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Zhang H, Zheng X, Ahmed W, Yao Y, Bai J, Chen Y, Gao C. Design and Applications of Cell-Selective Surfaces and Interfaces. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1746-1763. [PMID: 29665330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration involves versatile types of cells. The accumulation and disorganized behaviors of undesired cells impair the natural healing process, leading to uncontrolled immune response, restenosis, and/or fibrosis. Cell-selective surfaces and interfaces can have specific and positive effects on desired types of cells, allowing tissue regeneration with restored structures and functions. This review outlines the importance of surfaces and interfaces of biomaterials with cell-selective properties. The chemical and biological cues including peptides, antibodies, and other molecules, physical cues such as topography and elasticity, and physiological cues referring mainly to interactions between cells-cells and cell-chemokines or cytokines are effective modulators for achieving cell selectivity upon being applied into the design of biomaterials. Cell-selective biomaterials have also shown practical significance in tissue regeneration, in particular for endothelialization, nerve regeneration, capture of stem cells, and regeneration of tissues of multiple structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Wajiha Ahmed
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jun Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yicheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310016 , China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Liang S, Yu S, Zhou N, Deng J, Gao C. Controlling the selective and directional migration of hepatocytes by a complementary density gradient of glycosylated hyperbranched polymers and poly(ethylene glycol) molecules. Acta Biomater 2017; 56:161-170. [PMID: 27998813 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Repair and regeneration of defected tissues and organs depends strongly on the directional migration of targeted cells, for example, the enhancement of directional migration of hepatocytes could be helpful in liver regeneration and transplantation. Herein a complementary gradient of galactose-modified hyperbranched polymers (LA-HPMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules was designed and prepared on a same substrate. Characterizations of X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-d) demonstrated the unidirectional change in grafting density of LA-HPMA and PEG molecules, respectively. On the LA-HPMA/PEG complementary gradient surface, the human hepatoma (HepG2) cells showed preferential orientation and enhanced directional migration toward the region of lower PEG density and higher LA-HPMA density. By contrast, the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) showed random migration irrelevant to the gradient. The success of the complementary gradient relies on the specific interaction between galactose and asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on HepG2 cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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Arai K, Yoshida T, Okabe M, Goto M, Mir TA, Soko C, Tsukamoto Y, Akaike T, Nikaido T, Zhou K, Nakamura M. Fabrication of 3D-culture platform with sandwich architecture for preserving liver-specific functions of hepatocytes using 3D bioprinter. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1583-1592. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Arai
- Division of Innovative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science; University of Toyama; Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering; Saga University; Japan
| | - Toshiko Yoshida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Japan
| | - Motonori Okabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Goto
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering; Foundation for Advancement of International Science; Japan
| | - Tanveer Ahmad Mir
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Chika Soko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Japan
| | - Yoshinari Tsukamoto
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akaike
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering; Foundation for Advancement of International Science; Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama Japan
| | - Toshio Nikaido
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Japan
| | - Kaixuan Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
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Margarida Cardoso M, Peça IN, Raposo CD, Petrova KT, Teresa Barros M, Gardner R, Bicho A. Doxorubicin-loaded galactose-conjugated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as hepatocyte-targeting drug carrier. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:315-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1185474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Meng Q, Tao C, Qiu Z, Akaike T, Cui F, Wang X. A hybrid substratum for primary hepatocyte culture that enhances hepatic functionality with low serum dependency. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2313-23. [PMID: 25848252 PMCID: PMC4376262 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture systems have proven to be crucial for the in vitro maintenance of primary hepatocytes and the preservation of hepatic functional expression at a high level. A poly-(N-p-vinylbenzyl-4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide) matrix can recognize cells and promote liver function in a spheroid structure because of a specific galactose–asialoglycoprotein receptor interaction. Meanwhile, a fusion protein, E-cadherin-Fc, when incubated with various cells, has shown an enhancing effect on cellular viability and metabolism. Therefore, a hybrid substratum was developed for biomedical applications by using both of these materials to combine their advantages for primary hepatocyte cultures. The isolated cells showed a monolayer aggregate morphology on the coimmobilized surface and displayed higher functional expression than cells on traditional matrices. Furthermore, the hybrid system, in which the highest levels of cell adhesion and hepatocellular metabolism were achieved with the addition of 1% fetal bovine serum, showed a lower serum dependency than the collagen/gelatin-coated surface. Accordingly, this substrate may attenuate the negative effects of serum and further contribute to establishing a defined culture system for primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chunsheng Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; The 401 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiye Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Toshihiro Akaike
