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Kaur R, Suresh PK. Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-Opportunities for Drug Repurposing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4382-4438. [PMID: 37721630 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally, lung cancer contributes significantly to the public health burden-associated mortality. As this form of cancer is insidious in nature, there is an inevitable diagnostic delay leading to chronic tumor development. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 80-85% of all lung cancer cases, making this neoplasia form a prevalent subset of lung carcinoma. One of the most vital aspects for proper diagnosis, prognosis, and adequate therapy is the precise classification of non-small cell lung cancer based on biomarker expression profiling. This form of biomarker profiling has provided opportunities for improvements in patient stratification, mechanistic insights, and probable druggable targets. However, numerous patients have exhibited numerous toxic side effects, tumor relapse, and development of therapy-based chemoresistance. As a result of these exacting situations, there is a dire need for efficient and effective new cancer therapeutics. De novo drug development approach is a costly and tedious endeavor, with an increased attrition rate, attributed, in part, to toxicity-related issues. Drug repurposing, on the other hand, when combined with computer-assisted systems biology approach, provides alternatives to the discovery of new, efficacious, and safe drugs. Therefore, in this review, we focus on a comparison of the conventional therapy-based chemoresistance mechanisms with the repurposed anti-cancer drugs from three different classes-anti-parasitic, anti-depressants, and anti-psychotics for cancer treatment with a primary focus on NSCLC therapeutics. Certainly, amalgamating these novel therapeutic approaches with that of the conventional drug regimen in NSCLC-affected patients will possibly complement/synergize the existing therapeutic modalities. This approach has tremendous translational significance, since it can combat drug resistance and cytotoxicity-based side effects and provides a relatively new strategy for possible application in therapy of individuals with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Kaur
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Suresh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nakasuka T, Ohashi K, Nishii K, Hirabae A, Okawa S, Tomonobu N, Takada K, Ando C, Watanabe H, Makimoto G, Ninomiya K, Fujii M, Kubo T, Ichihara E, Hotta K, Tabata M, Kumon H, Maeda Y, Kiura K. PD-1 blockade augments CD8 + T cell dependent antitumor immunity triggered by Ad-SGE-REIC in Egfr-mutant lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2023; 178:1-10. [PMID: 36753780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No immunotherapeutic protocol has yet been established in never-smoking patients with lung cancer harboring driver oncogenic mutations, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. The immunostimulatory effect of Ad-REIC, a genetically engineered adenovirus vector expressing a tumor suppressor gene, reduced expression in immortalized cells (REIC), has been investigated in clinical trials for various solid tumors. However, the immunostimulatory effect of the Ad-REIC in EGFR-mutant lung cancer with a non-inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a syngeneic mouse model developed by transplanting Egfr-mutant lung cancer cells into single or double flanks of C57BL/6J mice. Ad-SGE-REIC, a 2nd-generation vector with an enhancer sequence, was injected only into the tumors from one flank, and its antitumor effects were assessed. Tumor-infiltrating cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. The synergistic effects of Ad-SGE-REIC and PD-1 blockade were also examined. RESULTS Injection of Ad-SGE-REIC into one side of the tumor induced not only a local antitumor effect but also a bystander abscopal effect in the non-injected tumor, located on the other flank. The number of PD-1+CD8+ T cells increased in both injected and non-injected tumors. PD-1 blockade augmented the local and abscopal antitumor effects of Ad-SGE-REIC by increasing the number of CD8+ T cells in the TME of Egfr-mutant tumors. Depletion of CD8+ cells reverted the antitumor effect, suggesting they contribute to antitumor immunity. CONCLUSION Ad-SGE-REIC induced systemic antitumor immunity by modifying the TME status from non-inflamed to inflamed, with infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Additionally, in Egfr-mutant lung cancer, this effect was enhanced by PD-1 blockade. These findings pave the way to establish a novel combined immunotherapy strategy with Ad-SGE-REIC and anti-PD-1 antibody for lung cancer with a non-inflamed TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nakasuka
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kadoaki Ohashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Nishii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hirabae
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sachi Okawa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ando
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Go Makimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubo
- Center for Clinical Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiki Ichihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hotta
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tabata
- Center for Clinical Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Hattori Y, Kurozumi K, Otani Y, Uneda A, Tsuboi N, Makino K, Hirano S, Fujii K, Tomita Y, Oka T, Matsumoto Y, Shimazu Y, Michiue H, Kumon H, Date I. Combination of Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab modulates glioma progression by suppressing tumor invasion and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273242. [PMID: 36006934 PMCID: PMC9409598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression in immortalized cells/Dickkopf-3 (REIC/Dkk-3) is a tumor suppressor and its overexpression has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects as a therapeutic target gene in many human cancers. Recently, we demonstrated the anti-glioma effects of an adenoviral vector carrying REIC/Dkk-3 with the super gene expression system (Ad-SGE-REIC). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments such as bevacizumab have demonstrated convincing therapeutic advantage in patients with glioblastoma. However, bevacizumab did not improve overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. In this study, we examined the effects of Ad-SGE-REIC on glioma treated with bevacizumab. Ad-SGE-REIC treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of invasion cells treated with bevacizumab. Western blot analyses revealed the increased expression of several endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in cells treated with both bevacizumab and Ad-SGE-REIC, as well as decreased β-catenin protein levels. In malignant glioma mouse models, overall survival was extended in the combination therapy group. These results suggest that the combination therapy of Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab exerts anti-glioma effects by suppressing the angiogenesis and invasion of tumors. Combined Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab might be a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hattori
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Uneda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobushige Tsuboi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keigo Makino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Hirano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Oka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Michiue
- Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Li Y, Qu J, Liu L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Han S, Zhang Y. Apogossypolone Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cervical Cancer via Activating DKK3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948023. [PMID: 35924156 PMCID: PMC9341244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel derivative of gossypol lacking of two aldehyde groups, exhibits anti-tumor effects. However, the mechanisms by which ApoG2 regulates cervical cancer (CC) cells remain unclear. In this study, we treated two CC cell lines (CaSki and HeLa) with an increasing concentration of ApoG2 for 24 h. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and transwell invasion assay were utilized to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in vitro. We first observed that ApoG2 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in CC cells, along with upregulation of Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3) in a dose-dependent manner. The immunohistochemistry confirmed the downregulation of DKK3 in tumor tissues. Moreover, DKK3 was correlated with FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. Functionally, DKK3 overexpression significantly suppressed cell viability, colony formation and invasion, but promoted apoptosis in CaSki and HeLa cells. Overexpression of DKK3 upregulated the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and E-cadherin, but downregulated the protein levels of Bcl-2, N-cadherin and Vimentin. Furthermore, DKK3 knockdown reversed the suppressive effects of ApoG2 on CaSki cell proliferation, invasion and EMT markers, while DKK3 overexpression enhanced these effects. In addition, ApoG2 treatment inhibited CC xenograft tumor growth and upregulated the protein levels of DKK3, cleaved caspase-3 and E-cadherin. In conclusions, these findings suggested that ApoG2 could effectively inhibit the growth and invasion of CC cells at least partly by activating DKK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sai Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Youzhong Zhang,
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Dickkopf Proteins and Their Role in Cancer: A Family of Wnt Antagonists with a Dual Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080810. [PMID: 34451907 PMCID: PMC8400703 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway regulates crucial aspects such as cell fate determination, cell polarity and organogenesis during embryonic development. Wnt pathway deregulation is a hallmark of several cancers such as lung, gastric and liver cancer, and has been reported to be altered in others. Despite the general agreement reached by the scientific community on the oncogenic potential of the central components of the pathway, the role of the antagonist proteins remains less clear. Deregulation of the pathway may be caused by overexpression or downregulation of a wide range of antagonist proteins. Although there is growing information related to function and regulation of Dickkopf (DKK) proteins, their pharmacological potential as cancer therapeutics still has not been fully developed. This review provides an update on the role of DKK proteins in cancer and possible potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer; available compounds in pre-clinical or clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Gondkar K, Sathe G, Joshi N, Nair B, Pandey A, Kumar P. Integrated Proteomic and Phosphoproteomics Analysis of DKK3 Signaling Reveals Activated Kinase in the Most Aggressive Gallbladder Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030511. [PMID: 33670899 PMCID: PMC7997438 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DKK3 is a secreted protein, which belongs to a family of Wnt antagonists and acts as a potential tumor suppressor in gallbladder cancer. To further understand its tumor suppressor functions, we overexpressed DKK3 in 3 GBC cell lines. We have employed high-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass tag (TMT) multiplexing technology along with immobilized metal affinity chromatography to enrich phosphopeptides to check the downstream regulators. In this study, we reported for the first time the alteration in the phosphorylation of 14 kinases upon DKK3 overexpression. In addition, we observed DKK3 induced hyper phosphorylation of 2 phosphatases: PPP1R12A and PTPRA, which have not been reported previously. Canonical pathway analysis of altered molecules indicated differential enrichment of signaling cascades upon DKK3 overexpression in all the 3 cell lines. Protein kinase A signaling, Sirtuin signaling pathway, and Cell Cycle Control of Chromosomal Replication were observed to be differentially activated in the GBC cell lines. Our study revealed, DKK3 overexpression has differential effect based on the aggressive behavior of the cell lines. This study expands the understanding of DKK3-mediated signaling events and can be used as a primary factor for understanding the complex nature of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gondkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Neha Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
