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Prokopczyk A, Wochyński Z. Influence of a special training process on the psychomotor skills of cadet pilots – Pilot study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1019495. [PMID: 36248464 PMCID: PMC9557286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the pilot study was to check the influence of the training process on the Special Aviation Gymnastics Instruments (SAGI) on the improvement of the psychomotor skills, expressed as an increase in the percentage of ability to perform all tasks and the number of reels on a loop. Materials and methods Cadets - second year pilots (n = 20), male, mean age 20.8 years old, studying at the faculty of a pilot. Cadets were carrying out a 40-h special pilot training program on SAGI. They were subjected to two exercise tests (reels forward on looping), before and after the period of special training. Exercise tests were performed with the use of a diagnostic and training device used to assess psychomotor skills. During two tests, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. The obtained results were analysed statistically. Results There was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of ability to perform all tasks (p < 0.01) and a statistically insignificant increase in the number of reels forward on looping, in test II in relation to test I. A significant increase was found in the correct execution of arithmetic operations (p < 0.05) in test II in relation to test I. In the remaining tests, an increase in results in test II was noted, but it was not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between the percentage ability to perform all tasks and the number of completed reels in test I (p < 0.05) and insignificant in test II. In test II, a statistically insignificant higher level of heart rate and blood pressure before and after the effort was noted, compared to test I. Conclusion It was found that the training process on SAGI increased the psychomotority level by increasing the percentage of ability to perform all tasks and the number of reels, in test II in relation to test I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Prokopczyk
- Department of Sport and Defence Education, Ponan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Adam Prokopczyk,
| | - Zbigniew Wochyński
- Department of Aviation Safety Transport, Military University of Aviation, Dęblin, Poland
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Benau EM, Makara A, Orloff NC, Benner E, Serpell L, Timko CA. How Does Fasting Affect Cognition? An Updated Systematic Review (2013-2020). Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:376-390. [PMID: 34595721 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review was to provide an update on the literature examining how voluntary, temporary abstention from eating impacts cognitive function. RECENT FINDINGS We evaluated peer-reviewed articles published between August 2013 and January 2021 that assessed adults, included a measure of cognitive functioning with neutral stimuli, and compared individuals in a fasted state to individuals in a fed state (either within- or between-subject designs). Nineteen articles (21 studies) met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes, fasting methods, and tasks varied across studies. Review of studies indicated that fasting was associated with deficits in cognitive functioning; few studies indicated a benefit in cognitive functioning following a single voluntary fast. The heterogeneity and rarity of available studies limits the conclusions that can be drawn. Several crucial psychosocial and sociodemographic moderators remain unexplored. Recommendations for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Makara
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Benner
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - C Alix Timko
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Hunt JA, Anderson SL, Spangler D, Gilley R. Influence of instructor-to-student ratio for teaching suturing skills with models. Vet Surg 2021; 50:556-563. [PMID: 33577138 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of instructor to student ratio on the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching suturing skills to veterinary students. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized study. SAMPLE POPULATION Second-year veterinary students (N = 121). METHODS Students were randomly divided into three groups to participate in four 2-hour skills laboratory sessions in which suturing of the subcutaneous tissue was taught by using a simple continuous pattern, suturing of the skin was taught by using continuous patterns, suturing of the skin was taught by using interrupted patterns, and suturing of hollow organs was taught by using inverting patterns. For each laboratory, the groups were taught by using instructor-to-student ratios of 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 on a rotating basis. Students were surveyed at the end of each laboratory, and underwent individual performance assessments at the end of each laboratory session and again at the end of the semester in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). RESULTS For each of the four in-laboratory assessments and the OSCE, no difference in performance was detected between groups. When they were surveyed, students in all groups reported that there was an adequate number of instructors in the laboratory and that they received help in a timely fashion when help was requested (median for all groups = agree). CONCLUSION For students with prior surgical skills education and with the use of prelaboratory instructional videos, teaching at the 1:10 instructor-to-student ratio was efficient and effective. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Good educational outcomes may be reached with a 1:10 instructor-to-student ratio or, potentially, fewer instructors, depending on the educational aids present in the laboratory and students' prior level of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Hunt
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee
| | - Stacy L Anderson
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee
| | - Dawn Spangler
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee
| | - Robert Gilley
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee
