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Pandya P, Isakov N. PICOT promotes T lymphocyte proliferation by down-regulating cyclin D2 expression. World J Immunol 2020; 10:1-12. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase C-interacting cousin of thioredoxin (PICOT; also termed glutaredoxin 3) is a multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin that is involved in a wide variety of signaling pathways and biological processes. PICOT is required for normal and transformed cell growth and is critical for embryonic development. Recent studies in T lymphocytes demonstrated that PICOT can translocate to the nucleus and interact with embryonic ectoderm development, a polycomb group protein and a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2, which contributes to the maintenance of transcriptional repression and chromatin remodeling. Furthermore, PICOT was found to interact with chromatin-bound embryonic ectoderm development and alter the extent of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation at the promoter region of selected polycomb repressive complex 2 target genes. PICOT knockdown in Jurkat T cells led to increased histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation at the promoter region of CCND2, a cell cycle-regulating gene which encodes the cyclin D2 protein. As a result, the expression levels of CCND2 mRNA and protein levels were reduced, concomitantly with inhibition of the cell growth rate. Analysis of multiple data sets from the Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that a high expression of PICOT correlated with a low expression of CCND2 in a large number of human cancers. In addition, this parameter correlated with poor patient survival, suggesting that the ratio between PICOT/CCND2 mRNA levels might serve as a predictor of patient survival in selected types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Pandya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Department of Computational and System biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Pandya P, Jethva M, Rubin E, Birnbaum RY, Braiman A, Isakov N. PICOT binding to chromatin-associated EED negatively regulates cyclin D2 expression by increasing H3K27me3 at the CCND2 gene promoter. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31527584 PMCID: PMC6746821 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-interacting cousin of thioredoxin (PICOT; also termed glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3; Glrx3)) is a ubiquitous protein that can interact with the embryonic ectoderm development (EED) protein via each of its two C-terminal PICOT/Grx homology domains. Since EED is a Polycomb-Group protein and a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), we tested the involvement of PICOT in the regulation of PRC2-mediated H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), transcription and translation of selected PRC2 target genes. A fraction of the cellular PICOT protein was found in the nuclei of leukemia cell lines, where it was associated with the chromatin. In addition, PICOT coimmunoprecipitated with chromatin-residing EED derived from Jurkat and COS-7 cell nuclei. PICOT knockdown led to a reduced H3K27me3 mark and a decrease in EED and EZH2 at the CCND2 gene promoter. In agreement, PICOT-deficient T cells exhibited a significant increase in CCND2 mRNA and protein expression. Since elevated expression levels of PICOT were reported in several different tumors and correlated in the current studies with decreased transcription and translation of the CCND2 gene, we tested whether this opposite correlation exists in human cancers. Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database indicated statistically significant negative correlation between PICOT and CCND2 in eight different human tumors where the highest correlation was in lung (p = 8.67E−10) and pancreatic (p = 1.06E−5) adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, high expression of PICOT and low expression of CCND2 correlated with poor patient survival in five different types of human tumors. The results suggest that PICOT binding to chromatin-associated EED modulates the H3K27me3 level at the CCND2 gene promoter which may be one of the potential mechanisms for regulation of cyclin D2 expression in tumors. These findings also indicate that a low PICOT/CCND2 expression ratio might serve as a good predictor of patient survival in selected human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Pandya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Minesh Jethva