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fuzhai Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Peça IN, Petrova KT, Cardoso MM, Barros MT. Preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)-co-poly(ethylene glycol)-10%-Triblock end-capped with a galactose moiety. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Meng Q, Haque A, Hexig B, Akaike T. The differentiation and isolation of mouse embryonic stem cells toward hepatocytes using galactose-carrying substrata. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1414-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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de Graaf W, Bennink RJ, Heger M, Maas A, de Bruin K, van Gulik TM. Quantitative Assessment of Hepatic Function During Liver Regeneration in a Standardized Rat Model. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:294-302. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.078360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Ambury RF, Merry CLR, Ulijn RV. Sugar functionalised PEGA surfaces support metabolically active hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with galactose-carrying polymer for hepatocyte targeting. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2007:94740. [PMID: 18317519 PMCID: PMC2254526 DOI: 10.1155/2007/94740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to develop the functionalized superparamagnetic
iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) demonstrating the capacities
to be delivered in liver specifically and to be dispersed in
physiological environment stably. For this purpose, SPIONs
were coated with polyvinylbenzyl-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide (PVLA) having
galactose moieties to be recognized by asialoglycoprotein
receptors (ASGP-R) on hepatocytes. For use as a control, we also
prepared SPIONs coordinated with 2-pyrrolidone. The sizes, size
distribution, structure, and coating of the nanoparticles were
characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometer (ELS), X-ray
diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),
respectively. Intracellular uptake of the PVLA-coated SPIONs was
visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and their
hepatocyte-specific delivery was also investigated through
magnetic resonance (MR) images of rat liver. MRI experimental
results indicated that the PVLA-coated SPIONs possess the more
specific accumulation property in liver compared with control,
which suggests their potential utility as liver-targeting MRI
contrast agent.
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Yura H, Ishihara M, Nakamura S, Kishimoto S, Kanatani Y, Horio T, Ishizuka T, Kawakami M, Matsui T. Coatings of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Synthetic Glycoconjugates as Substrata for Hepatocytes. Artif Organs 2009; 33:419-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Graaf W, Veteläinen RL, de Bruin K, van Vliet AK, van Gulik TM, Bennink RJ. 99mTc-GSA Scintigraphy with SPECT for Assessment of Hepatic Function and Functional Volume During Liver Regeneration in a Rat Model of Partial Hepatectomy. J Nucl Med 2007; 49:122-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.044255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Suzuki A, Togashi H, Haga H, Saito K, Saito T, Takahashi K, Sugai Y, Kawata S. Characteristics of three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma showing enhanced technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin accumulation by single photon emission computed tomography analysis. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:628-36. [PMID: 17584260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is abundantly expressed on the sinusoidal surfaces of hepatocytes. However, the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) lack ASGP-R on their cell surface membranes. We describe three cases of HCC showing increased expression of ASGP-R in comparison with the surrounding liver tissue. METHODS We performed technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) analysis on patients with HCC. Three cases of HCC showing enhanced accumulation of (99m)Tc-GSA were included in the present study. Histopathological and radiological examinations of the HCC were conducted. The three affected patients were all female and over 60 years old. RESULTS Computed tomography (CT) angiography or dynamic CT showed hypo-enhancement of the tumors during the hepatic arterial to portal phases. Patient 1 received percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and died 5 years later because of chronic renal failure. Patient 2 underwent surgeryand is currently healthy 5 years after the operation. Patient 3 underwent percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and died 4 years later because of a newly occurred HCC to another part of the liver. Histopathological examination showed well-differentiated HCC in all three cases. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the expression of ASGP-R was higher in the HCC than in the non-tumorous liver tissue. CONCLUSION We have named the HCC of this type ASGP-Roma. ASGP-Roma is well-differentiated HCC, shows CT findings that are atypical of HCC, and is diagnosed by (99m)Tc-GSA SPECT analysis. We propose that ASGP-Roma be placed in a special category among well-differentiated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Yura H, Ishihara M, Kanatani Y, Takase B, Hattori H, Suzuki S, Kawakami M, Matsui T. Interaction Study between Synthetic Glycoconjugate Ligands and Endocytic Receptors Using Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:637-43. [PMID: 16672263 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of synthetic galactosyl polymers, asialofetuin and LDL derivatives labeled with FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) was carried out to determine the phenotypes of endocytic receptors, such as asialoglycoprotein (ASPG) and the LDL receptor, on various types of cells. When FITC-labeled galactosyl polystyrene (GalCPS), being a synthetic ligand of ASPG, was applied to rat hepatocytes and human cancer cells (Hep G2 and Chang Liver), surface fluorescence intensities varied according to receptor expression on the cells. The fluorescence intensity originates from the calcium-dependent binding of the FITC-labeled GalCPS. Although unaltered by pre-treatment with glucosyl polystyrene (GluCPS), fetuin and LDL, the fluorescence intensity was suppressed by pre-treatment with (non-labeled) GalCPS and asialofetuin. Flow cytometry allowed us to demonstrate that the calcium-dependent binding of FITC-labeled LDL (prepared from rabbits) upon the addition of 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol enhances LDL receptor expression, and the expression is suppressed upon the addition of a monoclonal antibody to the LDL receptor. The binding efficiency based on the combination of FITC-labeled ligands suggests a possible application for the classification of cell types and conditions corresponding to endocytic receptor expression without the need for immuno-active antibodies or radiolabeled substances. Furthermore, the synthetic glycoconjugate (GalCPS) is shown to be a sensitive and useful marker for classification based on cell phenotype using flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yura
