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HLA-DRB1 ∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1 ∗05:02 Alleles Influence the Susceptibility and Progression of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3801143. [PMID: 34630564 PMCID: PMC8497119 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The influence of HLA class I and II loci on the susceptibility to melanoma remains an area of intense debate. This study aimed to examine whether the HLA system was related to melanoma susceptibility and prognosis in a southern Spanish population. Methods In this study, HLA class I and class II genotyping were performed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotides (PCR-SSO) in 237 Spanish melanoma patients and 636 ethnically matched controls. Data were analyzed according to the clinical characteristics of the defined subgroups. Results Compared to the control group, DRB1∗16:01 (4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.28) and DQB1∗05:02 (4.9% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 2.54) were positivity associated with the susceptibility to melanoma. Both DRB1∗16:01 (5.4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 4.46) and DQB1∗05:02 (6.5% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 3.44) also showed a positive correlation with Breslow thickness >1.5 mm, most notably at an early age of diagnosis (≤58 years), DRB1∗16:01 (4.2% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.41) and DQB1∗05:02 (5.4% vs. 2%, p=0.002, Pc = 0.034, OR = 2.86). Conclusion These findings established HLA-DRB1∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1∗05:02 loci as melanoma risk factors in the southern Spanish population.
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Durgeau A, Virk Y, Corgnac S, Mami-Chouaib F. Recent Advances in Targeting CD8 T-Cell Immunity for More Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29403496 PMCID: PMC5786548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer treatment have emerged from new immunotherapies targeting T-cell inhibitory receptors, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD)-1. In this context, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated survival benefits in numerous cancers, including melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. PD-1-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes appear to play a major role in the response to these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) eliminate malignant cells through recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) of specific antigenic peptides presented on the surface of cancer cells by major histocompatibility complex class I/beta-2-microglobulin complexes, and through killing of target cells, mainly by releasing the content of secretory lysosomes containing perforin and granzyme B. T-cell adhesion molecules and, in particular, lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 and CD103 integrins, and their cognate ligands, respectively, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-cadherin, on target cells, are involved in strengthening the interaction between CTL and tumor cells. Tumor-specific CTL have been isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with varied cancers. TCRβ-chain gene usage indicated that CTL identified in vitro selectively expanded in vivo at the tumor site compared to autologous PBL. Moreover, functional studies indicated that these CTL mediate human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted cytotoxic activity toward autologous tumor cells. Several of them recognize truly tumor-specific antigens encoded by mutated genes, also known as neoantigens, which likely play a key role in antitumor CD8 T-cell immunity. Accordingly, it has been shown that the presence of T lymphocytes directed toward tumor neoantigens is associated with patient response to immunotherapies, including ICI, adoptive cell transfer, and dendritic cell-based vaccines. These tumor-specific mutation-derived antigens open up new perspectives for development of effective second-generation therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,ElyssaMed, Paris Biotech Santé, Paris, France
| | - Yasemin Virk
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Corgnac
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Dendritic cells loaded with mRNA encoding full-length tumor antigens prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1063-74. [PMID: 22371843 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with full-length tumor antigen could improve immunotherapy by stimulating broad T-cell responses and by allowing treatment irrespective of the patient's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. To investigate this, we determined the specificity of T cells from melanoma patients treated with DCs loaded with mRNA encoding a full-length tumor antigen fused to a signal peptide and an HLA class II sorting signal, allowing presentation in HLA class I and II. In delayed-type hypersensitive (DTH)-biopsies and blood, we found functional CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells recognizing novel treatment-antigen-derived epitopes, presented by several HLA types. Additionally, we identified a CD8(+) response specific for the signal peptide incorporated to elicit presentation by HLA class II and a CD4(+) response specific for the fusion region of the signal peptide and one of the antigens. This demonstrates that the fusion proteins contain newly created immunogenic sequences and provides evidence that ex vivo-generated mRNA-modified DCs can induce effector CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells from the naive T-cell repertoire of melanoma patients. Thus, this work provides definitive proof that DCs presenting the full antigenic spectrum of tumor antigens can induce T cells specific for novel epitopes and can be administered to patients irrespective of their HLA type.