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Eitan Rubin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ramon Y Birnbaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alex Braiman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Jiang Y, Lyu T, Che X, Jia N, Li Q, Feng W. Overexpression of SMYD3 in Ovarian Cancer is Associated with Ovarian Cancer Proliferation and Apoptosis via Methylating H3K4 and H4K20. J Cancer 2019; 10:4072-4084. [PMID: 31417652 PMCID: PMC6692630 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic regulation has been verified as a key mechanism in tumorigenesis. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), a histone methyltransferase, is a promising epigenetic therapeutic target and is overexpressed in numerous human tumors. SMYD3 can promote oncogenic progression by methylating lysines to integrate cytoplasmic kinase signaling cascades or by methylating histone lysines to regulate specific gene transcription. However, the exact role of SMYD3 in the progression of ovarian cancer is still unknown. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was employed to test SMYD3 expression in ovarian cancer tissues from clinical patients. CCK-8 assay, Real-time cell analysis (RTCA), colony formation assay, cell cycle and apoptosis tested by Flow cytometer were employed to test the effects of SMYD3 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines. A PCR array was used to identify the downstream targets of SMYD3. And, PCR and Western blot were used to verify their expression. The binding of SMYD3 on the promoter of target genes were tested by ChIP assays. We also use nude mice subcutaneous tumor model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model to investigate the tumor promotive function of SMYD3 in vivo. Results: SMYD3 expression was higher in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines than in normal ovarian epithelial tissue and human ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSEpiC). After silencing SMYD3, the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells was significantly inhibited in vitro. In addition, the SMYD3-specific small-molecule inhibitor BCI-121 suppressed ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Downregulation of SMYD3 led to S phase arrest and increased the cell apoptosis rate. Furthermore, a PCR array revealed that SMYD3 knockdown caused the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors CDKN2A (p16INK4), CDKN2B (p15INK4B), CDKN3 and CDC25A, which may be responsible for the S phase arrest. In addition, the upregulation of CD40LG and downregulation of BIRC3 may explain the increased cell apoptosis rate after silencing SMYD3. We also discovered that SMYD3 bound on the promoter of CDKN2A and down-regulated its expression by triple-methylating H4K20. In addition, SMYD3 bound on the promoter of BIRC3 and up-regulated its expression by triple-methylating H3K4. Finally, knocking down SMYD3 could inhibit ovarian cancer growth in nude mice subcutaneous tumor model and PDX model. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that SMYD3 was overexpressed in ovarian cancer and contributes to the regulation of tumor proliferation and apoptosis via SMYD3-H4K20me3-CDKN2A pathway and SMYD3-H3K4me3-BIRC3 pathway. Thus, SMYD3 is a promising epigenetic therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China
| | - Tianjiao Lyu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University , School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fang Xie Road, Shanghai, 200011. China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University , School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Lien HW, Yuan RY, Chou CM, Chen YC, Hung CC, Hu CH, Hwang SPL, Hwang PP, Shen CN, Chen CL, Cheng CH, Huang CJ. Zebrafish cyclin Dx is required for development of motor neuron progenitors, and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28297. [PMID: 27323909 PMCID: PMC4915019 DOI: 10.1038/srep28297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclins play a central role in cell-cycle regulation; in mammals, the D family of cyclins consists of cyclin D1, D2, and D3. In Xenopus, only homologs of cyclins D1 and D2 have been reported, while a novel cyclin, cyclin Dx (ccndx), was found to be required for the maintenance of motor neuron progenitors during embryogenesis. It remains unknown whether zebrafish possess cyclin D3 or cyclin Dx. In this study, we identified a zebrafish ccndx gene encoding a protein which can form a complex with Cdk4. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we observed that zccndx mRNA is expressed in the motor neurons of hindbrain and spinal cord during development. Analysis of a 4-kb promoter sequence of the zccndx gene revealed the presence of HRE sites, which can be regulated by HIF2α. Morpholino knockdown of zebrafish Hif2α and cyclin Dx resulted in the abolishment of isl1 and oligo2 expression in the precursors of motor neurons, and also disrupted axon growth. Overexpression of cyclin Dx mRNA in Hif2α morphants partially rescued zccndx expression. Taken together, our data indicate that zebrafish cyclin Dx plays a role in maintaining the precursors of motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Yue Yuan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Hung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Berges C, Fuchs D, Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C. Helenalin suppresses essential immune functions of activated CD4+ T cells by multiple mechanisms. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2892-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen JA, Chu ST, Amaya E. Maintenance of motor neuron progenitors in Xenopus requires a novel localized cyclin. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:287-92. [PMID: 17304238 PMCID: PMC1808035 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral spinal cord contains a pool of motor neuron progenitors (pMNs), which sequentially generate motor neurons and oligodendrocytes in the embryo. The mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of pMNs are not clearly understood. We have identified a novel cyclin, cyclin Dx (ccndx), which is specifically expressed in pMNs in Xenopus. Here, we show that inhibition of ccndx causes paralysis in embryos. Furthermore, we show that maintenance of pMNs requires ccndx function. In addition, inhibition of ccndx results in the specific loss of differentiated motor neurons. However, the expression of interneuron or sensory neuron markers is unaffected in these embryos, suggesting that the role of ccndx is specifically to maintain pMNs. Thus, we have identified, for the first time, a tissue-specific cell-cycle regulator that is essential for the maintenance of a pool of neural progenitors in the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Chen
