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Tahia F, Basu SK, Prislovsky A, Mondal K, Ma D, Kochat H, Brown K, Stephenson DJ, Chalfant CE, Mandal N. Sphingolipid biosynthetic inhibitor L-Cycloserine prevents oxidative-stress-mediated death in an in vitro model of photoreceptor-derived 661W cells. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109852. [PMID: 38460719 PMCID: PMC11089890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Retinal degeneration causes irreversible death of photoreceptor cells, ultimately leading to vision loss. Under oxidative stress, the synthesis of bioactive sphingolipid ceramide increases, triggering apoptosis in photoreceptor cells and leading to their death. This study investigates the effect of L-Cycloserine, a small molecule inhibitor of ceramide biosynthesis, on sphingolipid metabolism and the protection of photoreceptor-derived 661W cells from oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that treatment with L-Cycloserine, an inhibitor of Serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), markedly decreases bioactive ceramide and associated sphingolipids in 661W cells. A nontoxic dose of L-Cycloserine can provide substantial protection of 661W cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reversing the increase in ceramide level observed under oxidative stress conditions. Analysis of various antioxidant, apoptotic and sphingolipid pathway genes and proteins also confirms the ability of L-Cycloserine to modulate these pathways. Our findings elucidate the generation of sphingolipid mediators of cell death in retinal cells under oxidative stress and the potential of L-Cycloserine as a therapeutic candidate for targeting ceramide-induced degenerative diseases by inhibiting SPT. The promising therapeutic prospect identified in our findings lays the groundwork for further validation in in-vivo and preclinical models of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Tahia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Sandip K Basu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Amanda Prislovsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Koushik Mondal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Dejian Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Harry Kochat
- Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Solutions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Kennard Brown
- Office of Executive Vice Chancellor and Chief Operations Officer, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA; Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond VA, 23298, USA
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Amari B, Merle BMJ, Korobelnik JF, Delyfer MN, Boniol M, Dore JF, Helmer C, Delcourt C, Cougnard-Gregoire A. LIFETIME AMBIENT ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EXPOSURE AND INCIDENCE OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2024; 44:28-36. [PMID: 38117581 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the link between lifelong exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS The Alienor study is a prospective population-based cohort involving 963 residents of Bordeaux, France, older than 73 years. A subset of 614 participants for advanced AMD and 422 participants for early AMD were included in the analysis. The participants' residential history combined with UVR estimates from the EuroSun satellite were used to estimate the amount of ambient UVR they have been exposed to over their lifetime. Age-related macular degeneration was classified from retinal fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography at 2 to 3 years intervals over the 2006 to 2017 period. Associations between cumulative exposure to ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, and total (total UV) and the incidence of early and advanced AMD were estimated using multivariate Cox models. RESULTS Intermediate quartiles of total UV, ultraviolet A, and ultraviolet B exposures were associated with a higher risk for incident early AMD (Hazard Ratio [HR] =2.01 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27-3.13], HR = 2.20 [95% CI = 1.38-3.50], HR = 1.79 [95% CI = 1.13-2.80], respectively) as compared with the lower quartile. However, this risk did not further increase in the highest quartiles of exposure. None of the three types of UVR exposure was significantly associated with incident advanced AMD. CONCLUSION Despite an increased risk with intermediate compared with low UVR exposure, our study cannot confirm a dose-response relationship of UVR exposure with early AMD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Amari
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Department of Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Department of Ophthalmology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- World Health Organization, Health Personnel Department, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Jean-François Dore
- INSERM U 1296 "Radiation, Defense, Health, Environment", Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Benson MD, Mukherjee S, Agather AR, Blain D, Cunningham D, Mays R, Sun X, Li T, Hufnagel RB, Brooks BP, Huryn LA, Zein WM, Cukras CA. RPGR: Deep Phenotyping and Genetic Characterization With Findings Specific to the 3'-end of ORF15. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 37695603 PMCID: PMC10501488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe a group of patients with retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR)-related retinopathy with a tapetal-like retinal sheen and corresponding changes in the reflectivity of the ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Methods A retrospective case series of 66 patients with a disease-causing variant in RPGR was performed. An expert examiner, masked to patient demographics, clinical evaluations, and specific RPGR variant, analyzed color fundus photographs for the presence of a tapetal-like retinal sheen and assessed OCT images for the presence of an abnormally broad hyper-reflective band in the outer retina. Longitudinal reflectivity profiles were generated and compared with healthy controls. Results Twelve patients (18.2%) had a retinal sheen on color images that cosegregated with an abnormally broad hyper-reflective ellipsoid zone band on OCT imaging. Three-fourths of these patients were male, had a cone-rod dystrophy, and had pathogenic RPGR variants located toward the 3'-end of ORF15. This group had a different longitudinal reflectivity profile signature compared with controls. After a period of prolonged dark adaptation, the abnormal hyper-reflective band on OCT became less apparent, and the outer retinal layers adopted a more normal appearance. Conclusions RPGR-related retinopathy should be considered for males presenting with retinal sheen, abnormal ellipsoid zone hyper-reflectivity, and cone or cone-rod dysfunction on ERG, and pursued with molecular testing. Our results have implications for understanding the role of the C-terminal domain encoded by RPGR ORF15 in the phototransduction cascade. Further, the findings may be important to incorporate into both inclusion criteria and outcome measure developments in future RPGR-related cone or cone-rod dystrophy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Benson
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Souvick Mukherjee
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Aime R. Agather
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Delphine Blain
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Denise Cunningham
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert Mays
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Xun Sun
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tiansen Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Laryssa A. Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Wadih M. Zein
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Catherine A. Cukras
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Li Z, Wu M, Liu S, Liu X, Huan Y, Ye Q, Yang X, Guo H, Liu A, Huang X, Yang X, Ding F, Xu H, Zhou J, Liu P, Liu S, Jin Y, Xuan K. Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3193-3208. [PMID: 35538661 PMCID: PMC9552912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from living cells play important roles in donor cell-induced recipient tissue regeneration. Although numerous studies have found that cells undergo apoptosis after implantation in an ischemic-hypoxic environment, the roles played by the EVs released by apoptotic cells are largely unknown. In this study, we obtained apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) derived from human deciduous pulp stem cells and explored their effects on the dental pulp regeneration process. Our work showed that apoVs were ingested by endothelial cells (ECs) and elevated the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, leading to pulp revascularization and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, we found that, at the molecular level, apoV-carried mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor was transported and regulated the angiogenic activation of ECs via the transcription factor EB-autophagy pathway. In a beagle model of dental pulp regeneration in situ, apoVs recruited endogenous ECs and facilitated the formation of dental-pulp-like tissue rich in blood vessels. These findings revealed the significance of apoptosis in tissue regeneration and demonstrated the potential of using apoVs to promote angiogenesis in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Huan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haokun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Soliño M, Larrayoz IM, López EM, Rey-Funes M, Bareiro M, Loidl CF, Girardi E, Caltana L, Brusco A, Martínez A, López-Costa JJ. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor is a Target for Neuroprotection in Light Induced Retinal Degeneration. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2022; 2:10734. [PMID: 38390616 PMCID: PMC10880786 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2022.10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In the last few years, an increasing interest in the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids has taken place. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of modulating cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the context of light induced retinal degeneration (LIRD), using an animal model that resembles many characteristics of human age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other degenerative diseases of the outer retina. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 28) were intravitreally injected in the right eye with either a CB1 agonist (ACEA), or an antagonist (AM251). Contralateral eyes were injected with respective vehicles as controls. Then, rats were subjected to continuous illumination (12,000 lux) for 24 h. Retinas from 28 animals were processed by GFAP-immunohistochemistry (IHC), TUNEL technique, Western blotting (WB), or qRT-PCR. ACEA-treated retinas showed a significantly lower number of apoptotic nuclei in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), lower levels of activated Caspase-3 by WB, and lower levels of glial reactivity by both GFAP-IHC and WB. qRT-PCR revealed that ACEA significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and CYP1A1. Conversely, AM251-treated retinas showed a higher number of apoptotic nuclei in the ONL, higher levels of activated Caspase-3 by WB, and higher levels of glial reactivity as determined by GFAP-IHC and WB. AM251 increased the expression of Bcl-2, Bad, Bax, Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), GFAP, and TNFα. In summary, the stimulation of the CB1 receptor, previous to the start of the pathogenic process, improved the survival of photoreceptors exposed to LIRD. The modulation of CB1 activity may be used as a neuroprotective strategy in retinal degeneration and deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soliño
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Ester María López
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Rey-Funes
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bareiro
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar Fabián Loidl
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Girardi
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Caltana
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Study Group, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Juan José López-Costa
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Selective blue-filtering spectacle lens protected primary porcine RPE cells against light emitting diode-induced cell damage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268796. [PMID: 35609057 PMCID: PMC9129023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether use of a selective-blue-filtering (S-BF) lens can protect cultured primary porcine RPE cells against photo-irradiation. Transmittance of S-BF and UV-filtering (UVF) lenses was characterised spectrophotometrically. RPE cells were exposed to 1700 lux of white (peak λ at 443 and 533 nm; 0.44 mW/cm2) or blue (peak λ at 448 and 523 nm; 0.85 mW/cm2) LED light for 16 h to evaluate the influence of light source on the culture. The effect of the S-BF and UVF ophthalmic lenses on RPE cell cultures under blue light irradiation was then investigated. Cell viability was compared using trypan blue and MTT assays. Intracellular ROS production was detected by a fluorescein probe CM-H2DCFDA. Expression levels of catalase and Prdx3 were analysed by western blot. Trypan blue staining showed blue light caused more cell death than no light (p = 0.001) or white light (p = 0.005). MTT assay supported the hypothesis that exposure to blue light damaged RPE cells more severely than no light (p = 0.002) or white light (p = 0.014). Under blue light, use of the S-BF lens, which blocked 17% more blue light than the UVF lens, resulted in higher cellular viability (S-BF: 93.4±1.4% vs UVF: 90.6±1.4%; p = 0.022; MTT: 1.2-fold; p = 0.029). Blue and white light both significantly increased ROS production. The S-BF lens protected cells, resulting in lower levels of ROS and higher expression of catalase and Prdx3. To conclude, blue LED light exposure resulted in significant cytotoxicity to RPE cells. Partial blockage of blue light by an S-BF lens led to protective effects against retinal phototoxicity, which were mediated by reduction of ROS and increased levels of antioxidant enzymes.
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Song W, Zhu R, Gao W, Xing C, Yang L. Blue Light Induces RPE Cell Necroptosis, Which Can Be Inhibited by Minocycline. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:831463. [PMID: 35559340 PMCID: PMC9086715 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.831463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Damage to and death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are closely related to retinal degeneration. Blue light is a high-energy light that causes RPE damage and triggers inflammatory responses. This study investigates whether blue light induces RPE necroptosis, explores pharmacologic therapy and specific mechanisms, and provides hints for research on retinal degeneration. Methods The human RPE cell line ARPE-19 was cultured and subjected to blue light insult in vitro. Annexin V/PI was used to evaluate RPE survival. Minocycline was applied to inhibit the death of RPE. Proteomic measurement was used to analyze protein expression. Inhibitors of necroptosis and apoptosis were applied to assess the death mode. Immunofluorescence of protein markers was detected to analyze the mechanism of cell death. Subcellular structural changes were detected by transmission electron microscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was tested by DCFH-DA. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was detected by JC-1. BALB/c mice received bule light exposure, and RPE flatmounts were stained for verification in vivo. Results Blue light illumination induced RPE death, and minocycline significantly diminished RPE death. Proteomic measurement showed that minocycline effectively mitigated protein hydrolysis and protein synthesis disorders. Necroptosis inhibitors (Nec-1s, GSK-872) increased the survival of RPE cells, but apoptosis inhibitors (Z-VAD-FMK) did not. After blue light illumination, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) was released from the nucleus, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) aggregated, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) increased in the RPE. The application of minocycline alleviated the above phenomena. After blue light illumination, RPE cells exhibited necrotic characteristics accompanied by destruction of cell membranes and vacuole formation, but nuclear membranes remained intact. Minocycline improved the morphology of RPE. Blue light increased ROS and decreased Δψm of RPE, minocycline did not reduce ROS but kept Δψm stable. In vivo, HMGB1 release and RIPK3 aggregation appeared in the RPE of BALB/c mice after blue light illumination, and minocycline alleviated this effect. Conclusions Blue light exposure causes RPE necroptosis. Minocycline reduces the death of RPE by keeping Δψm stable, inhibiting necroptosis, and preventing HMGB1 release. These results provide new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhuang X, Ma J, Xu S, Zhang M, Xu G, Sun Z. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Blue Light-Induced Apoptosis of Retinal Photoreceptors by Upregulating MKP-1 Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4157-4168. [PMID: 33950345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the antiapoptotic effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on retinal degeneration caused by exposure to blue light. Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of RA and, if necessary, the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphotase-1(MKP-1) inhibitor, (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), or the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, AGN 193109. Retinal damage was induced by 24 h of continuous exposure to blue light. Haematoxylin and eosin staining and electroretinography were performed to measure retinal thickness and retinal function before and at 3 days and 7 days after light exposure. The retinal protein expression levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB, MKP-1, Bim, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 were also measured. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and immunofluorescent staining of cleaved caspase-3 were also performed to evaluate photoreceptor apoptosis. The administration of RA significantly mitigated retinal dysfunction and the decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness at 3 days and 7 days after light exposure. RA also reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei in the ONL and cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence intensity at 3 days after light exposure. Light exposure increased the retinal expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bim, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3), which was attenuated by RA. Moreover, RA enhanced the expression of MKP-1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, which were attenuated by the inhibition of RAR. The inhibitory effects of RA on blue light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis were abrogated by the MKP-1inhibitor. Our results indicate that RA alleviates photoreceptor loss following blue light exposure, at least partly, by the MKP-1/JNK pathway, which may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongcui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Nam S, Kim YK, Kim K, Hong HS, Yu SY, Kim ES. Effects of Blue Light on Eye of Zebra Fish and Protective Role of Polyphenolic Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2021.62.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Meer AMVD, Berger T, Müller F, Foldenauer AC, Johnen S, Walter P. Establishment and Characterization of a Unilateral UV-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Model in the C57Bl/6J Mouse. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32879777 PMCID: PMC7443125 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether UV irradiation of the mouse eye can induce photoreceptor degeneration, producing a phenotype reminiscent of the rd10 mouse, left eyes of female C57Bl/6J mice were irradiated with a UV LED array (370 nm). A lens was placed between the cornea and LED, allowing illumination of about one-third of the retina. The short-term and long-term effects on the retina were evaluated. Methods First, a dose escalation study, in which corneal dosages between 2.8 and 9.3 J/cm2 were tested, was performed. A dosage of 7.5 J/cm2 was chosen for the following characterization study. Before and after irradiation slit-lamp examinations, full-field electroretinography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography and macroscopy were performed. After different time spans (5 days to 12 weeks) the animals were sacrificed and the retinae used for immunohistochemistry or multielectrode array testing. Right eyes served as untreated controls. Results In treated eyes, spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed a decrease in retinal thickness to 53%. Full-field electroretinography responses decreased significantly from day 5 on in treated eyes. Multielectrode array recordings revealed oscillatory potentials with a mean frequency of 5.2 ± 0.6 Hz in the illuminated area. Structural changes in the retina were observed in immunohistochemical staining. Conclusions UV irradiation proved to be efficient in inducing photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina, while leaving the other retinal layers largely intact. The irradiated area of treated eyes can be identified easily in spectral domain optical coherence tomography and in explanted retinae. Translational Relevance This study provides information on anatomic and functional changes in UV-treated retina, enabling the use of this model for retinitis pigmentosa-like diseases in animals suited for experimental retinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Berger
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Institute of Complex Systems, Cellular Biophysics, ICS-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ann Christina Foldenauer
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Research Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Johnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Di Pierdomenico J, Martínez-Vacas A, Hernández-Muñoz D, Gómez-Ramírez AM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Coordinated Intervention of Microglial and Müller Cells in Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:47. [PMID: 32232352 PMCID: PMC7401701 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the role of microglial and Müller cells in the formation of rings of photoreceptor degeneration caused by phototoxicity. Methods Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to light and processed 1, 2, or 3 months later. Retinas were dissected as whole-mounts, immunodetected for microglial cells, Müller cells, and S- and L/M-cones and analyzed using fluorescence, thunder imaging, and confocal microscopy. Cone populations were automatically counted and isodensity maps constructed to document cone topography. Results Phototoxicity causes a significant progressive loss of S- and L/M-cones of up to 68% and 44%, respectively, at 3 months after light exposure (ALE). One month ALE, we observed rings of cone degeneration in the photosensitive area of the superior retina. Two and 3 months ALE, these rings had extended to the central and inferior retina. Within the rings of cone degeneration, there were degenerating cones, often activated microglial cells, and numerous radially oriented processes of Müller cells that showed increased expression of intermediate filaments. Between 1 and 3 months ALE, the rings coalesced, and at the same time the microglial cells resumed a mosaic-like distribution, and there was a decrease of Müller cell gliosis at the areas devoid of cones. Conclusions Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration proceeds with rings of cone degeneration, as observed in inherited retinal degenerations in which cone death is secondary to rod degeneration. The spatiotemporal relationship of cone death microglial cell activation and Müller cell gliosis within the rings of cone degeneration suggests that, although both glial cells are involved in the formation of the rings, they may have coordinated actions and, while microglial cells may be more involved in photoreceptor phagocytosis, Müller cells may be more involved in cone and microglial cell migration, retinal remodeling and glial seal formation.
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12
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Lin CW, Yang CM, Yang CH. Effects of the Emitted Light Spectrum of Liquid Crystal Displays on Light-Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092318. [PMID: 31083373 PMCID: PMC6539598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used as screens in consumer electronics and are indispensable in the modern era of computing. LCDs utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight modules and emit high levels of blue light, which may cause retinal photoreceptor cell damage. However, traditional blue light filters may decrease the luminance of light and reduce visual quality. We adjusted the emitted light spectrum of LED backlight modules in LCDs and reduced the energy emission but maintained the luminance. The 661W photoreceptor cell line was used as the model system. We established a formula of the ocular energy exposure index (OEEI), which could be used as the indicator of LCD energy emission. Cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased significantly after exposure to LCDs with higher emitted energy. Cell damage occurred through the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms included activation of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and apoptosis. The effect was correlated with OEEI intensity. We demonstrated that LCD exposure-induced photoreceptor damage was correlated with LCD energy emission. LCDs with lower energy emission may, therefore, serve as suitable screens to prevent light-induced retinal damage and protect consumers’ eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Lin
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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13
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Tang W, Ma J, Gu R, Lei B, Ding X, Xu G. Light-Induced Lipocalin 2 Facilitates Cellular Apoptosis by Positively Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species/Bim Signaling in Retinal Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:6014-6025. [PMID: 30574656 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Research Center, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boya Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Zhou H, Zhang H, Yu A, Xie J. Association between sunlight exposure and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:331. [PMID: 30572865 PMCID: PMC6302450 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-1004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A substantial number of epidemiological studies have investigated the possible associations between sunlight exposure and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), but the results from studies are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between sunlight exposure and the risk of AMD. Methods Relevant studies were searched using databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science database. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled covariates-adjusted odds ratio (OR). Subgroup analyses based on study design, stage of AMD, method of exposure assessment, and study latitude were carried out. The heterogeneity across the studies was tested, as was publication bias. Results Fourteen eligible studies including 43,934 individuals based on the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The pooled OR for sunlight exposure and AMD was 1.10 (95% CI = 0.98–1.23). In addition, similar insignificant results were observed in further subgroup analyses based on stage of AMD, method of exposure assessment, and study latitude. Sun-avoidance behavior did not decrease the risk of AMD (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.76–1.67). Moderate heterogeneity was observed in most of analyses. Conclusion The results indicate that sunlight exposure may not be associated with increased risk of AMD based on current published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Zhou
- Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Huina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiqing Yu
- Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Porter H, Qi H, Prabhu N, Grambergs R, McRae J, Hopiavuori B, Mandal N. Characterizing Sphingosine Kinases and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors in the Mammalian Eye and Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123885. [PMID: 30563056 PMCID: PMC6321283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling regulates numerous biological processes including neurogenesis, inflammation and neovascularization. However, little is known about the role of S1P signaling in the eye. In this study, we characterize two sphingosine kinases (SPHK1 and SPHK2), which phosphorylate sphingosine to S1P, and three S1P receptors (S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR3) in mouse and rat eyes. We evaluated sphingosine kinase and S1P receptor gene expression at the mRNA level in various rat tissues and rat retinas exposed to light-damage, whole mouse eyes, specific eye structures, and in developing retinas. Furthermore, we determined the localization of sphingosine kinases and S1P receptors in whole rat eyes by immunohistochemistry. Our results unveiled unique expression profiles for both sphingosine kinases and each receptor in ocular tissues. Furthermore, these kinases and S1P receptors are expressed in mammalian retinal cells and the expression of SPHK1, S1PR2 and S1PR3 increased immediately after light damage, which suggests a function in apoptosis and/or light stress responses in the eye. These findings have numerous implications for understanding the role of S1P signaling in the mechanisms of ocular diseases such as retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases, neovascular eye diseases, glaucoma and corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Porter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Nicole Prabhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Richard Grambergs
