducing drugs like 2-ME2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Batsi
- Cell and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Day JM, Foster PA, Tutill HJ, Newman SP, Ho YT, Leese MP, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. BCRP expression does not result in resistance to STX140 in vivo, despite the increased expression of BCRP in A2780 cells in vitro after long-term STX140 exposure. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:476-86. [PMID: 19156141 PMCID: PMC2658539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties of the endogenous oestrogen metabolite, 2-methoxyoestradiol (2-MeOE2), are enhanced in a series of sulphamoylated derivatives of 2-MeOE2. To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to these compounds, a cell line, A2780.140, eightfold less sensitive to the 3,17-O,O-bis-sulphamoylated derivative, STX140, was derived from the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line by dose escalation. Other cell lines tested did not develop STX140 resistance. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) expression is dramatically increased in A2780.140 cells. The cells are cross-resistant to the most structurally similar bis-sulphamates, and to BCRP substrates, mitoxantrone and doxorubicin; but they remain sensitive to taxol, an MDR1 substrate, and to all other sulphamates tested. Sensitivity can be restored using a BCRP inhibitor, and this pattern of resistance is also seen in a BCRP-expressing MCF-7-derived cell line, MCF-7.MR. In mice bearing wild-type (wt) and BCRP-expressing tumours on either flank, both STX140 and mitoxantrone inhibited the growth of the MCF-7wt xenografts, but only STX140 inhibited growth of the MCF-7.MR tumours. In conclusion, STX140, a promising orally bioavailable anti-cancer agent in pre-clinical development, is highly efficacious in BCRP-expressing xenografts. This is despite an increase in BCRP expression in A2780 cells in vitro after chronic dosing with STX140.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Day
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK.
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Ghosh R, Ganapathy M, Alworth WL, Chan DC, Kumar AP. Combination of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) and eugenol for apoptosis induction synergistically in androgen independent prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:25-35. [PMID: 19084597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lack of effective treatment options for the management of hormone refractory prostate cancer (PCA) reinforce the great need to develop novel compounds that act singly or in combination. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME(2)) is an endogenous estrogenic metabolite that has been reported to work as an antiproliferative agent in various tumor models including prostate. Recently conducted clinical trial in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients concluded that 2-ME(2) was safe and well tolerated. However this study identified bioavailability of 2-ME(2) as a limiting factor. Here we report the ability of a combination of 2-ME(2) and eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) as an approach for enhancing anticancerous activities in prostate cancer cells. Combining 2-ME(2) with eugenol (i) inhibited growth of prostate cancer cells and induced apoptosis at lower concentrations than either single agent alone; (ii) analysis of the data using combination index (CI) showed CI values of 0.4 indicating strong synergistic interaction; (iii) increased population of cells G(2)/M phase by 4.5-fold (p=0.01); (iv) significantly reduced expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of proapoptotic protein Bax. Combination induced apoptosis was not affected in PC-3 cells that over-express or lack Bcl-2 but was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Since 2-ME(2) was well tolerated in phase II trail in patients with HRPC; and eugenol is consumed by humans in the form of spices, the combination of 2-ME(2) with eugenol may offer a new clinically relevant treatment regimen. Combining these agents may allow ameliorating any adverse effects of either 2-ME(2) or eugenol alone by reducing their individual concentrations should these two agents be developed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