- Correspondence:
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Zhao S, Hao CL, Zhao EH, Jiang HM, Zheng HC. The Suppressing Effects of Dkk3 Expression on Aggressiveness and Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:600322. [PMID: 33425757 PMCID: PMC7794014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dkk3 has been discovered during comparison of immortalized and parental cells. Its expression has been shown to reduce colony formation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells, acting as a tumor suppressor. Herein, we demonstrate that Dkk3 overexpression or protein treatment may inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and that they may promote apoptosis and G2 phase arrest with hypoexpression of Bcl-2, cdc25B, cdc25c, N-cadherin, slug, and twist and hyperexpression of Bax and E-cadherin. This effect is consistent with that of recombinant Dkk3 exposure and blocked with anti-Dkk3 antibody. Dkk3 deletion in intestinal cells was not associated with the emergence of epithelial lesions; however, adenoma emerged after sodium desoxycholate treatment. At both mRNA and protein levels, Dkk3 expression was higher in normal than in cancer tissues (p<0.05). Dkk3 mRNA expression was negatively associated with its promoter methylation, growth pattern, differentiation, and favorable prognosis in the patients with colorectal cancer (p<0.05). Dkk3-related signal pathways in colorectal cancer included those of cellular adhesion and migration, melanogenesis, chemokine, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT, TOLL-like receptor, TGF-β, MAPK, and calcium signaling (p<0.05). These findings indicate that Dkk3 expression levels can help assess cancer aggressiveness and patient prognosis. It might also suppress aggressive phenotypes and tumorigenesis as a molecular target in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Chang-Lai Hao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - En-Hong Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hua-Mao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
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Kurozumi K, Fujii K, Shimazu Y, Tomita Y, Sasaki T, Yasuhara T, Hishikawa T, Kameda M, Kumon H, Date I. Study protocol of a Phase I/IIa clinical trial of Ad-SGE-REIC for treatment of recurrent malignant glioma. Future Oncol 2020; 16:151-159. [PMID: 31973596 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is one of the most common brain cancers in humans, which is very devastating. The expression of reduced expression in immortalized cells/Dickkopf-3 (REIC/Dkk-3) is decreased in various human cancers. Lately, we have developed a novel second-generation adenoviral vector that expresses REIC/Dkk-3 (Ad-SGE-REIC) and revealed its antiglioma efficacy. The present investigator-initiated clinical trial is a single-arm, prospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative, open-label, single-center trial performed at Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan. The primary end points are dose-limiting toxicities and the incidence of adverse events. The secondary end points are the objective response rate and immunological assessment. Use of Ad-SGE-REIC will help to improve the prognosis of patients with malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hishikawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted Therapy, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Oyama A, Shiraha H, Uchida D, Iwamuro M, Kato H, Takaki A, Ikeda F, Onishi H, Yasunaka T, Takeuchi Y, Wada N, Iwasaki Y, Sakata M, Okada H, Kumon H. A Phase I/Ib trial of Ad-REIC in liver cancer: study protocol. Future Oncol 2019; 15:3547-3554. [PMID: 31663777 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study will assess the safety and efficacy of the administration of adenoviral vector expressing the human-reduced expression in immortalized cells (Ad-REIC) to a liver tumor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer. A Phase I clinical study of Ad-REIC administration to a liver tumor in a patient with HCC or liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer will be conducted. The study is a single-arm, prospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative, open-label, single-center trial performed in Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan. Ad-REIC will be injected into the liver tumor under ultrasound guidance. Ad-REIC administration will be repeated a total of three-times every 2 weeks. The primary end point is the dose-limiting toxicity and incidence of adverse events. The secondary end points are the objective response rate and disease control rate. This study aims to expand the indication of Ad-REIC by assessing its safety and efficacy in patients with HCC or liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astushi Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hidenori Shiraha
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masaya Iwamuro
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hironari Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fusao Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideki Onishi
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yasunaka
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuto Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nozomu Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakata
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy (ICONT), Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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10
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Gondkar K, Patel K, Patil Okaly GV, Nair B, Pandey A, Gowda H, Kumar P. Dickkopf Homolog 3 (DKK3) Acts as a Potential Tumor Suppressor in Gallbladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1121. [PMID: 31737564 PMCID: PMC6828847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a common malignancy of biliary tract cancers and its incidence has been rising rapidly worldwide. The prognosis for this disease is dismal as most of the symptoms are non-specific leading to a definitive diagnosis only at a late stage. Loss of DKK3 gene is associated with a possible tumor suppressor role in human cancers. The role and regulation of DKK3 in GBC have not been studied. We found that DKK3 expression levels were low in GBC patients and cell lines. Treatment of GBC cell lines with demethylating agent 5-Aza- 2'-deoxycytidine enhances its expression, establishing impact of methylation on DKK3 expression. We observed low expression of DKK3 in gallbladder adenocarcinoma tumors and highly invasive GBC cell lines. We showed that overexpression of DKK3 can decrease cell invasion, proliferation, and colony forming ability of GBC cells. Our data thus demonstrated the DKK3 gene is a potential tumor suppressor gene in GBC and aberrant promoter methylation could be involved in its downregulation, which may play a role in the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gondkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Geeta V Patil Okaly
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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11
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Pashirzad M, Shafiee M, Khazaei M, Fiuji H, Ryzhikov M, Soleimanpour S, Hesari A, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potency of Wnt signaling antagonists in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, current status and perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1237-1247. [PMID: 30191954 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death in males. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disease by regulating angiogenesis, drug resistance, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Suppression of Wnt canonical or noncanonical signaling pathways via Wnt biological or pharmacological antagonists is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for patients with prostate cancer. This review summarizes the role of Wnt signaling inhibitors in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Pashirzad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payam-e-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - AmirReza Hesari
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Monteillier A, Allard PM, Gindro K, Wolfender JL, Cuendet M. Lung Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Patulin Isolated from Penicillium vulpinum. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29534536 PMCID: PMC6017800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal form of cancer in the world. Its development often involves an overactivation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, survival, mobility, and a decrease in apoptosis. Therefore, NF-κB inhibitors are actively sought after for both cancer chemoprevention and therapy, and fungi represent an interesting unexplored reservoir for such molecules. The aim of the present work was to find naturally occurring lung cancer chemopreventive compounds by investigating the metabolites of Penicillium vulpinum, a fungus that grows naturally on dung. Penicillium vulpinum was cultivated in Potato Dextrose Broth and extracted with ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract was performed by measuring NF-κB activity using a HEK293 cell line transfected with an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. The mycotoxin patulin was identified as a nanomolar inhibitor of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses revealed that its mechanism of action involved an inhibition of p65 nuclear translocation and was independent from the NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) degradation process. Enhancing its interest in lung cancer chemoprevention, patulin also exhibited antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antimigration effects on human lung adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Monteillier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Plant, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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13
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Hamzehzadeh L, Caraglia M, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3): A candidate for detection and treatment of cancers? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4595-4605. [PMID: 29206297 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an evolutionary highly conserved pathway that is modulated by several inhibitors and activators, and plays a key role in numerous physiological processes. One of the extracellular Wnt inhibitors is the DKK (Dickkopf Homolog) family which has four members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). DKK3 is a divergent member of the DKK protein family. Evidence suggests that DKK3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in several types of human cancers. We review here the biological role of DKK3 as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) or oncogene, and its correlation with various miRNAs. In addition, we discuss the role of polymorphisms and promoter methylation of the DKK3 gene, and of its expression in regulating cancer cell proliferation. Finally, we propose that DKK3 may be considered as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Driehuis E, Clevers H. WNT signalling events near the cell membrane and their pharmacological targeting for the treatment of cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4547-4563. [PMID: 28244067 PMCID: PMC5727251 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signalling is an essential signalling pathway for all multicellular animals. Although first described more than 30 years ago, new components and regulators of the pathway are still being discovered. Considering its importance in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis, it is not surprising that this pathway is often deregulated in human diseases such as cancer. Recently, it became clear that in addition to cytoplasmic components such as β-catenin, other, membrane-bound or extracellular, components of the WNT pathway are also altered in cancer. This review gives an overview of the recent discoveries on WNT signalling events near the cell membrane. Furthermore, membrane-associated components of the WNT pathway, which are more accessible for therapeutic intervention, as well therapeutic approaches that already target those components will be discussed. In this way, we hope to stimulate the development of effective anti-cancer therapies that target this fascinating pathway. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- University medical center (UMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- University medical center (UMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxime Center (PMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