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Joel McRae
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Blake Hopiavuori
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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16
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Absorption of blue light by cigarette smoke components is highly toxic for retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:453-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Gea M, Schilirò T, Iacomussi P, Degan R, Bonetta S, Gilli G. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by incandescent, halogen, and LED bulbs on ARPE-19 and BEAS-2B cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:998-1014. [PMID: 30325709 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1510350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
LED technology has the extraordinary ability to reduce energy consumption, constituting an economic and ecological advantage, so it is planned to replace incandescent, halogen and other inefficient bulbs for public and domestic lighting with LEDs. LEDs present specific spectral and energetic characteristics compared with those of other domestic light sources, so the potential risks for human health of these bulbs need to be explored. The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by different commercial light bulbs: incandescent, halogen, and two LED bulbs with different correlated color temperatures. The evaluation was done on ARPE-19 as a specific cell model for eye toxicity and on BEAS-2B as a good cell model for toxicology tests. Light induced mainly cytotoxic effects on ARPE-19 and DNA damage on BEAS-2B, so different cell lines showed different biological responses. Moreover, our findings indicate that among the four bulbs, cold LED caused the highest cytotoxic effect on ARPE-19 and the highest genotoxic and oxidative effect on BEAS-2B. Cold LED is probably able to cause more cellular damage because it contains more high-energy radiations (blue). These results suggest that LED technology could be a safe alternative to older technologies, but the use of warm LED should be preferred to cold LED, which can potentially cause adverse effects on retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Iacomussi
- b Italian National Metrological Institute , INRIM , Torino , Italy
| | - Raffaella Degan
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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18
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Soliño M, Larrayoz IM, López EM, Vacotto M, Martignone N, Rey-Funes M, Martínez A, Girardi E, López-Costa JJ. The expression of adenosine receptors changes throughout light induced retinal degeneration in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:259-267. [PMID: 30291879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of adenosine receptors, A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR), is neuroprotective in different models of retinal injury. In order to understand the processes underlying retinal degeneration, we studied the expression of adenosine receptors in the retinas of control and continuously illuminated (CI) rats by qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Significant increases of A1R, A2AR, and A2BR mRNAs at 1, 5, and 7 days of CI (P < 0.0001) were observed by qRT-PCR. Also, a significant increase of A3R mRNA was detected after 5 and 7 days of CI. WB studies showed a significant rise of A1R on day 1 of CI and on days 5 and 7 (P < 0.0001), while A2AR increase was seen from 2 days of CI on (P < 0.001). After 1 day of CI, A1R immunoreactivity (A1R-IR) increased in ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, and in both the outer and inner plexiform layers. After 2 days of CI, the A1R-IR went back to control levels. After 5 days of CI, a second rise in A1R, which persisted until 7 days of CI, was measured (P < 0.0001). A significant rise of A2aR immunoreactivity was also observed at day 2 of CI at GCL and INL and subsided at days 5 and 7 (P < 0.0001). The observed up-regulation of A1R after 1 day of CI, corresponds with the peak of oxidative stress; while the rise of A2aR at day 2 of CI, coincides with the massive apoptosis of photoreceptors. We postulate that an early modulation of adenosine receptors could delay or prevent the degeneration of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soliño
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Ester M López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Vacotto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelí Martignone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Rey-Funes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Study Group, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Girardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan J López-Costa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Dpto. de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis¨ (IBCN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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Müller PL, Pfau M, Mauschitz MM, Möller PT, Birtel J, Chang P, Gliem M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Herrmann P. Comparison of Green Versus Blue Fundus Autofluorescence in ABCA4-Related Retinopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:13. [PMID: 30279998 PMCID: PMC6166893 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the interreader and intermodality agreement for grading of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy lesion size in ABCA4-related retinopathy using green (GAF) and blue fundus autofluorescence (BAF) imaging. Methods In this cross-sectional case series, 97 eyes of 49 patients with RPE atrophy secondary to ABCA4-related retinopathy underwent GAF- (518 nm excitation light) and BAF- (488 nm excitation light) imaging using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Spectralis HRA, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Lesions with definitely decreased autofluorescence (DDAF) and questionably decreased autofluorescence (QDAF) in GAF and BAF imaging were analyzed separately by five independent readers using semiautomated software (RegionFinder, Heidelberg Engineering). Intermodality and interreader agreements were assessed for the square-root lesion size, lesion perimeter, and circularity. Results GAF- and BAF-based measurements of DDAF and QDAF showed high intermodality and interreader agreement concerning square-root lesion size, as well as shape descriptive parameters (perimeter and circularity). Interreader agreement of square-root lesion size was slightly, hence not significantly higher for GAF-based grading ([95% coefficients of repeatability, intraclass correlation coefficient] DDAF: 0.215 mm, 0.997; QDAF: 0.712 mm, 0.981) compared to BAF-based grading (DDAF: 0.232 mm, 0.997; QDAF: 0.764 mm, 0.978). However, DDAF-measurements revealed distinctly more reproducible results than QDAF-measurements. Foveal sparing did not interfere with intermodality agreement. Conclusions Both GAF- and BAF-based quantification of RPE atrophy showed very reliable results with possible superiority of GAF in the context of less energetic excitation light. Translational Relevance The high interreader agreement qualifies the use of DDAF progression in GAF and BAF imaging as potential morphologic outcome measure for interventional clinical trials and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp L Müller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Birtel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Petrus Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Herrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Adenosine A1 receptor: A neuroprotective target in light induced retinal degeneration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198838. [PMID: 29912966 PMCID: PMC6005487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) is a useful model that resembles human retinal degenerative diseases. The modulation of adenosine A1 receptor is neuroprotective in different models of retinal injury. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of the modulation of A1 receptor in LIRD. The eyes of rats intravitreally injected with N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an A1 agonist, which were later subjected to continuous illumination (CI) for 24 h, showed retinas with a lower number of apoptotic nuclei and a decrease of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) immunoreactive area than controls. Lower levels of activated Caspase 3 and GFAP were demonstrated by Western Blot (WB) in treated animals. Also a decrease of iNOS, TNFα and GFAP mRNA was demonstrated by RT-PCR. A decrease of Iba 1+/MHC-II+ reactive microglial cells was shown by immunohistochemistry. Electroretinograms (ERG) showed higher amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave and oscillatory potentials after CI compared to controls. Conversely, the eyes of rats intravitreally injected with dipropylcyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), an A1 antagonist, and subjected to CI for 24 h, showed retinas with a higher number of apoptotic nuclei and an increase of GFAP immunoreactive area compared to controls. Also, higher levels of activated Caspase 3 and GFAP were demonstrated by Western Blot. The mRNA levels of iNOS, nNOS and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) were not modified by DPCPX treatment. An increase of Iba 1+/MHC-II+ reactive microglial cells was shown by immunohistochemistry. ERG showed that the amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials after CI were similar to control values. A single pharmacological intervention prior illumination stress was able to swing retinal fate in opposite directions: CPA was neuroprotective, while DPCPX worsened retinal damage. In summary, A1 receptor agonism is a plausible neuroprotective strategy in LIRD.
