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Chu W, Hu G, Peng L, Zhang W, Ma Z. The use of a novel deer antler decellularized cartilage-derived matrix scaffold for repair of osteochondral defects. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:23. [PMID: 34479610 PMCID: PMC8414868 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The physiologic regenerative capacity of cartilage is severely limited. Current studies on the repair of osteochondral defects (OCDs) have mainly focused on the regeneration of cartilage tissues. The antler cartilage is a unique regenerative cartilage that has the potential for cartilage repair. Methods Antler decellularized cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds (adCDMs) were prepared by combining freezing-thawing and enzymatic degradation. Their DNA, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and collagen content were then detected. Biosafety and biocompatibility were evaluated by pyrogen detection, hemolysis analysis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and subcutaneous implantation experiments. adCDMs were implanted into rabbit articular cartilage defects for 2 months to evaluate their therapeutic effects. Results AdCDMs were observed to be rich in collagen and GAGs and devoid of cells. AdCDMs were also determined to have good biosafety and biocompatibility. Both four- and eight-week treatments of OCDs showed a flat and smooth surface of the healing cartilage at the adCDMs filled site. The international cartilage repair society scores (ICRS) of adCDMs were significantly higher than those of controls (porcine dCDMs and normal saline) (p < 0.05). The repaired tissue in the adCDM group was fibrotic with high collagen, specifically, type II collagen. Conclusions We concluded that adCDMs could achieve excellent cartilage regeneration repair in a rabbit knee OCDs model. Our study stresses the importance and benefits of adCDMs in bone formation and overall anatomical reconstitution, and it provides a novel source for developing cartilage-regenerating repair materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13036-021-00274-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Lin Peng
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Innovation Site, Jinan University Affiliation, Yuanzhi Health Technology Co, Ltd, Hengqin New District, 519000, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. .,Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China.
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Schneier M, Razdan S, Miller AM, Briceno ME, Barua S. Current technologies to endotoxin detection and removal for biopharmaceutical purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2588-2609. [PMID: 32333387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major contributors to the pyrogenic response caused by contaminated pharmaceutical products, formulation ingredients, and medical devices. Recombinant biopharmaceutical products are manufactured using living organisms, including Gram-negative bacteria. Upon the death of a Gram-negative bacterium, endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides) in the outer cell membrane are released into the lysate where they can interact with and form bonds with biomolecules, including target therapeutic compounds. Endotoxin contamination of biologic products may also occur through water, raw materials such as excipients, media, additives, sera, equipment, containers closure systems, and expression systems used in manufacturing. The manufacturing process is, therefore, in critical need of methods to reduce and remove endotoxins by monitoring raw materials and in-process intermediates at critical steps, in addition to final drug product release testing. This review paper highlights a discussion on three major topics about endotoxin detection techniques, upstream processes for the production of therapeutic molecules, and downstream processes to eliminate endotoxins during product purification. Finally, we have evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal processes from a perspective of high purity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Schneier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sidharth Razdan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Allison M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Maria E Briceno
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
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Dullah EC, Ongkudon CM. Current trends in endotoxin detection and analysis of endotoxin–protein interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:251-261. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1141393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Clarie Dullah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Clarence M. Ongkudon
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Yamamoto A, Sakai T, Ochiai M, Kamachi K, Kataoka M, Toyoizumi H, Arakawa Y, Horiuchi Y. Augmenting Effect of Antibiotics on Endotoxin Activity May Cause a Safety Problem. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:97-102. [PMID: 14978334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing/interfering effect of antibiotics on endotoxin was evaluated using the endotoxin test and the cell line assay in 28SC cells that has a responsiveness consistent with that of human peripheral blood. When a total of 21 products of seven different kinds of antibiotics were tested, none showed any significant effect on the endotoxin test at its therapeutic dose. However, aminoglycosides showed a significant augmenting effect on IL-6 induction of endotoxin in 28SC cells. Detailed examination of the augmenting effect was made on spectinomycin in the in vitro cell line assay and also in the lethal endotoxin challenge assay in D -galactosamine-treated mice. Spectinomycin also enhanced the endotoxin lethality in D -galactosamine-treated mice. A kinetic analysis in endotoxin-sensitized 28SC cells revealed that the augmentation takes place as quickly as 10 min after spectinomycin treatment. Accordingly, a special caution concerning the augmenting effect was assumed necessary for the safety control of antibiotic products as well as for selecting antibiotics for the therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ochiai M, Kataoka M, Toyoizumi H, Yamamoto A, Kamachi K, Horiuchi Y. A QuantitativeIn VitroAssay Method for Detecting Biological Activity of Endotoxin Using Prostaglandin E2Induction in Rabbit Peripheral Blood. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:585-90. [PMID: 14524619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pyrogen test and the endotoxin test (the LAL test) have been playing crucial roles in detecting endotoxin in parenteral drugs. The current test methods, however, have disadvantages such as requiring a large number of animals or an inadequacy in evaluation of in vivo endotoxin activity. We attempted to establish a new assay method that can overcome the shortcomings of the current methods. We standardized the in vitro assay method by the use of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induction from peripheral blood of rabbits for detecting endotoxin activity. A linear dose-response regression was attained from approximately 0.15 to 5 endotoxin units/ml of Japanese national reference standard endotoxin by the in vitro assay. The assay showed a fine correlation with the pyrogen test but not with the LAL test, when endotoxins from various bacterial sources were tested. The in vitro assay was also shown to have the capability of detecting a synergistic effect of endotoxin and parenteral drugs. The in vitro PGE2 induction test using rabbit blood was, therefore, suggested to be the appropriate test method for guaranteeing the same level of safety of parenteral drugs as the pyrogen test does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ochiai
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Banerjee S, Mohanan P. Inflammatory response to pyrogens determined by a novel ELISA method using human whole blood. J Immunol Methods 2011; 369:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Strategic Approaches for Developing Alternative Tests for Safety and Potency of Vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Applicability of bacterial endotoxins test to various blood products by the use of endotoxin-specific lysates. Biologicals 2010; 38:629-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ogikubo Y, Norimatsu M, Noda K, Takahashi J, Inotsume M, Tsuchiya M, Tamura Y. Evaluation of the bacterial endotoxin test for quantification of endotoxin contamination of porcine vaccines. Biologicals 2004; 32:88-93. [PMID: 15454187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the application of the bacterial endotoxin test for the quantification of the endotoxin contamination of various commercial porcine vaccines. In endotoxin-spiked samples, Freund's complete adjuvant and aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant failed to interfere with the results of the endotoxin test, and both recovery ratios were within the permissible range mentioned in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. At the various dilutions tested, none of the adjuvants in commercial porcine vaccines caused noteworthy interference in the test. In addition, none of the 39 samples of porcine vaccines approved in Japan induced an interfering effect in the endotoxin test. Our findings suggest that the bacterial endotoxin test using endotoxin-specific Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) can detect endotoxin contamination in commercial porcine vaccines containing either oil or aluminum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Ogikubo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.
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Yamamoto A, Ochiai M, Kataoka M, Toyoizumi H, Horiuchi Y. Development of a highly sensitive in vitro assay method for biological activity of endotoxin contamination in biological products. Biologicals 2002; 30:85-92. [PMID: 12127309 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2002.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrogen test in rabbits has been replaced by the bacterial endotoxin test. The endotoxin test, however, showed a considerable discrepancy with pyrogenicity and was, therefore, assumed to have an efficacy limitation in directly predicting harmful biological effects of endotoxin. We developed a sensitive in vitro assay method by making use of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induction in RAW264.7 cells, which showed a fine correlation with pyrogenicity in rabbits. RAW264.7 cells maintained by serial subculture under an endotoxin-free condition have gained the similar level of sensitivity as the endotoxin test to allow extensive dilutions of a drug for eliminating adverse effects on the cells. The in vitro TNF-alpha induction assay was shown to be capable to detect quantitatively a synergistic effect of a drug and endotoxin. The synergy is assumed necessary to be taken into consideration to define the limit value for the endotoxin test for guaranteeing the similar level of safety as by the pyrogen test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Safety Research on Biologics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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Bohrer D, Hörner R, do Nascimento PC, Adaime M, Pereira ME, Martins AF, Hartz SA. Interference in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay for endotoxin determination in peritoneal dialysis fluids and concentrates for hemodialysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:811-8. [PMID: 11600292 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The interference of the saline concentration of fluids for peritoneal dialysis and concentrates for hemodialysis on the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for endotoxins was investigated. The experiments were carried out individually with each substance that compose fluids for hemodialysis, to determine the possible inhibition or enhancement effects that they could cause on the LAL assay. The compositions were also assayed to investigate the possibility of synergistic effect. They were assayed by the gel-clot method from two different suppliers, and the samples that showed inhibition effect were also assayed by the chromogenic method. The samples were analysed at successive dilutions, with different LAL sensitivities, to satisfy the endotoxin limits of 5 EU/ml for the concentrate and 0.25 EU/ml for the fluid for dialysis peritoneal. The results showed that the major interference on the gel-clot assay occurs in presence of acetic acid and in concentrates containing acid acetic, even the pH being adjusted between 6.5 and 7.5. However, the test, after an adequate dilution, could be validating for all samples. Chromogenic test can be used for peritoneal dialysis fluids considering a limit of 0.25 EU/ml and sample dilution of eight times, but it cannot be used for concentrates for hemodialysis without further dilution. Considering the results and that the chromogenic is a more time-consuming method, endotoxins in fluids for hemodialysis can be satisfactorily assayed by the gel-clot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bohrer
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97110 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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