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15
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Caffo M, Esposito E, Barresi V, Caruso G, Cardali SM, Rinaldi M, Mallamace R, Campolo M, Casili G, Conti A, Germanò A, Cuzzocrea S, Minutoli L. Modulation of Dkk-3 and claudin-5 as new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of meningiomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68280-68290. [PMID: 28978116 PMCID: PMC5620256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system, where the incidence is around 25% of all primary brain tumors. The optimal treatment is represented by total resection accompanied by the removal of the dura mater and bone when infiltrated by the tumor. The histological grading is the most important prognostic factor in the outcome. However, recurrences do occur in a significant proportion (10–25%) of cases, representing the most relevant clinical complication. Molecular therapies are providing to give different opportunities in the development of new treatments. The Dickkopf-related family of proteins includes four secretory proteins. The expression of the REIC/Dkk-3 gene is down-regulated in many tumor cell lines and could contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of the tissue microenvironment. An important role in carcinogenesis is played by Dickkopf protein-related protein 3, which is involved in embryonic development through its interaction and modulation of the pathway of the Wnt signal transduction. The mutations of this pathway are of clinical importance, because they lead to the onset of several cancers, including brain tumors, being also involved in tumor angiogenesis. The claudin-5, is an integral membrane protein, which regulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In various pathological processes, including inflammation, trauma and tumor, claudin 5 regulate the change in endothelial or epithelial permeability, therefore, modification in claudin-5 expression may play a role in malignant transformation. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the role of Dkk-3 and claudin-5 in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. A more correct identification of the role of these proteins might suggest interesting and new molecular targets for future therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caffo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Cardali
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Rinaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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16
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Putranto EW, Kinoshita R, Watanabe M, Sadahira T, Murata H, Yamamoto KI, Futami J, Kataoka K, Inoue Y, Winarsa Ruma IM, Sumardika IW, Youyi C, Kubo M, Sakaguchi Y, Saito K, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Huh NH, Sakaguchi M. Expression of tumor suppressor REIC/Dkk-3 by a newly improved adenovirus vector with insertion of a hTERT promoter at the 3'-side of the transgene. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1041-1048. [PMID: 28693271 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression in immortalized cells (REIC)/Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) overexpression, induced using an adenovirus (Ad)-REIC, has been revealed to have a dramatic therapeutic effect on multiple types of cancer. To achieve an improved therapeutic effect from Ad-REIC on cancer, our group previously developed an enhanced gene expression system, the C-TSC cassette [cytomegalovirus (CMV)-RU5' located upstream (C); another promoter unit composed of triple tandem promoters, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), simian virus 40 and CMV, located downstream of the cDNA (TSC); plus a polyadenylation (polyA) signal]. When applied to the conventional Ad-REIC, this novel system induced the development of an enhanced product, Ad-C-TSC-REIC, which exhibited a noticeable anticancer effect. However, there were difficulties in terms of Ad-C-TSC-REIC productivity in HEK293 cells, which are a widely used donor cell line for viral production. Productivity of Ad-C-TSC-REIC was significantly reduced compared with the conventional Ad-REIC, as the Ad-C-TSC-REIC had a significantly higher ability to induce apoptotic cell death of not only various types of cancer cell, but also HEK293 cells. The present study aimed to overcome this problem by modifying the C-TSC structure, resulting in an improved candidate: A C-T cassette (C: CMV-RU5' located upstream; T: another promoter unit composed of a single hTERT promoter, located downstream of the cDNA plus a polyA signal), which demonstrated gene expression comparable to that of the C-TSC system. The improved adenovirus REIC/Dkk-3 product with the C-T cassette, named Ad-C-T-REIC, exhibited a higher expression level of REIC/Dkk3, similar to that of Ad-C-TSC-REIC. Notably, the vector mitigated the cell death of donor HEK293 cells, resulting in a higher rate of production of its adenovirus. These results indicated that Ad-C-T-REIC has the potential to be a useful tool for application in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endy Widya Putranto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr Sardjito Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Sadahira
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ken Kataoka
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - I Made Winarsa Ruma
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Sumardika
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - Chen Youyi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Miyoko Kubo
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Niimi College, Niimi, Okayama 718-8585, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Niimi College, Niimi, Okayama 718-8585, Japan.,Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nam-Ho Huh
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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17
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Busceti CL, Marchitti S, Bianchi F, Di Pietro P, Riozzi B, Stanzione R, Cannella M, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Volpe M, Fornai F, Nicoletti F, Rubattu S. Dickkopf-3 Upregulates VEGF in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells by Activating Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (ALK1) Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:111. [PMID: 28352232 PMCID: PMC5348502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dkk-3 is a member of the dickkopf protein family of secreted inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, which has been shown to enhance angiogenesis. The mechanism underlying this effect is currently unknown. Here, we used cultured HUVECs to study the involvement of the TGF-β and VEGF on the angiogenic effect of Dkk-3. Addition of hrDkk-3 peptide (1 or 10 ng/ml) to HUVECs for 6 or 12 h enhanced the intracellular and extracellular VEGF protein levels, as assessed by RTPCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry and ELISA. The increase in the extracellular VEGF levels was associated to the VEGFR2 activation. Pharmacological blockade of VEGFR2 abrogated Dkk-3-induced endothelial cell tubes formation, indicating that VEGF is a molecular player of the angiogenic effects of Dkk-3. Moreover, Dkk-3 enhanced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and recruited Smad4 to the VEGF gene promoter, suggesting that Dkk-3 activated ALK1 receptor leading to a transcriptional activation of VEGF. This mechanism was instrumental to the increased VEGF expression and endothelial cell tubes formation mediated by Dkk-3, because both effects were abolished by siRNA-mediated ALK1 knockdown. In summary, we have found that Dkk-3 activates ALK1 to stimulate VEGF production and induce angiogenesis in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Busceti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simona Marchitti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franca Bianchi
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Barbara Riozzi
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
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18
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Cheng WL, Yang Y, Zhang XJ, Guo J, Gong J, Gong FH, She ZG, Huang Z, Xia H, Li H. Dickkopf-3 Ablation Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004690. [PMID: 28219919 PMCID: PMC5523766 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Dickkopf‐3 (DKK3) is a negative regulator of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, which is involved in inflammation. However, little is known about the relationship between DKK3 expression and the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to define the role of DKK3 and its potential mechanism in the development of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results Immunofluorescence analysis showed that DKK3 was strongly expressed in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques from patients with coronary heart disease and in hyperlipidemic mice. The expression level was significantly increased in atherogenesis. DKK3−/−ApoE−/− mice exhibited a significant decrease in atherosclerotic lesions in the entire aorta, aortic sinus, and brachiocephalic arteries. Transplantation of bone marrow from DKK3−/−ApoE−/− mice into lethally irradiated ApoE−/− recipients resulted in a reduction of atherosclerotic lesions, compared with the lesions in recipients transplanted with ApoE−/− donor cells, suggesting that the effect of DKK3 deficiency was largely mediated by bone marrow–derived cells. A reduction in the necrotic core size, accompanied by increased collagen content and smooth muscle cells and decreased accumulation of macrophages and lipids, contributed to the stability of plaques in DKK3−/−ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, multiple proinflammatory cytokines exhibited marked decreases in DKK3−/−ApoE−/− mice. Finally, we observed that DKK3 ablation increased β‐catenin expression in the nuclei of macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions DKK3 expression in macrophages is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through modulation of inflammation and inactivation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Han Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China .,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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The expression pattern and functional role of REIC/Dkk-3 in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Oka T, Kurozumi K, Shimazu Y, Ichikawa T, Ishida J, Otani Y, Shimizu T, Tomita Y, Sakaguchi M, Watanabe M, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Date I. A super gene expression system enhances the anti-glioma effects of adenovirus-mediated REIC/Dkk-3 gene therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33319. [PMID: 27625116 PMCID: PMC5022040 DOI: 10.1038/srep33319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression in immortalized cells/Dickkopf-3 (REIC/Dkk-3) is a tumor suppressor and therapeutic gene in many human cancers. Recently, an adenovirus REIC vector with the super gene expression system (Ad-SGE-REIC) was developed to increase REIC/Dkk-3 expression and enhance therapeutic effects compared with the conventional adenoviral vector (Ad-CAG-REIC). In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of Ad-SGE-REIC on malignant glioma. In U87ΔEGFR and GL261 glioma cells, western blotting confirmed that robust upregulation of REIC/Dkk-3 expression occurred in Ad-SGE-REIC-transduced cells, most notably after transduction at a multiplicity of infection of 10. Cytotoxicity assays showed that Ad-SGE-REIC resulted in a time-dependent and significant reduction in the number of malignant glioma cells attaching to the bottom of culture wells. Xenograft and syngeneic mouse intracranial glioma models treated with Ad-SGE-REIC had significantly longer survival than those treated with the control vector Ad-LacZ or with Ad-CAG-REIC. This study demonstrated the anti-glioma effect of Ad-SGE-REIC, which may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Oka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Ichikawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joji Ishida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shimizu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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21