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Johnson GM, Stein AB, Fitzgerald NM, Copeland CC, Velazquez DM, Trowbridge T. Predictors of preclinical hand skill performance in dental school. J Dent Educ 2020; 84:1117-1125. [PMID: 32594525 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Preclinical dental school instructors often observe some first-year students develop hand skills required for dental procedures more quickly and more easily than their peers. When questioned regarding prior experience, these advanced students often participated in physical activities that seem to predispose them to adapt their previously learned psychomotor hand skills to those required for dentistry. OBJECTIVE This study examines the results of an Institutional Review Board approved 22-question survey of various lifelong predental school activities and correlations to first-year and second-year simulation clinic practical exam performance. DESIGN The survey was taken anonymously at the Midwestern University College of Dental Medicine-Arizona by 4 consecutive dental school classes of 2017-2020 composed of 560 students, 552 of which responded. The purpose was to discover associations between lifelong activities and practical exam scores that may act as predictors of preclinical ability to develop visualization and psychomotor hand skills required for dental procedures. RESULTS Higher preclinical practical scores were found to have the most correlation with higher levels of participation in psychomotor, artistic and outdoor physical activities. Participation in computer, musical instrument and culinary activities had no significant correlation, and prior experience in the medical or dental field had a negative correlation. CONCLUSION The lack of participation in these predisposing lifelong activities may predict slower development of dental hand skills and signal the need for more hands-on tutorial instruction in the simulation clinic so these students do not lag behind their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Johnson
- College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy B Stein
- Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy M Fitzgerald
- College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Cara C Copeland
- College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Daphne M Velazquez
- College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Tatiyana Trowbridge
- College of Dental Medicine-Arizona, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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Poltavski D, Bernhardt K, Mark C, Biberdorf D. Frontal theta-gamma ratio is a sensitive index of concussion history in athletes on tasks of visuo-motor control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17565. [PMID: 31772237 PMCID: PMC6879532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mTBI often show deficits in executive function and changes in neural activity. Similar changes in those with a history of mTBI (i.e. concussion), however, have not been consistently reported. Frontal theta-to-gamma frequency ratio has shown promise in EEG research in predicting performance on working memory tasks. In the present study we explored the sensitivity of the frontal theta-to-gamma relative power spectral density (PSD) ratio to the history of concussion in 81 youth athletes (18 with a history of concussion, ages 13–18) during the tests of the Nike Sensory Training Station that vary in working memory and processing speed demands and motor output requirements. The results showed that the theta-to-gamma relative PSD ratio was significantly lower in the concussion history group on the tests of target capture, perception span and hand reaction time. A principle component analysis further indicated that this metric reflects an underlying dimension shared by several visuo-motor control tests of the Nike battery. The results suggested persistent deficits in psychomotor ability in the athletes with a history of concussion that may have implications for diagnosis, rehabilitation and athletic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Poltavski
- Department of Psychology, 501 N Columbia Rd, Stop 8380, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202-8380, ND, USA.
| | - Kyle Bernhardt
- Department of Psychology, 501 N Columbia Rd, Stop 8380, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202-8380, ND, USA
| | - Christopher Mark
- Department of Psychology, Salem State University, 352 Lafayette St., Salem, MA, 01970, USA
| | - David Biberdorf
- Valley Vision Clinic, 2200 S. Washington St., Grand Forks, 58201, ND, USA
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Habib SR. Rubric system for evaluation of crown preparation performed by dental students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2018; 22:e506-e513. [PMID: 29498157 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the use of an analytic rubric system for the evaluation of all-ceramic crown preparation on the right maxillary central incisor performed by the dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two-third-year students and 8 faculty members from prosthodontics participated in this double-blind study. The students prepared an ivorine tooth # 11 for all-ceramic crown. The students were given clear instructions regarding the all-ceramic crown preparation and informed about the criteria for the assessment of the preparation. An analytic rubric based on 10-point scale for assessment of various preparation parameters was used by the 8 examiners. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS One-way analysis of variance indicated significance amongst the examiners for all the parameters except for time management. The overall mean scoring by examiners was 7.60 ± 1.18, with highest and lowest mean scores for Examiner 1 (8.02 ± 1.06) and Examiner 4 (6.82 ± 1.50), respectively. The highest number of interexaminer variation (difference) in scoring was found for two plane reduction, and the least difference amongst the examiners was observed for finishing of margins and walls of the preparation. Examiner 4 had the highest number of significant difference with the rest of the examiners. The students scored least marks in axial reduction (56.33%) and preservation of adjacent teeth (66.9%). CONCLUSIONS Criteria-based assessment using analytic rubric for crown preparations in pre-clinical fixed prosthodontics is an effective tool for finding the errors/weak areas of dental students.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Habib
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
This research examined the dimensionality and the correlates of self-reported cognitive failures. The first goal was to determine what factors, in addition to a general one, are needed to explain self-reported cognitive failures. To explore this issue, both Rasch measurement and confirmatory factor analysis were employed. The second goal was to determine if cognitive failures might be predicted with personality factors, general cognitive ability, and the need for cognition. A sample of 552 USAF airmen responded to the Broadbent Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), a Big-Five personality inventory, the Abstract Reasoning Test, the Speeded Cognitive Ability Test, and the Need for Cognition survey. Both Rasch modeling and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a single factor dominated CFQ responses. Regression analysis showed that CFQ responses were predicted well by personality factors (R = .60).