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Abstract
Cell death is a perpetual feature of tissue microenvironments; each day under homeostatic conditions, billions of cells die and must be swiftly cleared by phagocytes. However, cell death is not limited to this natural turnover-apoptotic cell death can be induced by infection, inflammation, or severe tissue injury. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is thus coupled to specific functions, from the induction of growth factors that can stimulate the replacement of dead cells to the promotion of tissue repair or tissue remodeling in the affected site. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which phagocytes sense apoptotic cell death and discuss how phagocytosis is integrated with environmental cues to drive appropriate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Bernard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lindsey D Hughes
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Káldi I, Berta A. Progesterone Administration Fails to Protect Albino Male Rats against Photostress-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 14:306-14. [PMID: 15309975 DOI: 10.1177/112067210401400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Female patients show better recovery after brain injury and lower incidence of vascular diseases before menopause. The aim of this study was to test the protective effect of female sexual hormones against photostress-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. METHODS Five week old male albino Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with progesterone (60 mg/kg body weight) for 4 days. The control group was injected with the vehicle only (benzyl alcohol). Both groups were halved and one was stressed with light (2700 lux for 24 hours) and the other remained under the original dim cyclic light condition. For functional evaluation, baseline electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded 7 days before light stress, with follow-up ERGs 5 days after the cessation of light exposure. Animals were sacrificed and their eyes enucleated for histology. RESULTS Light exposure caused pronounced decrease in the ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes compared to controls. However, in the light-stressed group, the difference in retinal function between progesterone-treated and nontreated animals was not statistically significant. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer and the length of rod outer and inner segments were significantly reduced in the light-stressed group, indicating loss of rod photoreceptor cells. Progesterone had no neuroprotective effect on rod cell structure. CONCLUSIONS The administration of progesterone did not prove to be protective against excessive light-caused retinal degeneration on male albino rats. The role of other sexual steroids and their interaction need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Káldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kenézy Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Lin CH, Lin KF, Mar K, Lee SY, Lin YM. Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione Increase the Viability and Proliferation of MG63 Cells Encapsulated in the Gelatin Methacrylate/VA-086/Blue Light Hydrogel System. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:792-800. [PMID: 27406060 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoencapsulation of cells inside a hydrogel system can provide a suitable path to establish a gel in situ for soft tissue regeneration applications. However, the presence of photoinitiators and blue or UV light irradiation can result in cell damage and an increase of reactive oxygen species. We here evaluate the benefits of an antioxidant pretreatment on the photoencapsulated cells. We study this by evaluating proliferation and viability of MG63 cells, which we combined with a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel system, using the photoinitiator, VA-086, cured with 440 nm blue light. We found that blue light irradiation as well as the presence of 1% VA-086 reduced MG63 cell proliferation rates. Adding a short pretreatment step to the MG63 cells, consisting of the antioxidant molecules N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and optimizing the GelMA encapsulation steps, we found that both NAC and GSH pretreatments of MG63 cells significantly increased both proliferation and viability of the cells, when using a 15% GelMA hydrogel, 1% VA-086, and 1-min blue light exposure. These findings suggest that the use of antioxidant pretreatment can counteract the negative presence of the photoinitiators and blue light exposure and result in a suitable environment for photoencapsulating cells in situ for tissue engineering and soft tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Lin
- 1 Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fung Lin
- 1 Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwei Mar
- 2 Department of Dentistry, Taipei City Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yuan Lee
- 1 Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Min Lin
- 1 Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
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MEF2D haploinsufficiency downregulates the NRF2 pathway and renders photoreceptors susceptible to light-induced oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4048-E4056. [PMID: 28461502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613067114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining mechanistic insight into interaction between causative factors of complex multifactorial diseases involving photoreceptor damage might aid in devising effective therapies. Oxidative stress is one of the potential unifying mechanisms for interplay between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to photoreceptor pathology. Interestingly, the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2d (MEF2D) is known to be important in photoreceptor survival, as knockout of this transcription factor results in loss of photoreceptors in mice. Here, using a mild light-induced retinal degeneration model, we show that the diminished MEF2D transcriptional activity in Mef2d+/- retina is further reduced under photostimulation-induced oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species cause an aberrant redox modification on MEF2D, consequently inhibiting transcription of its downstream target, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). NRF2 is a master regulator of phase II antiinflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. In the Mef2d heterozygous mouse retina, NRF2 is not up-regulated to a normal degree in the face of light-induced oxidative stress, contributing to accelerated photoreceptor cell death. Furthermore, to combat this injury, we found that activation of the endogenous NRF2 pathway using proelectrophilic drugs rescues photoreceptors from photo-induced oxidative stress and may therefore represent a viable treatment for oxidative stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration, which is thought to contribute to some forms of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
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Retinoprotective Effects of Bilberry Anthocyanins via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms in a Visible Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration Model in Pigmented Rabbits. Molecules 2015; 20:22395-410. [PMID: 26694327 PMCID: PMC6332335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive visible light exposure can induce damage to retinal cells and contribute to the development or progression of age-related macular degeneration. In this study we created a model of phototoxicity in pigmented rabbits. Furthermore, we investigated the protective effect of bilberry anthocyanin extract (BAE, Table A1) and explored the possible mechanisms of action in this model. The model of light-induced retinal damage was established by the pigmented rabbits exposed to light at 18,000 lx for 2 h, and they were sacrificed on day 7. After administration of BAE at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, retinal dysfunction was significantly inhibited in terms of electroretinograms, and the decreased thicknesses of retinal outer nuclear layer and lengths of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells were suppressed in rabbits with retinal degeneration. BAE attenuated the changes caused by light to certain apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3). The extract increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, as well as the total antioxidant capacity, but decreased the malondialdehyde level in the retinal cells. BAE inhibited the light-induced elevation in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and angiogenic parameters (IL-1β and VEGF). Results showed that visible light-induced retinal degeneration model in pigmented rabbits was successfully established and BAE exhibited protective effects by increasing the antioxidant defense mechanisms, suppressing lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting retinal cells apoptosis.