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Xie L, Wang PX, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhao GN, Wang A, Guo J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Li H. DKK3 expression in hepatocytes defines susceptibility to liver steatosis and obesity. J Hepatol 2016; 65:113-124. [PMID: 27016281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a protein belonging to the DKK family, has been extensively investigated in the context of cancer, including liver cancer. However, the role of DKK3 in hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders remains largely unexplored. METHODS We detected the expression of DKK3 in the fatty livers of NAFLD patients and of obese mice and investigated the function of DKK3 in hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders by using hepatocyte-specific DKK3 deficiency or overexpression obese mice induced by high fat diet (HFD) or genetic defect (ob/ob). The molecular mechanisms underlying DKK3-regulated hepatic steatosis were further explored and verified in mice. RESULTS DKK3 expression was significantly decreased in the livers of NAFLD patients and of obese mice as well as in cultured hepatocytes stimulated with palmitate. Further investigation indicated that specific overexpression of DKK3 in hepatocytes enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, reduced the inflammatory response, and ameliorated the imbalance of lipid metabolism in response to HFD or genetic defects. In contrast, DKK3 deficiency in hepatocytes led to an almost complete reversal of these pathologies. Mechanistically, DKK3 combined with Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) under palmitate stimulation, and thus inhibited the activation of the downstream P38/JNK pathway. Importantly, dominant-negative ASK1 blocked the accelerated effects of DKK3 deficiency, while the constitutively active form of ASK1 overcame the inhibitory effects of DKK3 overexpression on HFD-induced metabolic disorders in vivo. CONCLUSION DKK3 functions as a negative regulator of insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and associated inflammatory responses, which depends on its inhibitory regulation of ASK1 activity. LAY SUMMARY DKK3 expression is decreased in the non-alcoholic fatty liver of humans and mice. Adding DKK3 expression alleviates fatty liver in mice by inhibiting ASK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfeng Xie
- Department of Hepatology and Infection, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China; Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guang-Nian Zhao
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Infection, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Al-Dhohorah T, Mashrah M, Yao Z, Huang J. Aberrant DKK3 expression in the oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2629. [PMID: 27349317 PMCID: PMC4933828 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess and compare the expression of Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3), a possible tumor suppressor gene (TSG), in oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) using immunohistochemistry. Seventy-five cases of normal oral mucosa (NOM), OLK, OSF, and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were studied. DKK3 was expressed in all cases of NOM, OLK and OSCC. There was steady increases in the percentage of the positive cells progressing toward OSCC. The expression was localized in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of cell affected by OLK with mild dysplasia and OLK with severe dysplasia. No significant association was observed between DKK3 expression and dysplastic status of OLK. Loss of DKK3 expression was observed in 15 of 30 cases in the OSF group, which was significantly associated with histological grade of OSF (P<0.0001). The percentage of positive cells gradually declined with the increasing severity of epithelial atrophy. A significant difference (P<0.01) was observed when comparing DKK3 expression among different groups of OLK and OSF cases. DKK3 may have diverse expressions in oral premalignant lesions. Loss of DKK3 expression in dysplastic/advanced stage of OSF may imply a high risk of progression to oral cancer.
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23
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Dkk3 prevents familial dilated cardiomyopathy development through Wnt pathway. J Transl Med 2016; 96:239-48. [PMID: 26641069 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the role of Dickkopf 3 (Dkk3) on the pathogenesis of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDCM), and whether and how Dkk3 interferes with Wnt signaling in heart tissues remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that strong Dkk3 expression was markedly downregulated in adult hearts from WT mice, and Dkk3 expression was upregulated suddenly in hearts from DCM mouse models. Using Dkk3 transgenic and knockout mice, as well as cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice, which manifests progressive chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction and has pathologic phenotypes similar to human DCM patients, we determined that transgenic expression of Dkk3 increased survival rate, improved cardiac morphology breakage and dysfunction, and ameliorated cardiac pathological changes in the cTnT(R141W) mice. In contrast, Dkk3 knockout reduced the survival rate and aggravated the pathological phenotypes of the cTnT(R141W) mice. The protective effects of Dkk3 appeared clearly at 3 months of age, peaked at 6 months of age, and decreased at 10 months of age in the cTnT(R141W) mice. Furthermore, we determined that Dkk3 upregulated Dvl1 (Dishevelled 1) and key proteins of the canonical Wnt pathway (cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin, c-Myc, and Axin2) and downregulated key proteins of the noncanonical Wnt pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)). In contrast, Dkk3 knockout reversed these changes in the cTnT(R141W) mice. In summary, Dkk3 could prevent FDCM development in mice, especially in the compensatory stage, and probably through activation of the canonical and inhibition of the noncanonical Wnt pathway, which suggested that Dkk3 could serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Eskander RN, Ali S, Dellinger T, Lankes HA, Randall LM, Ramirez NC, Monk BJ, Walker JL, Eisenhauer E, Hoang BH. Expression Patterns of the Wnt Pathway Inhibitors Dickkopf3 and Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins 1 and 4 in Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:125-32. [PMID: 26397159 PMCID: PMC5061499 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the differential expression patterns of the wingless-type (Wnt) pathway inhibitors Dkk3 (Dickkopf 3), SFRP1 (secreted frizzled-related protein 1), and SFRP4 in normal müllerian tissue and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma specimens. METHODS Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of the Wnt pathway inhibitors Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. A total of 87 human tissue specimens were obtained from 60 women who participated in Gynecologic Oncology Group protocol 210. Twenty-seven normal müllerian tissues, 32 early-stage, and 28 advanced-stage endometrial endometrioid cancer specimens were analyzed. RESULTS Median age for this cohort was 60 years, with median body mass index of 32 kg/m. There was a difference in Dkk3 protein expression between normal müllerian tissues and primary endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma samples (P = 0.05). There was down-regulation of Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 mRNA expression in patients with high-grade disease (P = 0.08, 0.06, and 0.05, respectfully). Furthermore, a decrease in SFRP1 and SFPR4 mRNA expression was noted in patients with a diagnosis of locoregional and distant disease recurrence. Lastly, a trend toward decreased progression-free survival in patients with low Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 mRNA expression levels was noted. CONCLUSIONS Wnt pathway inhibitor (Dkk3, sFRP1, and/or sFRP4) expression was down-regulated in patients with high-grade disease and was associated with locoregional and distant disease recurrence. Despite sample size (power) limitations, these results support previous preclinical studies and may suggest a therapeutic role for Wnt signaling in endometrial cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Chemokines
- Cohort Studies
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez N. Eskander
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center, Orange, CA
| | - Shamshad Ali
- Gynecologic Oncology Group, Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Thanh Dellinger
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Heather A. Lankes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Leslie M. Randall
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center, Orange, CA
| | - Nilsa C. Ramirez
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Bradley J. Monk
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Joan L. Walker
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Eric Eisenhauer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bang H. Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA
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Dkk-3 induces apoptosis through mitochondrial and Fas death receptor pathways in human mucinous ovarian cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:372-9. [PMID: 25514350 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dkk-3 is a Wnt signaling inhibitor that is frequently inactivated in human cancers. Dkk-3 possesses an antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis in tumor cells, suggesting that it functions as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we investigated the molecular function of Dkk-3 in human ovarian cancer cells. METHODS We assessed the levels of Dkk-3 protein expression in human mucinous and clear cell ovarian cancer cells, and compared cell viabilities between cell lines that expressed Dkk-3 and those that did not, as well as between cells that expressed Dkk-3 and those whose expression of Dkk-3 was reduced by small interfering RNA. We also evaluated the characteristic fragmentation of DNA to detect apoptosis in Dkk-3-deficient cells. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, we assessed the expression of molecules involved in apoptosis signaling pathways in Dkk-3-deficient cells. RESULTS The expression of the Dkk-3 protein was observed in most of the ovarian cancer cell lines tested. Dkk-3-deficient cells showed faster growth than Dkk-3-replete cells. The characteristic fragmentation of DNA was not observed in Dkk-3-deficient cells, which showed decreased levels of expression in caspase-3, activated caspase-9, Bax, p53, activated caspase-8, and Fas/CD95, as well as an increase in Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Although Dkk-3 expression was observed in most of human ovarian cancer cell lines, Dkk-3 has a tumor-suppressive function and a proapoptotic effect, inducing apoptosis through mitochondrial and Fas death receptor pathways in human mucinous ovarian cancer MCAS cells.