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Tirre
- National Center for Education Statistics, Institute for Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 550 12th Street, S.W., Washington DC, USA 20202. E-mail: . This research was conducted at the Air Force Research Laboratory, where the author was previously employed. E-mail: . U.S. Department of Education WashingtonDC USA
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Puchert JI, Dodd N, Viljoen K. The relationship between type of secondary education and subject choice with technically oriented aptitudes for automotive operators. SA JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Perrot A, Bertsch J. Role of Age in Relation between Two Kinds of Abilities and Performance in Acquisition of New Motor Skill. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 104:91-101. [PMID: 17450969 DOI: 10.2466/pms.104.1.91-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of age-related differences in skilled performance was the focus of analyses of cognitive-performance scores-relationships in acquisition of a new motor skill. 31 younger adults and 33 older adults were tested on both a cognitive and a psychomotor test. Then, they were asked to learn a juggling task over 12 sessions of 20 min. Analysis indicated age-related differences in the rate of learning. Acquisition by the younger adult group was significantly faster than that by the older adult group. This difference was also reflected in the relationship of cognition and performance for the two age groups. Motor execution for the older adults seemed to require more psychomotor ability, especially at the end of the learning sessions, and was dependent on cognitive control. This trend is consistent with the perspective that cognitive predictors of performance are related to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Perrot
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pratiques Physiques, UPRES JE 2494-UFR STAPS, Bâtiment 335, Université Paris-Sud Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Vartiainen MV, Holm A, Lukander J, Lukander K, Koskinen S, Bornstein R, Hokkanen L. A novel approach to sports concussion assessment: Computerized multilimb reaction times and balance control testing. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 38:293-307. [PMID: 26647221 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1107031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang L, Krasich K, Bel-Bahar T, Hughes L, Mitroff SR, Appelbaum LG. Mapping the structure of perceptual and visual-motor abilities in healthy young adults. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 157:74-84. [PMID: 25747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to quickly detect and respond to visual stimuli in the environment is critical to many human activities. While such perceptual and visual-motor skills are important in a myriad of contexts, considerable variability exists between individuals in these abilities. To better understand the sources of this variability, we assessed perceptual and visual-motor skills in a large sample of 230 healthy individuals via the Nike SPARQ Sensory Station, and compared variability in their behavioral performance to demographic, state, sleep and consumption characteristics. Dimension reduction and regression analyses indicated three underlying factors: Visual-Motor Control, Visual Sensitivity, and Eye Quickness, which accounted for roughly half of the overall population variance in performance on this battery. Inter-individual variability in Visual-Motor Control was correlated with gender and circadian patters such that performance on this factor was better for males and for those who had been awake for a longer period of time before assessment. The current findings indicate that abilities involving coordinated hand movements in response to stimuli are subject to greater individual variability, while visual sensitivity and occulomotor control are largely stable across individuals.
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Velayo BC, Stark PC, Eisen SE, Kugel G. Using Dental Students’ Preclinical Performance as an Indicator of Clinical Success. J Dent Educ 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.6.tb05735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C. Stark
- Department of Public Health and Community Service; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
| | | | - Gerard Kugel
- Dental Research and Professor of Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
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Abstract
Malaysian students ages 12 to 15 years ( N = 330; 165 girls, 165 boys) took the Australian Institute of Sport Talent Identification Test (AIST) and the Balance and Movement Coordination Test (BMC), developed specifically to identify sport talent in Malaysian adolescents. To investigate evidence for general aptitude ( “g”) in motor ability, a higher-order factor analysis was applied to the motor skills subtests from the AIST and BMC. First-order principal components analysis indicated that scores for the adolescent boys and girls could be described by similar sets of specific motor abilities. In particular, sets of skills identified as Movement Coordination and Postural Control were found, with Balancing Ability also emerging. For the girls, a factor labeled Static Balance was indicated. However, for the boys a more general balance ability labeled Kinesthetic Integration was found, along with an ability labeled Explosive Power. These first-order analyses accounted for 45% to 60% of the variance in the scores on the motor skills tests for the boys and girls, respectively. Separate second-order factor analyses for the boys and girls extracted a single higher-order factor, which was consistent with the existence of a motoric “g.”