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Light pollution: the possible consequences of excessive illumination on retina. Eye (Lond) 2015; 30:255-63. [PMID: 26541085 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic radiation within a range of 380-780 nm; (400-700 on primates retina). In vertebrates, the retina is adapted to capturing light photons and transmitting this information to other structures in the central nervous system. In mammals, light acts directly on the retina to fulfill two important roles: (1) the visual function through rod and cone photoreceptor cells and (2) non-image forming tasks, such as the synchronization of circadian rhythms to a 24 h solar cycle, pineal melatonin suppression and pupil light reflexes. However, the excess of illumination may cause retinal degeneration or accelerate genetic retinal diseases. In the last century human society has increased its exposure to artificial illumination, producing changes in the Light/Dark cycle, as well as in light wavelengths and intensities. Although, the consequences of unnatural illumination or light pollution have been underestimated by modern society in its way of life, light pollution may have a strong impact on people's health. The effects of artificial light sources could have direct consequences on retinal health. Constant exposure to different wavelengths and intensities of light promoted by light pollution may produce retinal degeneration as a consequence of photoreceptor or retinal pigment epithelium cells death. In this review we summarize the different mechanisms of retinal damage related to the light exposure, which generates light pollution.
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Novikova YP, Gancharova OS, Eichler OV, Philippov PP, Grigoryan EN. Preventive and therapeutic effects of SkQ1-containing Visomitin eye drops against light-induced retinal degeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1101-10. [PMID: 25519068 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The human retina is constantly affected by light of varying intensity, this being especially true for photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium. Traditionally, photoinduced damages of the retina are induced by visible light of high intensity in albino rats using the LIRD (light-induced retinal degeneration) model. This model allows study of pathological processes in the retina and the search for retinoprotectors preventing retinal photodamage. In addition, the etiology and mechanisms of retina damage in the LIRD model have much in common with the mechanisms of the development of age-related retinal disorders, in particular, with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have studied preventive and therapeutic effects of Visomitin eye drops (based on the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1) on albino rat retinas damaged by bright light. In the first series of experiments, rats receiving Visomitin for two weeks prior to illumination demonstrated significantly less expressed atrophic and degenerative changes in the retina compared to animals receiving similar drops with no SkQ1. In the second series, the illuminated rats were treated for two weeks with Visomitin or similar drops without SkQ1. The damaged retinas of the experimental animals were repaired much more effectively than those of the control animals. Therefore, we conclude that Visomitin SkQ1-containing eye drops have pronounced preventive and therapeutic effects on the photodamaged retina and might be recommended as a photoprotector and a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of AMD in combination with conventional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu P Novikova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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Ozkaya A, Alkin Z, Yilmaz I, Yazici AT. Comparison of intravitreal ranibizumab between phakic and pseudophakic neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients: Two-year results. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2015; 29:182-6. [PMID: 26155075 PMCID: PMC4487941 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To compare the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) between phakic and pseudophakic eyes after a follow-up of two years. Materials and methods Data were analyzed retrospectively. The newly diagnosed and treatment naïve nAMD patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into two subgroups: phakic group, and pseudophakic. All patients received 3 consecutive monthly IVR injections, and then the treatment was continued on an as-needed regimen. Patients were examined monthly, and the data at the baseline, at month 6, 12, 18, and 24 were evaluated. The changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and the number of injections were compared between the two groups. Results The study included 92 eyes of 87 patients (58 phakic, 34 pseudophakic). Mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (LogMAR) VA at the baseline, and at month 6, 12, 18, and 24 was 0.89, 0.74, 0.75, 0.73, and 0.75, in the phakic group; and 0.79, 0.71, 0.66, 0.70, and 0.70 in the pseudophakic group, respectively. The change in mean BCVA from the baseline to month 6, 12, 18, and 24 was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.4, p = 0.9, p = 0.5, p = 0.6, respectively). Mean injection number at month 24 was 7.9 and 8.1 in the phakic and pseudophakic group, respectively (p = 0.7). Conclusion Intravitreal ranibizumab treatment on an as-needed treatment regimen is effective in preserving vision and improving central retinal thickness in both the phakic and pseudophakic group of nAMD patients. The functional and anatomical outcomes of the treatment, and the number of injections were similar in the phakic and pseudophakic nAMD patients after a follow-up time of 24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Ozkaya
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Alkin
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Yilmaz
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey
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Khordad E, Fazel A, Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A. The effect of ascorbic acid and garlic administration on lead-induced apoptosis in rat offspring's eye retina. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 17:206-13. [PMID: 23999717 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1229.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead toxicity induces retinal cell apoptosis. Vitamin C and garlic may decrease lead-induced apoptosis. This study was undertaken to investigate vitamin C and garlic protective effects on lead-induced apoptosis in eye retina. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 72) were divided randomly into 9 groups: (L) treated rats with lead acetate in drinking water and (L+AA) with leaded water and vitamin C intraperitoneally;(L+G), the rats received leaded-water and garlic juice via gavage; (L+AA+G) treated rats with leaded water, ascorbic acid, and garlic juice, (AA) with ascorbic acid, and (G) with garlic juice; (AA+G) treated rats with vitamin C and garlic juice and (Sh) with tap water plus normal hydrogen chloride (HCl) and glucose; normal (N). After 21-day lactation, blood lead level (BLL) in rats was measured, and then their offspring and the rat offspring's eyes were removed and processed for using TUNEL method. TUNEL positive cells in the eye retina were counted and all groups were compared. RESULTS BLL increased in L group compared to the control groups and decreased significantly in L + G, L + AA, and L+ AA + G groups compared to L group (P<0.05). TUNELL positive cell number in eye retina significantly increased in L group compared to control groups (P<0.05) and decreased in L+ G, L+ AA, and L+AA + G groups compared to L group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Garlic juice and ascorbic acid administration during pregnancy and lactation may protect lead-induced apoptosis in rat offspring's eye retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Khordad
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Fazel