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Guo Q, Qin W. DKK3 blocked translocation of β-catenin/EMT induced by hypoxia and improved gemcitabine therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2832-41. [PMID: 26395974 PMCID: PMC4687707 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is activated in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression. Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) is a member of the human Dickkopf family and an antagonist of Wnt ligand activity. However, the function of DKK3 in this pathway in pancreatic cancer is rarely known. We examined the expression of DKK3 in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines, 75 pancreatic cancer and 75 adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Dickkopf-related protein 3 was frequently silenced and methylation in pancreatic cancer cell lines (3/6). The expression of DKK3 was significantly lower in pancreatic cancer tissues than in adjacent normal pancreas tissues. Further, ectopic expression of DKK3 inhibits nuclear translocation of β-catenin induced by hypoxia in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell. The forced expression of DKK3 markedly suppressed migration and the stem cell-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell in hypoxic conditions through reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The stable expression of DKK3 sensitizes pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell to gemcitabine, delays tumour growth and augments gemcitabine therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer xenotransplantation model. Thus, we conclude from our finding that DKK3 is a tumour suppressor and improved gemcitabine therapeutic effect through inducing apoptosis and regulating β-catenin/EMT signalling in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Qin
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kinoshita R, Watanabe M, Huang P, Li SA, Sakaguchi M, Kumon H, Futami J. The cysteine-rich core domain of REIC/Dkk-3 is critical for its effect on monocyte differentiation and tumor regression. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2908-14. [PMID: 25823913 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression in immortalized cells (REIC)/Dickkopf (Dkk)-3 is a tumor-suppressor gene and has been studied as a promising therapeutic gene for cancer gene therapy. Intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector carrying the human REIC/Dkk-3 gene (Ad-REIC) elicits cancer cell-specific apoptosis and anticancer immune responses. The cytokine-like effect of secretory REIC/Dkk-3 on the induction of dendritic cell (DC)-like cell differentiation from monocytes plays a role in systemic anticancer immunity. In the present study, we generated recombinant full-length and N-terminally truncated REIC/Dkk-3 to characterize the biological activity of the protein. During the purification procedure, we identified a 17 kDa cysteine-rich stable product (C17-REIC) showing limited degradation. Further analysis showed that the C17-REIC domain was sufficient for the induction of DC-like cell differentiation from monocytes. Concomitant with the differentiation of DCs, the REIC/Dkk-3 protein induced the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) at a level comparable to that of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In a mouse model of subcutaneous renal adenocarcinoma, intraperitoneal injection of full-length and C17-REIC proteins exerted anticancer effects in parallel with the activation of immunocompetent cells such as DCs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Taken together, our results indicate that the stable cysteine-rich core region of REIC/Dkk-3 is responsible for the induction of anticancer immune responses. Because REIC/Dkk-3 is a naturally circulating serum protein, the upregulation REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression could be a promising option for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Peng Huang
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shun-Ai Li
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Wang Z, Ma LJ, Kang Y, Li X, Zhang XJ. Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1097-106. [PMID: 25573172 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Dickkopf‑3 (Dkk3) is inactivated in lung cancer cells, while the inactivation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway by Dkk3 inhibits lung cancer progression. In the present study, we investigated whether Dkk3 enhances the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin. A549, Calu1 and H460 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were transfected with DKK3 siRNA, while the cisplatin‑resistant subline A549cis was transfected with DKK3. DKK3 expression was attenuated in A549cis, Calu1cis and H460cis compared to A549, Calu1 and H460, respectively. Lung adenocarcinoma cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle in vitro and in vivo were then analyzed. DKK3 knockdown by siRNA transfection rendered A549, Calu1 and H460 resistant to cisplatin. As a result of DKK3 transfection, the expression of DKK3 and E‑cadherin was significantly upregulated, while that of MMP7, survivin, c‑myc and cyclin D1 was downregulated. DKK3 overexpression retarded cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduced cell invasive ability in the A549 and A549cis cells. In addition, the proportions of apoptotic cells and the PARP level were significantly increased in A549cis‑ and H460cis‑DKK3 cells treated with cisplatin. Moreover, tumor growth was retarded more in cisplatin‑treated nude mice seeded with A549cis‑DKK3 cells than with A549cis cells. Cell viability increased with the pretreatment of SB216763 for 2 h in A549cis and A549cis‑DKK3 cells incubated with cisplatin (1 µM) for 72 h. In conclusion, the re‑activation of Dkk3 enhances the chemosensitivity to cisplatin in cisplatin‑resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, which requires additional studies to realize this potential in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Aberrant Loss of Dickkopf-3 in Gastric Cancer: Can It Predict Lymph Node Metastasis Preoperatively? World J Surg 2015; 39:1018-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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30
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Xu XY, Xia P, Yu M, Nie XC, Yang X, Xing YN, Liu YP, Takano Y, Zheng HC. The roles of REIC gene and its encoding product in gastric carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1414-31. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Forsdahl S, Kiselev Y, Hogseth R, Mjelle JE, Mikkola I. Pax6 regulates the expression of Dkk3 in murine and human cell lines, and altered responses to Wnt signaling are shown in FlpIn-3T3 cells stably expressing either the Pax6 or the Pax6(5a) isoform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102559. [PMID: 25029272 PMCID: PMC4100929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a transcription factor important for early embryo development. It is expressed in several cancer cell lines and tumors. In glioblastoma, PAX6 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor. Dickkopf 3 (Dkk3) is well established as a tumor suppressor in several tumor types, but not much is known about the regulation of its expression. We have previously found that Pax6 and Pax6(5a) increase the expression of the Dkk3 gene in two stably transfected mouse fibroblast cell lines. In this study the molecular mechanism behind this regulation is looked at. Western blot and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed higher level of Dkk3 expression in both Pax6 and Pax6(5a) expressing cell lines compared to the control cell line. By the use of bioinformatics and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) we have mapped a functional Pax6 binding site in the mouse Dkk3 promoter. The minimal Dkk3 promoter fragment required for transcriptional activation by Pax6 and Pax6(5a) was a 200 bp region just upstream of the transcriptional start site. Mutation of the evolutionary conserved binding site in this region abrogated transcriptional activation and binding of Pax6/Pax6(5a) to the mouse Dkk3 promoter. Since the identified Pax6 binding site in this promoter is conserved, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to look for regulation of Dkk3/REIC expression in human cell lines. Six of eight cell lines tested showed changes in Dkk3/REIC expression after PAX6 siRNA knockdown. Interestingly, we observed that the Pax6/Pax6(5a) expressing mouse fibroblast cell lines were less responsive to canonical Wnt pathway stimulation than the control cell line when TOP/FOP activity and the levels of active β-catenin and GSK3-β Ser9 phosphorylation were measured after LiCl stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Forsdahl