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Paul Hear
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Brian Blanksby
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia
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Polyzois I, Claffey N, McDonald A, Hussey D, Quinn F. Can evaluation of a dental procedure at the outset of learning predict later performance at the preclinical level? A pilot study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2011; 15:104-109. [PMID: 21492346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of conventional pre-clinical training in dentistry and to determine if evaluation of a dental procedure at the beginning of dental training can be a predictor for future performance. A group of second year dental students with no previous experience in operative dentistry were asked to prepare a conventional class I cavity on a lower first molar typodont. Their first preparation was carried out after an introductory lecture and a demonstration and their second at the end of conventional training. The prepared typodonts were coded and blindly scored for the traditional assessment criteria of outline form, retention form, smoothness, cavity depth and cavity margin angulation. Once the codes were broken, a paired t-test was used to compare the difference between the means of before and after scores (P<0.0001) and a Pearson's linear correlation to test the association (r=0.4). From the results of this study, we could conclude that conventional preclinical training results in a significant improvement in the manual skills of the dental students and that the dental procedure used had only a limited predictive value for later performance at the preclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Polyzois
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Tessier K. Effectiveness of hands-on education for correct child restraint use by parents. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2010; 42:1041-1047. [PMID: 20441811 PMCID: PMC2865471 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates whether a hands-on educational intervention makes a significant difference in the proper use of a child passenger restraint by a parent. The clinical trial design included a sample of 111 parents who were at least seven months pregnant and who were randomly assigned to one of two groups (56 intervention and 55 control). All participants received a free car seat and a standardized education session on the safety and use of child passenger restraints. The experimental group received an additional component consisting of a hands-on demonstration and return demonstration of correct installation and use in their own vehicle. Follow-up observation for correctness of use was done after birth using a standardized tool. A total of 24 (22%) parents correctly used the car seat; of these, 18 (32%) were in the intervention group and 6 (11%) were in the control group. The intervention group was four times more likely to have correct use than the control group (odds ratio 4.3, p-value=0.0074). The range for the number of errors per person was 0-7, with the majority (70%) having 0-2. The rate of errors was 33% less in the intervention group (ratio of 0.67). There were few serious errors in either group. No secondary variable (age, education, income, or help from others) had a significant effect on the outcome. The hands-on educational intervention made a significant difference in the proper use of a child passenger restraint by a parent. This study demonstrates the value of hands-on teaching for learning how to install and use a child car seat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tessier
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Webster Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To develop a conceptual model of chemotherapy-related changes in cognitive function. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, CINAHL, HealthStar, and PsycINFO databases. DATA SYNTHESIS Patients undergoing chemotherapy often complain of forgetfulness, absentmindedness, and an inability to focus when performing a variety of daily tasks. Changes in cognitive function have been referred to by the colloquial term "chemo-brain." The authors conducted an examination of the literature to investigate relationships among concepts and to synthesize current knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function, defined as higher-order mental processes, may be altered along two distinct and interacting pathways: (a) the cancer diagnosis, which can lead to anxiety, stress, distress, and depression; and (b) the direct physiologic effects of cancer treatment. The Chemotherapy-Related Change in Cognitive Function conceptual model is informed by a review of literature that illustrates antecedents, moderators, mediators, and consequences that may be relevant to this issue. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING When a patient presents with cognitive complaints, the problems can be evaluated for intervention when an overall understanding exists of chemotherapy-related cognitive changes based on a conceptual model that continues to be informed through well-conceptualized and well-designed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hess
- The College of Medicine, the Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson
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Curtis DA, Lind SL, Brear S, Finzen FC. The Correlation of Student Performance in Preclinical and Clinical Prosthodontic Assessments. J Dent Educ 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2007.71.3.tb04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Curtis
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences; School of Dentistry; University of California; San Francisco
| | - Samuel L. Lind
- School of Economics and Business Administration; Saint Mary's College of California
| | - Sheila Brear
- School of Dentistry; University of California; San Francisco
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Abstract
Several investigators have claimed over the past decade that working memory (WM) and general intelligence (g) are identical, or nearly identical, constructs, from an individual-differences perspective. Although memory measures are commonly included in intelligence tests, and memory abilities are included in theories of intelligence, the identity between WM and intelligence has not been evaluated comprehensively. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 86 samples that relate WM to intelligence. The average correlation between true-score estimates of WM and g is substantially less than unity (p=.479). The authors also focus on the distinction between short-term memory and WM with respect to intelligence with a supplemental meta-analysis. The authors discuss how consideration of psychometric and theoretical perspectives better informs the discussion of WM-intelligence relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Ackerman
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
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Schmiedek F, Li SC. Toward an Alternative Representation for Disentangling Age-Associated Differences in General and Specific Cognitive Abilities. Psychol Aging 2004; 19:40-56. [PMID: 15065930 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Much of cognitive aging research concerns whether age-associated differences in various cognitive performances can be accounted for by general explanatory constructs or whether several specific processes are involved. Structural equation models have been proposed to disentangle general and specific age-associated differences in cognitive performance. This article demonstrates that existing methods that employ stepwise procedures run the risk of biasing results toward general resource accounts. An alternative model representation (i.e., the nested factor model) is proposed that affords simultaneous estimation of general and specific effects and is applied to data from the Berlin Aging Study. Using the nested factor model allowed the authors to detect that specific group factors explained 25% of the age-associated variance in addition to the general factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmiedek
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
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