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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COMPARISON OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB IN PHAKIC AND PSEUDOPHAKIC NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION PATIENTS WITH GOOD BASELINE VISUAL ACUITY. Retina 2014; 34:853-9. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu L, Ueda K, Nagasaki T, Sparrow JR. Light damage in Abca4 and Rpe65rd12 mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:1910-8. [PMID: 24576873 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bisretinoids form in photoreceptor cells and accumulate in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as lipofuscin. To examine the role of these fluorophores as mediators of retinal light damage, we studied the propensity for light damage in mutant mice having elevated lipofuscin due to deficiency in the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Abca4 (Abca4(-/-) mice) and in mice devoid of lipofuscin owing to absence of Rpe65 (Rpe65(rd12)). METHODS Abca4(-/-), Rpe65(rd12), and wild-type mice were exposed to 430-nm light to produce a localized lesion in the superior hemisphere of retina. Bisretinoids of RPE lipofuscin were measured by HPLC. In histologic sections, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was measured as an indicator of photoreceptor cell degeneration, and RPE nuclei were counted. RESULTS As shown previously, A2E levels were increased in Abca4(-/-) mice. These mice also sustained light damage-associated ONL thinning that was more pronounced than in age-matched wild-type mice; the ONL thinning was also greater in 5-month versus 2-month-old mice. Numbers of RPE nuclei were reduced in light-stressed mice, with the reduction being greater in the Abca4(-/-) than wild-type mice. In Rpe65(rd12) mice bisretinoid compounds of RPE lipofuscin were not detected chromatographically and light damage-associated ONL thinning was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Abca4(-/-) mice that accumulate RPE lipofuscin at increased levels were more susceptible to retinal light damage than wild-type mice. This finding, together with results showing that Rpe65(rd12) mice did not accumulate lipofuscin and did not sustain retinal light damage, indicates that the bisretinoids of retinal lipofuscin are contributors to retinal light damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Aziz MK, Ni A, Esserman DA, Chavala SH. Evidence of early ultrastructural photoreceptor abnormalities in light-induced retinal degeneration using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:984-9. [PMID: 24671925 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study spatiotemporal in vivo changes in retinal morphology and quantify thickness of retinal layers in a mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed to 5000 lux of constant light for 3 h. SD-OCT images were taken 3 h, 24 h, 3 days, 1 week and 1 month after light exposure and were compared with histology at the same time points. SD-OCT images were also taken at 0, 1 and 2 h after light exposure in order to analyse retinal changes at the earliest time points. The thickness of retinal layers was measured using the Bioptigen software InVivoVue Diver. RESULTS SD-OCT demonstrated progressive outer retinal thinning. 3 h after light exposure, the outer nuclear layer converted from hyporeflective to hyper-reflective. At 24 h, outer retinal bands and nuclear layer demonstrated similar levels of hyper-reflectivity. Significant variations in outer retinal thickness, vitreous opacities and retinal detachments occurred within days of injury. Thinning of the retina was observed at 1 month after injury. It was also determined that outer nuclear layer changes precede photoreceptor segment structure disintegration and the greatest change in segment structure occurs between 1 and 2 h after light exposure. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal SD-OCT reveals intraretinal changes that cannot be observed by histopathology at early time points in the light injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak K Aziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aiguo Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denise A Esserman
- Departments of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sai H Chavala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Changes in blood pressure and sleep duration in patients with blue light-blocking/yellow-tinted intraocular lens (CHUKYO study). Hypertens Res 2014; 37:659-64. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Arnault E, Barrau C, Nanteau C, Gondouin P, Bigot K, Viénot F, Gutman E, Fontaine V, Villette T, Cohen-Tannoudji D, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Phototoxic action spectrum on a retinal pigment epithelium model of age-related macular degeneration exposed to sunlight normalized conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71398. [PMID: 24058402 PMCID: PMC3751948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the identified risk factors of age-related macular degeneration, sunlight is known to induce cumulative damage to the retina. A photosensitive derivative of the visual pigment, N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), may be involved in this phototoxicity. The high energy visible light between 380 nm and 500 nm (blue light) is incriminated. Our aim was to define the most toxic wavelengths in the blue-green range on an in vitro model of the disease. Primary cultures of porcine retinal pigment epithelium cells were incubated for 6 hours with different A2E concentrations and exposed for 18 hours to 10 nm illumination bands centered from 380 to 520 nm in 10 nm increments. Light irradiances were normalized with respect to the natural sunlight reaching the retina. Six hours after light exposure, cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis were assessed using the Apotox-Glo Triplex™ assay. Retinal pigment epithelium cells incubated with A2E displayed fluorescent bodies within the cytoplasm. Their absorption and emission spectra were similar to those of A2E. Exposure to 10 nm illumination bands induced a loss in cell viability with a dose dependence upon A2E concentrations. Irrespective of A2E concentration, the loss of cell viability was maximal for wavelengths from 415 to 455 nm. Cell viability decrease was correlated to an increase in cell apoptosis indicated by caspase-3/7 activities in the same spectral range. No light-elicited necrosis was measured as compared to control cells maintained in darkness. Our results defined the precise spectrum of light retinal toxicity in physiological irradiance conditions on an in vitro model of age-related macular degeneration. Surprisingly, a narrow bandwidth in blue light generated the greatest phototoxic risk to retinal pigment epithelium cells. This phototoxic spectrum may be advantageously valued in designing selective photoprotection ophthalmic filters, without disrupting essential visual and non-visual functions of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Arnault
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Nanteau
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Gondouin
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Karine Bigot
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Gutman
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Fontaine
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | | | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Chen H, Tran JTA, Eckerd A, Huynh TP, Elliott MH, Brush RS, Mandal NA. Inhibition of de novo ceramide biosynthesis by FTY720 protects rat retina from light-induced degeneration. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1616-1629. [PMID: 23468130 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) in albino rats causes apoptotic photoreceptor cell death. Ceramide is a second messenger for apoptosis. We tested whether increases in ceramide mediate photoreceptor apoptosis in LIRD and if inhibition of ceramide synthesis protects the retina. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2,700 lux white light for 6 h, and the retinal levels of ceramide and its intermediary metabolites were measured by GC-MS or electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Enzymes of the de novo biosynthetic and sphingomyelinase pathways of ceramide generation were assayed, and gene expression was measured. The dosage and temporal effect of the ceramide synthase inhibitor FTY720 on the LIRD retina were measured by histological and functional analyses. Retinal ceramide levels increased coincident with the increase of dihydroceramide at various time points after light stress. Light stress in retina induces ceramide generation predominantly through the de novo pathway, which was prevented by systemic administration of FTY720 (10 mg/kg) leading to the protection of retinal structure and function. The neuroprotection of FTY720 was independent of its immunosuppressive action. We conclude that ceramide increase by de novo biosynthesis mediates photoreceptor apoptosis in the LIRD model and that inhibition of ceramide production protects the retina against light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and; Ophthalmology Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Julie-Thu A Tran
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Annette Eckerd
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Tuan-Phat Huynh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Departments of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Richard S Brush
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Nawajes A Mandal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Departments of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and.