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Yury Kiselev
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
- Norwegian Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Medical Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Rune Hogseth
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Janne E. Mjelle
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Ingvild Mikkola
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Otani K, Li X, Arakawa T, Chan FKL, Yu J. Epigenetic-mediated tumor suppressor genes as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:445-55. [PMID: 23782252 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is believed to result in part from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to oncogene overexpression and tumor suppressor loss. Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated more frequently by promoter methylation than by mutation in gastric cancer. Identification of genes inactivated by promoter methylation is a powerful approach to discover novel tumor suppressor genes. We have previously identified tumor suppressor genes in gastric cancer by genome-wide methylation screening. The biological functions of these genes are related to cell adhesion, ubiquitination, transcription, p53 regulation and diverse signaling pathways. Some of the tumor suppressor genes are of particular clinical importance as they can be used as predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis or ongoing prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Otani
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li KaShing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Zenzmaier C, Sampson N, Plas E, Berger P. Dickkopf-related protein 3 promotes pathogenic stromal remodeling in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1441-52. [PMID: 23765731 PMCID: PMC3842835 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compartment-specific epithelial and stromal expression of the secreted glycoprotein Dickkopf-related protein (Dkk)-3 is altered in age-related proliferative disorders of the human prostate. This study aimed to determine the effect of Dkk-3 on prostate stromal remodeling that is stromal proliferation, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and expression of angiogenic factors in vitro. METHODS Lentiviral-delivered overexpression and shRNA-mediated knockdown of DKK3 were applied to primary human prostatic stromal cells (PrSCs). Cellular proliferation was analyzed by BrdU incorporation ELISA. Expression of Dkk-3, apoptosis-related genes, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and angiogenic factors were analyzed by qPCR, Western blot analysis or ELISA. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation was monitored by smooth muscle cell actin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 mRNA and protein levels. The relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways was assessed by cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin levels and phosphorylation of AKT. RESULTS Knockdown of DKK3 significantly attenuated PrSC proliferation as well as fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and increased the expression of the vessel stabilizing factor angiopoietin-1. DKK3 knockdown did not affect subcellular localization or levels of β-catenin but attenuated AKT phosphorylation in PrSCs. Consistently the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the effects of DKK3 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Dkk-3 promotes fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation and regulates expression of angiopoietin-1 in prostatic stroma potentially via enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling. Thus, elevated Dkk-3 in the stroma of the diseased prostate presumably regulates stromal remodeling by enhancing proliferation and differentiation of stromal cells and contributing to the angiogenic switch observed in BPH and PCa. Therefore, Dkk-3 represents a potential therapeutic target for stromal remodeling in BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Plas
- Department of Urology, Hanusch HospitalVienna, Austria
| | - Peter Berger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
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Yin DT, Wu W, Li M, Wang QE, Li H, Wang Y, Tang Y, Xing M. DKK3 is a potential tumor suppressor gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:507-14. [PMID: 23702469 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3) gene is downregulated in some human cancers, suggesting a possible tumor suppressor role of this gene. The role and regulation of DKK3 in thyroid cancer have not been examined. In this study, we explored the relationship of promoter methylation with the inactivation of DKK3 and tumor behaviors in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We used methylation-specific PCR and RT-PCR to examine the promoter methylation and expression of DKK3 and tumor characteristics. We found mRNA expression of DKK3 in 44.9% of the PTC tissue samples vs 100% of the matched normal thyroid tissue samples (P<0.01). In contrast, an opposite distribution pattern of DKK3 gene methylation was observed; specifically, 38.8% of the PTC tissue samples vs 0% of the matched normal thyroid tissue samples harbored DKK3 methylation. An inverse correlation between the promoter methylation and mRNA expression of DKK3 in PTC tissue samples was also observed. Moreover, we also found an inverse correlation between DKK3 expression and some aggressive pathological characteristics of PTC, including high TNM stages and lymph node metastasis, but a positive correlation between DKK3 promoter hypermethylation and pathological aggressiveness of the tumor. Treatment of the PTC cell line TPC-1 with the demethylating agent 5-azaC reduced DKK3 promoter methylation and enhanced its expression, establishing functionally the impact of DKK3 methylation on its expression. Our data thus for the first time demonstrate that the DKK3 gene is a potential tumor suppressor gene in thyroid cancer and that aberrant promoter methylation is an important mechanism for its downregulation, which may play a role in the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-tao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Reduced expression of DKK3 is associated with adverse clinical outcomes of uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:134-40. [PMID: 23154266 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182754feb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the expression of DKK3 protein and its target, beta-catenin, in uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma and to determine potential clinical correlations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six carcinoma in-situ (CIS) tissues and 88 invasive cervical cancer tissues were included in the study. Twenty-two normal cervical tissues and one gastric cancer tissue were used as controls. The expression of DKK3 and beta-catenin proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Clinical and pathological parameters were obtained from medical records. Survival data were estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared with a log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression method. RESULTS DKK3 was predominantly present in the cytoplasm. Beta-catenin was observed only on the cellular membrane of both normal and cancer cells in contrast to earlier reports, in which beta-catenin was localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells. The expressions of beta-catenin and DKK3 were not correlated. Three of 6 CIS (50%) and 57 of 88 invasive cancer specimens (64.8%) had lower DKK3 expression than normal controls. DKK3 expression was decreased in a stage-dependent manner (P = 0.021). The patients with low expression of DKK3 were older than those with high expression of DKK3 (P < 0.01). Moreover, the patients with low DKK3 expression had a significantly lower 5-year disease-free survival rate than those with high DKK3 expression (P = 0.026). A multivariate analysis showed that International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics clinical stage and parametrial involvement were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Decreased DKK3 expression was associated with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics clinical stages and was predictive of lower disease-free survival in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma. DKK3 may be implicated in cervical carcinogenesis through a beta-catenin-independent mechanism.