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Kato S, Sadarangani A, Lange S, Delpiano AM, Vargas M, Brañes J, Carvajal J, Lipkowitz S, Owen GI, Cuello MA. 2-methoxyestradiol mediates apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal counterparts. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:878-894. [PMID: 19050321 PMCID: PMC9019574 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108324171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol has shown antitumorigenic action in some epithelial tumors. In the present work we investigate its effects in ovarian cancer used alone or in combination with other apoptotic-inducing reagents such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. METHODS To assess the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol, dose response and time courses in ovarian cancer and normal cells were conducted. Apoptosis was confirmed through DNA laddering, by flow cytometry, and Western blotting of proteins involved in the apoptotic cascade. RESULTS 2-Methoxyestradiol induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal counterparts. 2-Methoxyestradiol activates both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. 2-Methoxyestradiol-mediated apoptosis involves reactive oxygen species generation and caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms. We also demonstrate that 2-methoxyestradiol selectively induces an additive/synergistic apoptotic response in ovarian cancer cells when used in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. CONCLUSIONS 2-Methoxyestradiol, alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, should be considered as a potential treatment for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumie Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Maran A, Shogren KL, Benedikt M, Sarkar G, Turner RT, Yaszemski MJ. 2-methoxyestradiol-induced cell death in osteosarcoma cells is preceded by cell cycle arrest. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1937-45. [PMID: 18384113 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a naturally occurring mammalian metabolite of 17beta-Estradiol (E2), induces cell death in osteosarcoma cells. To further understand the molecular mechanisms of action, we have investigated cell cycle progression in 2-ME-treated human osteosarcoma (MG63, SaOS-2 and LM7 [corrected]) cells. At 5 microM, 2-ME induced growth arrest by inducing a block in cell cycle; 2-ME-treatment resulted in 2-fold increases in G1 phase cells and a decrease in S phase cells in MG63 and SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cell lines, compared to the appropriate vehicle controls. 2-ME-treatment induced a threefold increase in the G2 phase in LM7 [corrected] osteosarcoma cells. The results demonstrated steroid specificity, as the tumorigenic metabolite, 16alpha-hydroxyestradiol (16-OHE), did not have any effect on cell cycle progression in osteosarcoma cells. The cell cycle arrest coincided with an increase in expression of the cell cycle markers p21, p27 and p53 proteins in 2-ME-treated osteosarcoma cells. Also, MG63 cells, transiently transfected with cDNA for a 'loss of function mutant' RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) protein, were resistant to 2-ME-induced cell cycle arrest. These results suggest that 2-ME works in concert with factors regulating cell cycle progression, and cell cycle arrest precedes cell death in 2-ME-treated osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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42
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Fukui M, Zhu BT. Mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis and growth arrest in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2008; 48:66-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Mabjeesh NJ, Shefler A, Amir S, Matzkin H. Potentiation of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced cytotoxicity by blocking endothelin A receptor in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2008; 68:679-89. [PMID: 18288682 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an antitumoral and antiangiogenic compound that inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a key regulator of the hypoxic response that promotes tumor progression. HIF-1alpha, the regulated subunit of HIF-1, is overexpressed in premalignant, cancerous and metastatic lesions of prostate. Endothelin (ET)-1 is a HIF target gene and one that plays an important role during prostate bone metastasis via its interaction with endothelin A (ET(A)) receptor. We reasoned that 2ME2 combined with an ET(A) receptor antagonist would induce potent cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cells. METHODS PC-3 and LNCaP cells were grown alone or cocultured with human osteoblasts. The cells were treated with 2ME2, with an ET(A) receptor antagonist (BQ-123) or with combinations of both compounds. The cells were then evaluated for cytotoxicity, HIF-1alpha protein expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity. RESULTS The combination of 2ME2 with BQ-123 induced synergistic cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cells and in their cocultures with osteoblasts. No synergism was observed when 2ME2 was combined with the ET(B) selective antagonist, BQ-788. These results correlated with inhibition of HIF-1alpha protein expression, HIF-1 transcriptional activity, and PSA mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS The ET(A) receptor antagonist was capable of potentiating the cytotoxic effects of 2ME2 in prostate cancer cells. These effects were apparently mediated through the inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway. Our in vitro data strengthen the rationale for using 2ME2 in combination with ET(A) receptor antagonists for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Mabjeesh
- Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Casarez EV, Dunlap-Brown ME, Conaway MR, Amorino GP. Radiosensitization and modulation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase by 2-Methoxyestradiol in prostate cancer models. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8316-24. [PMID: 17804747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an endogenous estradiol metabolite that inhibits microtubule polymerization, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. Because prostate cancer is often treated with radiotherapy, and 2ME2 has shown efficacy as a single agent against human prostate carcinoma, we evaluated 2ME2 as a potential radiosensitizer in prostate cancer models. A dose-dependent decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was observed in human PC3 prostate cancer cells treated with 2ME2 for 18 h. This decrease correlated with in vitro radiosensitization measured by clonogenic assays, and these effects were blocked by the expression of constitutively active MEK. Male nude mice with subcutaneous PC3 xenografts in the hind leg were treated with 2ME2 (75 mg/kg) p.o. for 5 days, and 2 Gy radiation fractions were delivered each day at 4 h after drug treatment. A statistically significant super-additive effect between radiation and 2ME2 was observed in this subcutaneous model, using analysis of within-animal slopes. A PC-3M orthotopic model was also used, with bioluminescence imaging as an end point. PC-3M cells stably expressing the luciferase gene were surgically implanted into the prostates of male nude mice. Mice were given oral doses of 2ME2 (75 mg/kg), with radiation fractions (3 Gy) delivered 4 h later. Mice were then imaged weekly for 4 to 5 weeks with a Xenogen system. A significant super-additive effect was also observed in the orthotopic model. These data show that 2ME2 is an effective radiosensitizing agent against human prostate cancer xenografts, and that the mechanism may involve a decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation by 2ME2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli V Casarez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Ricke WA, Wang Y, Cunha GR. Steroid hormones and carcinogenesis of the prostate: the role of estrogens. Differentiation 2007; 75:871-82. [PMID: 17924963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgens have long been known to be the major sex hormones that target the prostate during development, maturation, and carcinogenesis. It is now apparent that estrogens, both those synthesized by the body as well as those from our environment, also target the prostate during all stages of development. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in estrogen stimulation of carcinogenesis and less is known about how to prevent or treat prostate cancer through estrogenic pathways. To better understand how estrogens mediate their carcinogenic effects, the respective roles of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta must be elucidated in the epithelial and stromal cells that constitute the prostate. Lastly, the significance of ER signaling during various ontogenic periods must be determined. Answers to these questions will further our understanding of the mechanisms of estrogen/ER signaling and will serve as a basis for chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Enhanced radiation-induced cytotoxic effect by 2-ME in glioma cells is mediated by induction of cell cycle arrest and DNA damage via activation of ATM pathways. Brain Res 2007; 1185:231-8. [PMID: 17980860 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, but there remains no effective therapeutic approach. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), which is a naturally occurring metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, was shown to enhance radiotherapeutic effect in certain tumors; however, whether 2-ME can also enhance the sensitivity of glioma cells to radiotherapy remains unknown. The present study, therefore, was to address this issue using two human glioma cell lines (T98G and U251MG). These cells were irradiated with and without 2-ME and then clonogenic assay, apoptosis assay, DNA damage, and cell cycle change were examined. Results showed that 2-ME significantly enhances radiation-induced cell death in both glioma cells, shown by decreasing cell viability and increasing apoptotic cell death. No such radiosensitizing effect was observed if cells pre-treated with Estrodiol, suggesting the specifically radiosensitizing effect of 2-ME rather than a general effect of estrodials. The enhanced radio-cytotoxic effect in glioma cells by 2-ME was found to be associated with its enhancement of G(2)/M arrest and DNA damage, and phosphorylated ATM protein kinases as well as cell cycle checkpoint protein Chk2. Furthermore, inhibition of ATM by ATM inhibitor abolished 2-ME-activated Chk2 and enhanced radio-cytotoxic effects. These results suggest that 2-ME enhancement of the sensitivity of glioma cell lines to radiotherapy is mediated by induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased DNA damage via activation of ATM kinases.