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Martorelli D, Muraro E, Merlo A, Turrini R, Rosato A, Dolcetti R. Role of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the control of viral diseases and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:371-402. [PMID: 20635880 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.489658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the physiological role of CD4(+) T lymphocytes has improved in the last decade: available data convincingly demonstrate that, besides the 'helper' activity, CD4(+) T cells may be also endowed with lytic properties. The cytotoxic function of these effector cells has a relevant role in the control of pathogenic infections and in mediating antitumor immune responses. On these bases, several immunotherapeutic approaches exploiting the cytotoxic properties of CD4(+) T cells are under investigation. This review summarizes available data supporting the functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells, with a particular focus on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Martorelli
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
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Jursik C, Prchal M, Grillari-Voglauer R, Drbal K, Fuertbauer E, Jungfer H, Albert WH, Steinhuber E, Hemetsberger T, Grillari J, Stockinger H, Katinger H. Large-scale production and characterization of novel CD4+ cytotoxic T cells with broad tumor specificity for immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:339-53. [PMID: 19240181 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune-cell-based approaches using cytotoxic and dendritic cells are under constant scrutiny to design novel therapies for the treatment of tumors. These strategies are hampered by the lack of efficient and economical large-scale production methods for effector cells. Here we describe the propagation of large amounts of a unique population of CD4(+) cytotoxic T cells, which we termed tumor killer T cells (TKTC), because of their potent and broad antitumor cell activity. With this cultivation strategy, TKTCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells are generated within a short period of time using a pulse with a stimulating cell line followed by continuous growth in serum-free medium supplemented with a mixture of interleukin-2 and cyclosporin A. Expression and functional profiling did not allow a classification of TKTCs to any thus far defined subtype of T cells. Cytotoxic assays showed that TKTCs kill a panel of tumor targets of diverse tissue origin while leaving normal cells unaffected. Blocking experiments revealed that TKTC killing was, to a significant extent, mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and was independent of MHC restriction. These results suggest that TKTCs have a high potential as a novel tool in the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jursik
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Campillo JA, Martínez-Escribano JA, Muro M, Moya-Quiles R, Marín LA, Montes-Ares O, Guerra N, Sánchez-Pedreño P, Frías JF, Lozano JA, García-Alonso AM, Alvarez-López MR. HLA class I and class II frequencies in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma from southeastern Spain: the role of HLA-C in disease prognosis. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:926-33. [PMID: 16365741 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Available data have led to a controversy on the relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cutaneous malignant melanoma susceptibility or prognosis. Moreover, the influence of HLA-C on melanoma has not yet been well established. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze the possible influence of the HLA system on melanoma susceptibility and prognosis in the Spanish population. For this purpose, HLA-A and HLA-B serotyping and HLA-C, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 genotyping by polymerase chain reactions using sequence-specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) and sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) were performed in 174 melanoma patients and 227 ethnically matched controls. The number of controls was increased up to 356 for HLA-C typing. Patients were stratified according to the histological subtypes of melanoma, sentinel lymph node status, tumor thickness, and ulceration of primary lesion. No HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, or HLA-DQB1 relationship with melanoma was observed for susceptibility or disease prognosis. However, the analysis of HLA-C locus showed that individuals homozygous for HLA-C(Lys80) were significantly more frequent within the patient than the control group. Remarkably, individuals homozygous for group 2 HLA-C alleles (HLA-C(Lys80)) seem to be associated with metastatic progression of melanoma. In contrast, we found a negative association between group 1 HLA-C alleles (HLA-C(Asn80)) and disease susceptibility or metastasis development. In conclusion, although an association with HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, or HLA-DQB1 was not demonstrated, the study of the HLA-C locus revealed that the analysis of the dimorphism at position 80 in the alpha1 helix may help to evaluate the risk and prognosis of melanoma in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Campillo
- Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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Wong R, Lau R, Chang J, Kuus-Reichel T, Brichard V, Bruck C, Weber J. Immune responses to a class II helper peptide epitope in patients with stage III/IV resected melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5004-13. [PMID: 15297401 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of CD8(+) cytolytic T cells for protection from viral infection and in the generation of immune responses against tumors has been well established. In contrast, the role of CD4(+) T-helper cells in human infection and in cancer immunity has yet to be clearly defined. In this pilot study, we show that immunization of three resected, high-risk metastatic melanoma patients with a T-helper epitope derived from the melanoma differentiation antigen, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells-1, results in CD4(+) T-cell immune responses. Immune reactivity to that epitope was detected by DR4-peptide tetramer staining, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay of fresh and restimulated CD4(+) T cells from patients over the course of the 12-month vaccine regimen. The postvaccine CD4(+) T cells exhibited a mixed T-helper 1/T-helper 2 phenotype, proliferated in response to the antigen and promiscuously recognized the peptide epitope bound to different human leukocyte antigen-DRbeta alleles. For 1 DRbeta1*0401(+) patient, antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells recognized human leukocyte antigen-matched antigen-expressing tumor cells, secreted granzyme B, and also exhibited cytolysis that was MHC class II-restricted. These data establish the immunogenicity of a class II epitope derived from a melanoma-associated antigen and support the inclusion of class II peptides in future melanoma vaccine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wong