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Leung F, Dimitromanolakis A, Kobayashi H, Diamandis EP, Kulasingam V. Folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) protein is elevated in the serum of ovarian cancer patients. Clin Biochem 2013. [PMID: 23528302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.010] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in North America. Although survival rates are high when the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, this decreases exponentially in late-stage diagnoses. As such, there is a need for novel early detection biomarkers. Through an integrated approach to ovarian cancer biomarker discovery that combines proteomics with transcriptomics and bioinformatics, our laboratory has identified folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) and Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) as putative biomarkers. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of FOLR1 and Dkk-3 in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer, benign gynecological conditions and healthy women. DESIGN AND METHODS FOLR1 and Dkk-3 were analyzed in serum of 100 ovarian cancer patients, 100 patients with benign gynecological conditions, and 100 healthy women using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). All specimens were analyzed in triplicate. RESULTS FOLR1 was significantly elevated in the serum of ovarian cancer patients compared to serum of both healthy controls (P<0.0001) and patients with benign gynecological conditions (P<0.0001). Furthermore, FOLR1 was strongly correlated with CA125 as both were elevated in the serous histotype and in late-stage disease. FOLR1 did not outperform CA125 in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and there was no significant complementarity between the two markers. Dkk-3 was not significantly different between the three serum cohorts and was not correlated with CA125. CONCLUSIONS FOLR1 is a new biomarker for ovarian cancer which correlates closely with CA125. The role of FOLR1 in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Leung F, Dimitromanolakis A, Kobayashi H, Diamandis EP, Kulasingam V. Folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) protein is elevated in the serum of ovarian cancer patients. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1462-8. [PMID: 23528302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in North America. Although survival rates are high when the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, this decreases exponentially in late-stage diagnoses. As such, there is a need for novel early detection biomarkers. Through an integrated approach to ovarian cancer biomarker discovery that combines proteomics with transcriptomics and bioinformatics, our laboratory has identified folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) and Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) as putative biomarkers. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of FOLR1 and Dkk-3 in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer, benign gynecological conditions and healthy women. DESIGN AND METHODS FOLR1 and Dkk-3 were analyzed in serum of 100 ovarian cancer patients, 100 patients with benign gynecological conditions, and 100 healthy women using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). All specimens were analyzed in triplicate. RESULTS FOLR1 was significantly elevated in the serum of ovarian cancer patients compared to serum of both healthy controls (P<0.0001) and patients with benign gynecological conditions (P<0.0001). Furthermore, FOLR1 was strongly correlated with CA125 as both were elevated in the serous histotype and in late-stage disease. FOLR1 did not outperform CA125 in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and there was no significant complementarity between the two markers. Dkk-3 was not significantly different between the three serum cohorts and was not correlated with CA125. CONCLUSIONS FOLR1 is a new biomarker for ovarian cancer which correlates closely with CA125. The role of FOLR1 in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen L, Tweddle DA. p53, SKP2, and DKK3 as MYCN Target Genes and Their Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Oncol 2012; 2:173. [PMID: 23226679 PMCID: PMC3508619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Despite significant advances, it currently still remains one of the most difficult childhood cancers to cure, with less than 40% of patients with high-risk disease being long-term survivors. MYCN is a proto-oncogene implicated to be directly involved in neuroblastoma development. Amplification of MYCN is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies which can improve the survival rates whilst reducing the toxicity in these patients are therefore required. Here we discuss genes regulated by MYCN in neuroblastoma, with particular reference to p53, SKP2, and DKK3 and strategies that may be employed to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Newcastle, UK
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Fu CY, Su YF, Lee MH, Chang GD, Tsai HJ. Zebrafish Dkk3a protein regulates the activity of myf5 promoter through interaction with membrane receptor integrin α6b. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40031-42. [PMID: 23024366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic regulatory factor Myf5 plays important roles in muscle development. In zebrafish myf5, a microRNA (miR), termed miR-3906 or miR-In300, was reported to silence dickkopf-3-related gene (dkk3r or dkk3a), resulting in repression of myf5 promoter activity. However, the membrane receptor that interacts with ligand Dkk3a to control myf5 expression through signal transduction remains unknown. To address this question, we applied immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS to screen putative membrane receptors of Dkk3a, and Integrin α6b (Itgα6b) was finally identified. To further confirm this, we used cell surface binding assays, which showed that Dkk3a and Itgα6b were co-expressed at the cell membrane of HEK-293T cells. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation data also showed high affinity of Itgα6b for Dkk3a. We further proved that the β-propeller repeat domains of Itgα6b are key segments bound by Dkk3a. Moreover, when dkk3a and itgα6b mRNAs were co-injected into embryos, luciferase activity was up-regulated 4-fold greater than that of control embryos. In contrast, the luciferase activities of dkk3a knockdown embryos co-injected with itgα6b mRNA and itgα6b knockdown embryos co-injected with dkk3a mRNA were decreased in a manner similar to that in control embryos, respectively. Knockdown of itgα6b resulted in abnormal somite shape, fewer somitic cells, weaker or absent myf5 expression, and reduced the protein level of phosphorylated p38a in somites. These defective phenotypes of trunk muscular development were similar to those of dkk3a knockdown embryos. We demonstrated that the secreted ligand Dkk3a binds to the membrane receptor Itgα6b, which increases the protein level of phosphorylated p38a and activates myf5 promoter activity of zebrafish embryos during myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yang Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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HIRATA TAKESHI, WATANABE MASAMI, KAKU HARUKI, KOBAYASHI YASUYUKI, YAMADA HIROSHI, SAKAGUCHI MASAKIYO, TAKEI KOHJI, HUH NAMHO, NASU YASUTOMO, KUMON HIROMI. REIC/Dkk-3-encoding adenoviral vector as a potentially effective therapeutic agent for bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:559-64. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dellinger TH, Planutis K, Jandial DD, Eskander RN, Martinez ME, Zi X, Monk BJ, Holcombe RF. Expression of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-3 is associated with prognostic clinicopathologic characteristics and impairs proliferation and invasion in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 126:259-67. [PMID: 22555103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence implicates the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) as a tumor suppressor and potential biomarker in solid tumors. We investigated whether Dkk3 plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS We analyzed Dkk3 mRNA expression via real-time RT-PCR in twenty-seven human primary EC tissues, and six matched normal endometrial controls. Dkk3 levels were correlated with various clinicopathologic characteristics. Additionally, enforced Dkk3 expression was examined in proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, using MTT, soft agar assay, invasion assay, a xenograft mouse model, and a β-catenin-responsive SuperTopFlash luciferase assay. RESULTS Compared with matched normal endometrial cases, Dkk3 was down-regulated in EC (p<0.0001). Among cancer cases, Dkk3 expression was significantly reduced in patients with higher stage (p=0.002), positive pelvic lymph nodes (p=0.0004), non-endometrioid histology (p=0.02), and cytology-positive ECs (p=0.02). Enforced expression of Dkk3 in EC cell lines showed reduced proliferation (p<0.0001), anchorage-independent growth (p=0.005), invasion (p=0.02), and reduced TCF activity (p=0.04), confirming Dkk3 as a negative regulator of the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. Tumor growth in Dkk3-injected mice was not statistically different, though did plateau towards the end, and was associated with increased lymphoid infiltration and tumor necrosis. CONCLUSION Dkk3 gene expression is frequently downregulated in endometrial cancer, and is associated with poor prognostic clinicopathologic markers. The results also identify a role for Dkk3 as a tumor suppressor in EC, affecting both proliferation and invasiveness. These findings may prove to be important in the design of novel biomarkers and treatment modalities for advanced EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh H Dellinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Kataoka K, Du G, Maehara N, Murata H, Sakaguchi M, Huh N. Expression pattern of REIC/Dkk-3 in mouse squamous epithelia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:428-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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DNA methylation status of REIC/Dkk-3 gene in human malignancies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:799-809. [PMID: 22274868 PMCID: PMC3325424 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The REIC (reduced expression in immortalized cells)/Dkk-3 is down-regulated in various cancers and considered to be a tumor suppressor gene. REIC/Dkk-3 mRNA has two isoforms (type-a,b). REIC type-a mRNA has shown to be a major transcript in various cancer cells, and its promoter activity was much stronger than that of type-b. In this study, we examined the methylation status of REIC/Dkk-3 type-a in a broad range of human malignancies. Methods We examined REIC/Dkk-3 type-a methylation in breast cancers, non-small-cell lung cancers, gastric cancers, colorectal cancers, and malignant pleural mesotheliomas using a quantitative combined bisulfite restriction analysis assay and bisulfate sequencing. REIC/Dkk-3 type-a and type-b expression was examined using reverse transcriptional PCR. The relationships between the methylation and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Results The rate of REIC/Dkk-3 type-a methylation ranged from 26.2 to 50.0% in the various primary tumors that were examined. REIC/Dkk-3 type-a methylation in breast cancer cells was significantly heavier than that in the other cell lines that we tested. REIC/Dkk-3 type-a methylation was inversely correlated with REIC/Dkk-3 type-a expression. There was a correlation between REIC/Dkk-3 type-a and type-b mRNA expression. REIC/Dkk-3 type-a expression was restored in MDA-MB-231 cells using 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment. We found that estrogen receptor–positive breast cancers were significantly more common among the methylated group than among the non-methylated group. Conclusions REIC/Dkk-3 type-a methylation was frequently detected in a broad range of cancers and appeared to play a key role in silencing REIC/Dkk-3 type-a expression in these malignancies.