- NeTech Inc. KSP West 300-H, Sakado 3-2-1, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012
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Massimi M, Leoni S, Devirgiliis LC. The lobular expression of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor is regulated at the posttranscriptional level. Liver Int 2005; 25:184-93. [PMID: 15698417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.0973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the distribution of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) main peptide, rat hepatic lectin (RHL)-1, within the rat liver lobule and to investigate its possible modulation in physiological states characterised by marked changes of receptorial expression. In particular, we chose livers from rats partially hepatectomised or at the end of pregnancy, as models, respectively, of decreased or increased expression of the ASGP-R, and used the in situ hybridisation and immunocytochemistry techniques to analyse in parallel the lobular distributions of RHL-1 mRNA and protein. In normal rat liver, although the RHL-1 mRNA was homogeneously distributed, the RHL-1 peptide was predominantly localised on the surface of pericentral hepatocytes with a gradient of expression towards the periportal zone. This gradient of expression of RHL-1 peptide was reduced in regenerating livers, in which the positive stain was restricted to a few layers of cells around the central vein. In contrast, livers at the end of pregnancy showed an overall increase of the peptide with a concomitant flattening of the gradient across the liver plate. In all the conditions, we never observed important changes in the pattern of expression of the specific mRNA. These findings indicate that the distribution of ASGP-R is heterogeneous across the liver lobule, with a pattern of expression prevalently modulated at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Massimi
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Ise H, Nikaido T, Negishi N, Sugihara N, Suzuki F, Akaike T, Ikeda U. Effective hepatocyte transplantation using rat hepatocytes with low asialoglycoprotein receptor expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:501-10. [PMID: 15277224 PMCID: PMC1618566 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of a reliable method of isolating highly proliferative potential hepatocytes provides information crucial to progress in the field of hepatocyte transplantation. The aim of this study was to develop reliable hepatocyte transplantation using highly proliferative, eg, progenitor-like hepatocytes, based on asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expression levels for hepatocyte transplantation. We have previously reported that mouse hepatocytes with low ASGPR expression levels have highly proliferative potential and can be used as progenitor-like hepatocytes. We therefore fractionated F344 male rat hepatocytes expressing low and high levels of ASGPR and determined the liver repopulation capacity of hepatocytes according to low and high ASGPR expression in the liver. Next, 2 x 10(5) cells of each type were transplanted into female liver regenerative model dipeptidyl peptidase-deficient rats, and we estimated the rate of liver repopulation by the transplanted hepatocytes in the host liver, as determined by recognition of the Sry gene on the Y-chromosome. At 60 days after hepatocyte transplantation, the transplanted hepatocytes occupied approximately 76% of the total hepatocyte mass in the case of the transplantation of hepatocytes with low ASGPR expression, but accounted for approximately 12% and 17% of the mass in the case of the transplantation of hepatocytes with high ASGPR expression and unfractionated hepatocytes, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that hepatocytes with low ASGPR expression can result in normal liver function and a high repopulation capacity in vivo. These results provide insight into development of a strategy for effective liver repopulation using transplanted hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Ise
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Institute of Organ Transplants, Reconstructive Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine., 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Pagliara P, Chionna A, Carlà EC, Caforio S, Dini L. Lead nitrate and gadolinium chloride administration modify hepatocyte cell surfaces. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 312:41-8. [PMID: 12684870 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-003-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of hepatocyte cell surface were determined after single i.v. injection to rats of Pb(NO(3))(2) (known to induce liver hyperplasia followed by apoptosis) or GdCl(3) (known to induce proliferation of parenchymal cells and Kupffer cell depletion) or administration of GdCl(3) 24 h before Pb(NO(3))(2) injection (known to reduce hyperplasia and apoptosis induced in the parenchymal liver cells by the single Pb(NO(3))(2) injection). Rats were sacrificed at fixed times after the treatments (1, 3 and 5 days) and hepatocytes were isolated by enzymatic liver perfusion. In spite of the intracellular target of the heavy metals, signals leading to liver hyperplasia and apoptosis (with rates different for the different experimental conditions) were generated, which in turn were responsible for cell surface alteration. Increment or decrement of phosphatidylserine (PS) expression, asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) and sugar residue expression on hepatocyte surfaces was measured in parallel with apoptosis and proliferation. When GdCl(3) was injected 24 h before Pb(NO(3))(2) injection, liver modifications were significantly reduced, thus suggesting that GdCl(3) could prevent and/or reduce liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pagliara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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