1
|
Li H, Meng F, Li A. Ecological risk assessment for xylenes and propylbenzenes in aquatic environment using a species sensitivity distribution approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115106. [PMID: 37290297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylenes and propylbenzenes (PBZs) are volatile aromatic hydrocarbons with high aquatic toxicity. Xylenes can be present in three isomers: o-xylene (OX), m-xylene (MX), and p-xylene (PX), while PBZs include two isomers: n-propylbenzene (n-PBZ) and isopropylbenzene (i-PBZ). Their accidental spills and improper discharges from petrochemical industries can cause severe contamination in water bodies posing potential ecological risks. In this study, the published acute toxicity data of these chemicals for aquatic species were collected to calculate hazardous concentrations protecting 95% species (HC5) using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. The acute HC5 values for OX, MX, PX, n-PBZ, and i-PBZ were estimated to be 1.73, 3.05, 1.23, 1.22, and 1.46 mg/L, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) values calculated based on HC5 indicated their high risk (RQ: 1.23 ∼ 21.89) in groundwater, but low risk (RQ < 0.1) in natural seawater, river water, and lake water. When xylenes or PBZs leaked into the sea, they were expected to pose a high risk (RQ > 1) at the start and then a low risk (RQ < 0.1) after 10 days due to natural attenuation. These results may help to derive more reliable protection thresholds for xylenes and PBZs in aquatic environment and provide a basis for evaluating their ecological risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Aifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmoudian F, Moghaddam AH, Davachi SM. Genetic‐based multi‐objective optimization of alkylation process by a hybrid model of statistical and artificial intelligence approaches. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Mahmoudian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Amin Hedayati Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
- Soft Tissue Engineering Research Center Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng L, Lin Y, Meng F, Wu J, Zheng Y, Sun T, Wang G. Environmental fate and aquatic effects of propylbenzenes and trimethylbenzenes: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128533. [PMID: 33059290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Propylbenzenes (PBZs) and trimethylbenzenes (TMBs) are aromatic hydrocarbon compounds widely used in many industries with potential release to different environments. The fate and aquatic effects of these compounds in the environment were evaluated. Evidence suggests that PBZs and TMBs will rapidly volatilise from water and bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, these compounds are readily biodegradable, whereby 1,2,3-TMB is more stable than the others. In air, all five compounds have atmospheric photo-oxidation half-lives ranging from 0.31 to 1.55 d. The toxicity data collectively show that PBZs, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-TMB pose high acute toxicity effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, freshwater species are more sensitive to these compounds than marine species. There is not much data on the occurrence of PZBs and TMBs in the aquatic environment. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the fate of PBZs and TMBs. Moreover, the acute and joint toxicity of these compounds to different aquatic organisms, especially in marine organisms, warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Tianli Sun
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Guoshan Wang
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cumene Contamination in Groundwater: Observed Concentrations, Evaluation of Remediation by Sulfate Enhanced Bioremediation (SEB), and Public Health Issues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228380. [PMID: 33198342 PMCID: PMC7696069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isopropylbenzene (cumene) is commonly encountered in groundwater at petroleum release sites due to its natural occurrence in crude oil and historical use as a fuel additive. The cumene concentrations detected at these sites often exceed regulatory guidelines or standards for states with stringent groundwater regulations. Recent laboratory analytical data collected at historical petroleum underground storage tank (UST) release sites have revealed that cumene persists at concentrations exceeding the default cleanup criterion, while other common petroleum constituents are below detection limits or low enough to allow natural attenuation as a remediation strategy. This effectively makes cumene the driver for active remediation at some sites. An insignificant amount of research has been conducted for the in-situ remediation of cumene. Sulfate Enhanced Biodegradation (SEB) is evaluated in a field case study. The results from the field case study show an approximate 92% decrease in plume area following three rounds of SEB injections. An additional objective of this research was to determine the cumene concentration in fuels currently being used to determine future impacts. A review of safety data sheets from several fuel suppliers revealed that cumene concentrations in gasoline are reported typically as wide ranges due to the proprietary formulations. Several fuels from different suppliers were analyzed to determine a baseline of cumene concentration in modern fuels. The results of the analysis indicated that cumene accounts for approximately 0.01% (diesel) to 0.13% (premium gasoline) of the overall fuel composition. Cumene generally is considered to be of low human health toxicity, with the principal concern being eye, skin, and respiratory irritation following inhalation of vapors in an occupational setting, but it has been regulated in Florida at very low concentrations based on organoleptic considerations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee Y, Lee S, Jin CM, Kwon JA, Kang T, Choi I. Facile Fabrication of Large-Scale Porous and Flexible Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28242-28249. [PMID: 30052422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Assembling metallic nanoparticles and trapping target molecules within the probe volume of the incident light are important in plasmonic detection. Porous solid structures with three-dimensionally integrated metal nanoparticles would be very beneficial in achieving these objectives. Currently, porous inorganic oxides are being prepared under stringent conditions and further subjected to either physical or chemical attachment of metal nanoparticles. In this study, we propose a facile method to fabricate large-scale porous and flexible three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic networks. Initially, uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), in which metal ions are dissolved, diffuses spontaneously into the simple sugar crystal template via capillary action. As PDMS is cured, metal ions are automatically reduced to form a dense array of metal nanoparticles. After curing, the sugar template is easily removed by water treatment to obtain porous 3D plasmonic networks. We controlled the far-field scattering and near-field enhancement of the network by changing either the metal ion precursor or its concentration. To demonstrate the key advantages of our 3D plasmonic networks, such as simple fabrication, optical signal enhancement, and molecular trapping, we conducted sensitive Raman detection of several important molecules, including adenine, humidifier disinfectants, and volatile organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Lee
- Department of Life Science , University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Department of Life Science , University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Min Jin
- Department of Life Science , University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung A Kwon
- Department of Life Science , University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Sogang University , Seoul 121-742 , Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science , University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Darmer KI, Neeper-Bradley TL, Cushman JR, Morris CR, Francis BO. Developmental Toxicity of Cumene Vapor in Cd Rats and New Zealand White Rabbits. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158197227224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential developmental toxicity of cumene vapor (99.9% pure) was assessed in pregnant CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats and New Zealand White rabbits exposed for 6 h per day by inhalation, the most relevant route of potential human exposure. Groups of 25 rats were exposed on gestational days (GD) 6–15 to concentrations of 0 (filtered air), 100, 500, or 1200 ppm, and groups of 15 rabbits were exposed on GD 6–18 to 0, 500, 1200, and 2300 ppm cumene vapor. In rats, reduced maternal body weight gain and increased relative liver weight was observed at 1200 ppm cumene. In rats and rabbits, reduced food consumption was observed at concentrations of 500 and 1200 ppm. A t 2300 ppm, 2 rabbits died, body weight gain and food consumption were reduced during the exposure period, and relative liver weights were increased. None of the gestational parameters, including numbers of viable implantations per litter, sex ratio, and fetal body weights, were affected at any exposure level in rats or rabbits. There were no treatment-related increases in incidences of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations or in the incidences of variations at any level. Thus, in rats, the no observable adverse effect level (NO A EL) for maternal toxicity was 100 ppm and the NO A EL for developmental toxicity was 1200 ppm, the highest concentration of cumene vapor tested. In rabbits, there was no NO A EL for maternal toxicity, but the NO A EL for developmental toxicity was 2300 ppm for cumene, the highest concentration tested. Therefore, even at exposure levels associated with maternal toxicity, cumene was not a developmental toxicant by inhalation exposure in either rats or rabbits.
Collapse
|