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sin-Tak Chu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Post Box 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Enrique Amaya
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Tel: 44 161 275 1716; Fax: 44 161 275 1505; E-mail:
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Richard-Parpaillon L, Cosgrove RA, Devine C, Vernon AE, Philpott A. G1/S phase cyclin-dependent kinase overexpression perturbs early development and delays tissue-specific differentiation in Xenopus. Development 2004; 131:2577-86. [PMID: 15115752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell division and differentiation are largely incompatible but the molecular links between the two processes are poorly understood. Here, we overexpress G1/S phase cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in Xenopus embryos to determine their effect on early development and differentiation. Overexpression of cyclin E prior to the midblastula transition (MBT), with or without cdk2, results in a loss of nuclear DNA and subsequent apoptosis at early gastrula stages. By contrast, overexpressed cyclin A2 protein does not affect early development and, when stabilised by binding to cdk2, persists to tailbud stages. Overexpression of cyclin A2/cdk2 in post-MBT embryos results in increased proliferation specifically in the epidermis with concomitant disruption of skin architecture and delay in differentiation. Moreover, ectopic cyclin A2/cdk2 also inhibits differentiation of primary neurons but does not affect muscle. Thus, overexpression of a single G1/S phase cyclin/cdk pair disrupts the balance between division and differentiation in the early vertebrate embryo in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK.
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Moore JC, Sumerel JL, Schnackenberg BJ, Nichols JA, Wikramanayake A, Wessel GM, Marzluff WF. Cyclin D and cdk4 are required for normal development beyond the blastula stage in sea urchin embryos. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:4863-75. [PMID: 12052892 PMCID: PMC133905 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.13.4863-4875.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cdk4 mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed in sea urchin eggs and throughout embryonic development. In contrast, cyclin D mRNA is barely detectable in eggs and early embryos, when the cell cycles consist of alternating S and M phases. Cyclin D mRNA increases dramatically in embryos at the early blastula stage and remains at a constant level throughout embryogenesis. An increase in cdk4 kinase activity occurs concomitantly with the increase in cyclin D mRNA. Ectopic expression of cyclin D mRNA in eggs arrests development before the 16-cell stage and causes eventual embryonic death, suggesting that activation of cyclin D/cdk4 in cleavage cell cycles is lethal to the embryo. In contrast, blocking cyclin D or cdk4 expression with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides results in normal development of early gastrula-stage embryos but abnormal, asymmetric larvae. These results suggest that in sea urchins, cyclin D and cdk4 are required for normal development and perhaps the patterning of the developing embryo, but may not be directly involved in regulating entry into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Moore
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Solvason N, Wu WW, Parry D, Mahony D, Lam EW, Glassford J, Klaus GG, Sicinski P, Weinberg R, Liu YJ, Howard M, Lees E. Cyclin D2 is essential for BCR-mediated proliferation and CD5 B cell development. Int Immunol 2000; 12:631-8. [PMID: 10784609 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression into G(1) in B lymphocytes is regulated by cyclins D2 and D3, components of the cell cycle machinery currently believed to have overlapping and potentially redundant roles in cell cycle control. To study the specific role of cyclin D2 in B lymphocyte proliferation, we examined B cells from cyclin D2(-/-) mice and demonstrate a specific requirement for cyclin D2 in BCR- but not CD40- or lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation. Furthermore, conventional B cell development proceeds normally in the mutant mice; however, the CD5 B cell compartment is dramatically reduced, suggesting that cyclin D2 is important in CD5 B cell development as well as antigen-dependent B cell clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Solvason
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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