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Zenzmaier C, Heitz M, Klocker H, Buck M, Gardiner RA, Berger P. Elevated levels of Dickkopf-related protein 3 in seminal plasma of prostate cancer patients. J Transl Med 2011; 9:193. [PMID: 22071168 PMCID: PMC3240830 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of Dkk-3, a secreted putative tumor suppressor, is altered in age-related proliferative disorders of the human prostate. We now investigated the suitability of Dkk-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) in seminal plasma (SP). METHODS SP samples were obtained from 81 patients prior to TRUS-guided prostate biopsies on the basis of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA; > 4 ng/mL) levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. A sensitive indirect immunoenzymometric assay for Dkk-3 was developed and characterized in detail. SP Dkk-3 and PSA levels were determined and normalized to total SP protein. The diagnostic accuracies of single markers including serum PSA and multivariate models to discriminate patients with positive (N = 40) and negative (N = 41) biopsy findings were investigated. RESULTS Biopsy-confirmed PCa showed significantly higher SP Dkk-3 levels (100.9 ± 12.3 vs. 69.2 ± 9.4 fmol/mg; p = 0.026). Diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of SP Dkk-3 levels (0.633) was enhanced in multivariate models by including serum PSA (model A; AUC 0.658) or both, serum and SP PSA levels (model B; AUC 0.710). In a subpopulation with clinical follow-up > 3 years post-biopsy to ensure veracity of negative biopsy status (positive biopsy N = 21; negative biopsy N = 25) AUCs for SP Dkk-3, model A and B increased to 0.667, 0.724 and 0.777, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In multivariate models to detect PCa, inclusion of SP Dkk-3 levels, which were significantly elevated in biopsy-confirmed PCa patients, improved the diagnostic performance compared with serum PSA only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Veeck J, Dahl E. Targeting the Wnt pathway in cancer: the emerging role of Dickkopf-3. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:18-28. [PMID: 21982838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a major trait of many human cancers. Due to its vast implications in tumorigenesis and progression, the Wnt pathway has attracted considerable attention at several molecular levels, also with respect to developing novel cancer therapeutics. Indeed, research in Wnt biology has recently provided numerous clues, and evidence is accumulating that the secreted Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) and its regulators may constitute interesting therapeutic targets in the most important human cancers. Based on the currently available literature, we here review the knowledge on the biological role of Dkk-3 as an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway, the involvement of Dkk-3 in several stages of tumor development, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms disrupting DKK3 gene function in cancerous cells, and the potential clinical value of Dkk-3 expression/DKK3 promoter methylation as a biomarker and molecular target in cancer diseases. In conclusion, Dkk-3 rapidly emerges as a key player in human cancer with auspicious tumor suppressive capacities, most of all affecting apoptosis and proliferation. Its gene expression is frequently downregulated by promoter methylation in almost any solid and hematological tumor entity. Clinically, evidence is accumulating of Dkk-3 being both a potential tumor biomarker and effective anti-cancer agent. Although further research is needed, re-establishing Dkk-3 expression in cancer cells holds promise as novel targeted molecular tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Veeck
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Gu YM, Ma YH, Zhao WG, Chen J. Dickkopf3 overexpression inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3810-7. [PMID: 21987623 PMCID: PMC3181442 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i33.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the role of dickkopf3 (Dkk3) in human pancreatic cancer cell growth.
METHODS: Dkk3 mRNA and protein expression in human pancreatic cancer cell lines were detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Methylation of the Dkk3 promoter sequence was examined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and Dkk3 mRNA expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR after 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) treatment. The effects of Dkk3 on cancer cell proliferation and in vitro sensitivity to gemcitabine were investigated by CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) after transfecting the Dkk3 expression plasmid into human pancreatic cancer cells. The expression of β-catenin, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (pERK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) was also examined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting after upregulating Dkk3 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells.
RESULTS: The results show that the expression levels of both Dkk3 mRNA and protein were low in all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested. The Dkk3 promoter sequence was methylated in the MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cell lines, which showed reduced Dkk3 expression. These two cell lines, which initially had a methylated Dkk3 promoter, showed increased Dkk3 mRNA expression that was dependent upon the dosage and timing of the DNA demethylating agent, 5-aza-dC, treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). When Dkk3 expression was upregulated following the transfection of a Dkk3 expression plasmid into MIA PaCa-2 cells, the ability of cells to proliferate decreased (P < 0.01), and the expression of β-catenin and pERK was downregulated (P < 0.01). Sensitivity to gemcitabine was enhanced in Dkk3 expression plasmid-transfected cells.
CONCLUSION: Our findings, for the first time, implicate Dkk3 as a tumor suppressor in human pancreatic cancer, through the downregulation of β-catenin expression via the ERK-mediated pathway.
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De Brouwer S, Mestdagh P, Lambertz I, Pattyn F, De Paepe A, Westermann F, Schroeder C, Schulte JH, Schramm A, De Preter K, Vandesompele J, Speleman F. Dickkopf-3 is regulated by the MYCN-induced miR-17-92 cluster in neuroblastoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2591-8. [PMID: 21796614 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a paediatric tumour with a remarkable diverse clinical behaviour. Approximately half of the high stage aggressive tumours are characterized by MYCN gene amplification but our understanding of the role of MYCN in NB oncogenesis is incomplete. Previous studies have shown that MYCN expression is inversely correlated with expression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a gene encoding an extracellular protein with presumed tumour suppressor activity, but direct MYCN regulation of DKK3 was excluded leaving the mechanism of regulation unexplained. Given the recently established role of MYCN-regulated miRNAs in downregulation of protein-coding genes and predicted seeds for miR-17-92 cluster members within the DKK3 3'UTR, we hypothesized that this mechanism would act in MYCN regulation of DKK3. To investigate this, we used a validated miR-17-92-inducible cellular system and could demonstrate robust downregulation of DKK3 mRNA and protein levels upon miR-17-92 overexpression. Next, two of the three predicted miRNAs, miR-19b and miR-92a, were shown to lower DKK3 protein levels, in addition to measurable DKK3 mRNA knock-down by miR-92a. Direct interaction between miR-19b or miR-92a and the 3'UTR of DKK3 was validated using luciferase reporter assays. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the MYCN-induced downregulation of DKK3 results from direct upregulation of miR-17-92 components effecting both DKK3 mRNA stability and translation which further contributes to the pleiotropic oncogenic effect of elevated MYCN levels. The strict MYCN-mediated regulation of DKK3 is suggestive for an important downstream function of the MYCN protein and thus warrants further investigations to unravel the role of DKK3 in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Brouwer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Du G, Kataoka K, Sakaguchi M, Abarzua F, Than SS, Sonegawa H, Makino T, Shimizu T, Huh NH. Expression of REIC/Dkk-3 in normal and hyperproliferative epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:273-7. [PMID: 21323747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf (Dkk) family members are known as Wnt modulators involved in the development, cell growth/differentiation and cancer. REIC/Dkk-3, which does not interfere with Wnt signalling, has been proposed to be a tumor suppressor gene, but its physiological function has remained unclear. In this study, we analysed the expression of REIC/Dkk-3 in normal interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hyperproliferative epidermis. REIC/Dkk-3 was expressed in human and mouse IFE, being localized at the interface of upper spinous layer and granular layer. Skin cancer cell lines lost REIC/Dkk-3 expression as reported previously. When we analysed patient samples, REIC/Dkk-3 expression was down-regulated in the hyperproliferative epidermis including skin cancers and non-cancerous proliferative diseases. REIC/Dkk-3 expression was also suppressed in the regenerative and inflammative epidermis of model mice. These findings will certainly contribute to the extension of studies on REIC/Dkk-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Du
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Yao H, Ashihara E, Maekawa T. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:873-87. [PMID: 21486121 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.577418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell growth, cell development and the differentiation of normal stem cells. Constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is found in many human cancers, and is thus an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy. Specific inhibitors of this pathway have been keenly researched and developed. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the potential of inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, as a therapeutic approach for cancer, along with an overview of the development of specific inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a significant role in the development and recurrence of several cancers, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for the proliferation of CSCs. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is therefore a promising treatment approach. Progress has been made in the development of screening methods to identify Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors. Biomarker-based screening is an effective and promising method for the identification of compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Yao
- Kyoto University Hospital, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto, Japan
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