- Department of Medicine, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Ayres FM, Narita M, Takahashi M, Alldawi L, Liu A, Osman Y, Abe T, Yano T, Sakaue M, Toba K, Furukawa T, Aizawa Y. A Comparative Study of the JAM Test and51Cr‐Release Assay to Assess the Cytotoxicity of Dendritic Cells on Hematopoietic Tumor Cells. Immunol Invest 2003; 32:219-27. [PMID: 14603991 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120025102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells and possess a direct anti-tumor cytotoxic ability. Nevertheless, the mechanism of anti-tumor cytotoxicity by DCs and the methods for its evaluation are not fully elucidated. In order to clarify this mechanism of cytotoxicity, we examined the ability of DCs 1) to suppress [3H] thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake by tumor cells; 2) to induce cytolysis on 51Cr-labeled tumor cells; 3) and to induce DNA fragmentation on 3H-TdR labeled tumor cells (JAM test). Cytolysis and DNA fragmentation are markers of necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms of cytotoxicity in vitro, respectively. DCs inhibited approximately 38.6% to 54.8% of the growth of B4D6, NB4, U937, and Daudi cells as evaluated by the uptake of 3H-TdR. However no cytolysis was verified by 51Cr-release assay. On the other hand, cytotoxicity rates found using the JAM test ranged from 3 to 81% depending on the cell line and the effector to target cell ratio. The discrepancy of cytotoxicity between 51Cr-release assay and the JAM test may be due to the phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells or the absorption of released 51Cr by DCs surrounding the target cells. In conclusion, the JAM test was more sensitive than the 4-h and the 10-h 51Cr-release assay to investigate cytotoxicity mediated by DCs toward hematopoietic tumor cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio M Ayres
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Bernsen MR, Håkansson L, Gustafsson B, Krysander L, Rettrup B, Ruiter D, Håkansson A. On the biological relevance of MHC class II and B7 expression by tumour cells in melanoma metastases. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:424-31. [PMID: 12569387 PMCID: PMC2747534 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies have indicated that specific immune reactivity plays a crucial role in the control of malignant melanoma. In this context, expression of MHC I, MHC II and B7 molecules by melanoma cells is seen as relevant for the immune response against the tumour. For a better understanding of the biological relevance of MHC II and B7 expression by tumour cells in metastatic melanoma, we studied the expression of these molecules in melanoma metastases in relation to the inflammatory response, regression of the tumour and survival from 27 patients treated with biochemotherapy (30 mg m(-2) Cisplatin and 250 mg m(-2) decarbazine (dimethyl-triazene-imidazole-carboxamide, DTIC) on days 1-3 i.v., and 10(7) IU IFN-alpha 2b 3 days a week s.c., q. 28d). In 19 out of 27 lesions studied, we found expression of MHC II by the tumour cells, while only in one out of 11 tumour biopsies obtained from untreated metastatic melanoma patients, MHC II expression was detected. Expression of B7.1 and B7.2 by tumour cells was found in nine out of 24 and 19 out of 24 lesions, respectively. In all cases where B7.1 expression was found, expression of B7.2 by the tumour cells was also seen. In general, no or only few inflammatory cells positive for B7 were found. Expression of MHC II by tumour cells was positively correlated with the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, regression of the lesion, and with time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) of the patient. However, no significant correlation between B7.1 or B7.2 expression and regression of the tumour, TTP or OS was found. In light of other recent findings, these data altogether do support a role as biomarker for MHC II expression by tumour cells; however, its exact immunological pathomechanism(s) remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bernsen
- Division of Clinical Tumour Immunology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF, Zeng G, Dudley M, Rosenberg SA. Multiple HLA class II-restricted melanocyte differentiation antigens are recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with melanoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6036-47. [PMID: 12421991 PMCID: PMC2410044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic clinical responses were observed in patient 888 following the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Previously, extensive analysis of the specificity of class I-restricted T cells from patient 888 TIL has revealed that these T cells recognize a mutated, as well as several nonmutated tumor Ags. Additional studies that were conducted on TIL from patient 888 indicated that they contained CD4-positive T cells that recognized the autologous tumor that had been induced to express HLA class II molecules. Tumor-reactive CD4-positive T cell clones were isolated from TIL and tested for their ability to react with Ags that are recognized by HLA class I-restricted, melanoma-reactive T cells. Using this approach, T cell clones were identified that recognized an epitope expressed in both the tyrosinase-related protein 1 and tyrosinase-related protein 2 Ags in the context of the HLA-DRbeta1*1502 class II gene product. Additional clones were found to recognize an epitope of gp100 in the context of the same HLA-DR restriction element. These observations provide an impetus to develop strategies directed toward generating HLA class II-restricted tumor-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- HLA-DRB5 Chains
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanocytes/immunology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidoreductases
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B42, Bethesda, MD 20892-7502, USA
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