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Gomez LA, de Las Pozas A, Reiner T, Burnstein K, Perez-Stable C. Increased expression of cyclin B1 sensitizes prostate cancer cells to apoptosis induced by chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1534-43. [PMID: 17513602 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs ideally should take advantage of the differences between transformed and normal cells and induce apoptosis only in cancer cells. One such difference may be the overexpression of cyclin B1 protein in cancer cells, which is required for the proper progression through mitosis. Previously, we showed that treatment of human prostate cancer cells with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) or docetaxel results in an accumulation of cyclin B1 protein and an increase in cyclin B1 kinase activity, followed by induction of apoptotic cell death. Inhibition of cyclin B1 kinase lowers apoptosis induced by 2-ME and docetaxel. In this study, we established a positive correlation between cyclin B1 protein and apoptosis induced by chemotherapy in prostate cancer cells. There is minimal cyclin B1 and induction of apoptosis by chemotherapy in nontransformed cells. LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells stably overexpressing cyclin B1 are more sensitive to apoptosis induced by chemotherapy. LNCaP cells expressing cyclin B1 small interfering RNA to lower cyclin B1 protein or dominant negative cyclin-dependent kinase 1 to inhibit cyclin B1 kinase show a decrease in apoptosis. Increased sensitivity to apoptosis by overexpression of cyclin B1 may be due to lower Bcl-2, higher p53, and decreased neuroendocrine differentiation. We suggest that a cancer-specific mechanism whereby 2-ME and docetaxel may exert anti-prostate cancer activity is the deregulated activation of cyclin B1 kinase, leading to the induction of apoptotic cell death. Our results also suggest that higher levels of cyclin B1 in prostate cancer cells may be a good prognostic marker for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes A Gomez
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, VA Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1201 Northwest 16 Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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48
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Bubert C, Leese MP, Mahon MF, Ferrandis E, Regis-Lydi S, Kasprzyk PG, Newman SP, Ho YT, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. 3,17-disubstituted 2-alkylestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4431-43. [PMID: 17696419 DOI: 10.1021/jm070405v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamates inhibit steroid sulfatase (STS), carbonic anhydrase (CA), and, when substituted at C-2, cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. C-2 Substitution and 17-sulfamate replacement of the estradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamates were explored with efficient and practical syntheses developed. Evaluation against human cancer cell lines revealed the 2-methyl derivative 27 (DU145 GI(50) = 0.38 microM) as the most active novel bis-sulfamate, while 2-ethyl-17-carbamate derivative 52 (GI(50) = 0.22 microM) proved most active of its series (cf. 2-ethylestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate 4 GI(50) = 0.21 microM). Larger C-2 substituents were deleterious to activity. 2-Methoxy-17-carbamate 50 was studied by X-ray crystallography and was surprisingly 13-fold weaker as an STS inhibitor compared to parent bis-sulfamate 3. The potential of 4 as an orally dosed anti-tumor agent is confirmed using breast and prostate cancer xenografts. In the MDA-MB-231 model, dramatic reduction in tumor growth or regression was observed, with effects sustained after cessation of treatment. 3-O-Sulfamoylated 2-alkylestradiol-17-O-carbamates and sulfamates have considerable potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bubert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology & Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Kato S, Sadarangani A, Lange S, Villalón M, Brañes J, Brosens JJ, Owen GI, Cuello M. The oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyoestradiol alone or in combination with tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediates apoptosis in cancerous but not healthy cells of the human endometrium. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14:351-68. [PMID: 17639050 PMCID: PMC6112420 DOI: 10.1677/erc-07-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the reproductive tract account for 12% of all malignancies in women. As previous studies have shown that oestrogen metabolites can cause apoptosis, we characterised the effect of oestrogen and oestrogen metabolites on non-cancerous and cancerous human endometrial cells. Herein, we demonstrate that 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME), but not 17beta-oestradiol, induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and primary cultured tumours of endometrial origin. In contrast, 2ME had no effect on cell viability of corresponding normal tissue. This ability of 2ME to induce apoptosis does not require oestrogen receptor activation, but is associated with increased entry into the G2/M phases of the cell cycle and the activation of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The selective behaviour of 2ME on cancerous as opposed to normal tissue may be due to a reduction in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II levels in cancer cells and to a differential down-regulation of superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pre-treatment with 2ME enhances the sensitivity of reproductive tract cancer cells to the apoptotic drug tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), without the loss in cell viability to normal cells incurred by currently chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, 2ME, alone or in combination with TRAIL, may be an effective treatment for cancers of uterine origin with minimal toxicity to corresponding healthy female reproductive tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumie Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Casilla 114-D, Chile
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50
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Van Veldhuizen PJ, Ray G, Banerjee S, Dhar G, Kambhampati S, Dhar A, Banerjee SK. 2-Methoxyestradiol modulates β-catenin in prostate cancer cells: A possible mediator of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced inhibition of cell growth. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:567-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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