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Rezaie T, McKercher SR, Kosaka K, Seki M, Wheeler L, Viswanath V, Chun T, Joshi R, Valencia M, Sasaki S, Tozawa T, Satoh T, Lipton SA. Protective effect of carnosic acid, a pro-electrophilic compound, in models of oxidative stress and light-induced retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7847-54. [PMID: 23081978 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The herb rosemary has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We have previously shown that carnosic acid (CA), present in rosemary extract, crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert neuroprotective effects by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes via the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. Here we investigated the antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of CA in retinal cell lines exposed to oxidative stress and in a rat model of light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD). METHODS Retina-derived cell lines ARPE-19 and 661W treated with hydrogen peroxide were used as in vitro models for testing the protective activity of CA. For in vivo testing, dark-adapted rats were given intraperitoneal injections of CA prior to exposure to white light to assess protection of the photoreceptor cells. Retinal damage was assessed by measuring outer nuclear layer thickness and by electroretinogram (ERG). RESULTS In vitro, CA significantly protected retina-derived cell lines (ARPE-19 and 661W) against H(2)O(2)-induced toxicity. CA induced antioxidant phase 2 enzymes and reduced formation of hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin (Prx)2. Similarly, we found that CA protected retinas in vivo from LIRD, producing significant improvement in outer nuclear layer thickness and ERG activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CA may potentially have clinical application to diseases affecting the outer retina, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, in which oxidative stress is thought to contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Rezaie
- Del E Web Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Mandal NA, Tran JTA, Saadi A, Rahman AK, Huynh TP, Klein WH, Cho JH. Expression and localization of CERKL in the mammalian retina, its response to light-stress, and relationship with NeuroD1 gene. Exp Eye Res 2012; 106:24-33. [PMID: 23142158 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Ceramide kinase like (CERKL) gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP26) and cone-rod dystrophy. CERKL is homologous to Ceramide kinase (CERK), and its function is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the expression and distribution of this gene and its protein in rat and in mouse tissues, in light-stressed rat retinas and in the retinas of NeuroD1 knock-out mice to understand the role of CERKL in the retina. Expression of Cerkl and Cerk mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of the protein was determined by Western blotting with anti-CERKL antibody. Localization of the protein was determined by using immunofluorescence microscopy. With qRT-PCR, we revealed that the relative mRNA expression of Cerkl was the highest in the retina among all the rat tissue tested; it was >10-fold higher than in the brain. On the other hand, Cerk has ubiquitous expression and its relative abundance is >2 fold of Cerkl in the retina. Cerkl was expressed minimally in the developing mouse eyes and reached a peak at retinal maturity at 2 months. Western blots of retinal tissues revealed two major CERKL protein bands: 59 kDa (C1) and 37 kDa (C2). However, only C2 CERKL was found in the rat retinal rod outer segment (ROS) at level of that was not changed in light vs. dark adaptation. In the light-stressed retina, expression of Cerkl mRNA increased significantly, which was reflected in only on C2 CERKL protein. The CERKL protein localized prominently to the ganglion cells, inner nuclear layers (INL), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and photoreceptor inner segments in the retinal sections. Nuclear localization of CERKL was not affected in RPE, INL and the ganglion cell layers in the light-stressed retina; however, the perinuclear and outer segment locations appear to be altered. In the NeuroD1 knock-out mouse retina, the expression of Cerkl mRNA and protein decreased and that decrease also pertains to C2 CERKL. In conclusion, the retina had the highest level of Cerkl mRNA and protein expression, which reached its maximum in the adult retina; CERKL localized to ROS and RPE cells and the light-adaptation did not change the level of CERKL in ROS; light-stress induced Cerkl expression in the retina; and its expression decreased in NeuroD1 knock-out retina. Thus, CERKL may be important for the stress responses and protection of photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawajes A Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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Tremblay F, Waterhouse J, Nason J, Kalt W. Prophylactic neuroprotection by blueberry-enriched diet in a rat model of light-induced retinopathy. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:647-55. [PMID: 22832077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of anthocyanins is controversial in vision health. This study investigates the impact of a blueberry-enriched diet as neuroprotectant in a rat model of light-induced retinopathy. Thirty-eight albino Wistar rats and 25 pigmented Brown-Norway rats were fed by gavage with long (7 weeks) and short (2 weeks) intervention with fortified blueberry juice (1 ml; 2.8 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents) or with a placebo solution (7 weeks) that contained the abundant nonanthocyanin blueberry phenolic, namely, chlorogenic acid, before being submitted to 2 hours of intense light regimen (1.8×10(4) lux). Retinal health was measured by fitting electroretinogram responses with the Naka-Rushton equation. The light-induced retinal damage was severe in the placebo groups, with the maximum amplitude of the electroretinogram being significantly reduced in both Wistar and Brown-Norway rats. The maximum amplitude of the electroretinogram was significantly protected from the light insult in the Wistar rats supplemented with blueberry juice for 7 or 2 weeks, and there was no significant difference between these two groups. The same dietary intervention in the Brown-Norway groups failed to protect the retina. Histological examination of retinal section confirmed the electroretinography results, showing protection of the outer nuclear layer of the retina in the Wistar rats fed with blueberries, while all placebo-fed rats and blueberry-fed Brown-Norway rats showed evidence of retinal damage concentrated in the superior hemiretina. The neuroprotective potential of anthocyanins in this particular model is discussed in terms of interaction with rhodopsin/phototransduction and in terms of antioxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tremblay
- Dalhousie University, Department Physiology & Biophysics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Kinnunen K, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Berta A, Kaarniranta K. Molecular mechanisms of retinal pigment epithelium damage and development of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:299-309. [PMID: 22112056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is attributed to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane, as well as alterations in choroidal capillaries. AMD pathogenesis is strongly associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that ultimately lead to protein damage, aggregation and degeneration of RPE. Specific degenerative findings for AMD are accumulation of intracellular lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusens. In this review, we discuss thoroughly RPE-derived mechanisms in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Zhu XF, Zou HD, Yu YF, Sun Q, Zhao NQ. Comparison of blue light-filtering IOLs and UV light-filtering IOLs for cataract surgery: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33013. [PMID: 22412976 PMCID: PMC3296774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of published randomized controlled trials have been conducted to evaluate visual performance of blue light-filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) and UV light-filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) after cataract phacoemulsification surgery. However, results have not always been consistent. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of blue light-filtering IOLs versus UV light-filtering IOLs in cataract surgery. METHODS AND FINDINGS Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and the Chinese BioMedical literature databases were performed using web-based search engines. Fifteen trials (1690 eyes) were included for systematic review, and 11 of 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in postoperative mean best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, overall color vision, or in the blue light spectrum under photopic light conditions between blue light-filtering IOLs and UV light-filtering IOLs [WMD = -0.01, 95%CI (-0.03, 0.01), P = 0.46; WMD = 0.07, 95%CI (-0.04, 0.19), P = 0.20; SMD = 0.14, 95%CI (-0.33, 0.60), P = 0.566; SMD = 0.20, 95%CI (-0.04, 0.43), P = 0.099]. However, color vision with blue light-filtering IOLs was significantly reduced in the blue light spectrum under mesopic light conditions [SMD = 0.74, 95%CI (0.29, 1.18), P = 0.001]. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrates that postoperative visual performance with blue light-filtering IOLs is approximately equal to that of UV light-filtering IOLs after cataract surgery, but color vision with blue light-filtering IOLs demonstrated some compromise in the blue light spectrum under mesopic light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-feng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-dong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yong-fu Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nai-qing Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mongan M, Wang J, Liu H, Fan Y, Jin C, Kao WYW, Xia Y. Loss of MAP3K1 enhances proliferation and apoptosis during retinal development. Development 2011; 138:4001-12. [PMID: 21862560 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise coordination of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for proper organ morphogenesis and function during mammalian development. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) has a well-established role in anterior eyelid development, as Map3k1-knockout mice have defective embryonic eyelid closure and an `eye-open at birth' (EOB) phenotype. Here, we show that MAP3K1 is highly expressed in the posterior of the developing eye and is required for retina development. The MAP3K1-deficient mice exhibit increased proliferation and apoptosis, and Müller glial cell overproduction in the developing retinas. Consequently, the retinas of these mice show localized rosette-like arrangements in the outer nuclear layer, and develop abnormal vascularization, broken down retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor loss and early onset of retinal degeneration. Although the retinal defect is associated with increased cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 expression, and RB phosphorylation and E2F-target gene upregulation, it is independent of the EOB phenotype and of JNK. The retinal developmental defect still occurs in knockout mice that have undergone tarsorrhaphy, but is absent in compound mutant Map3k1(+/ΔKD)Jnk1(-/-) and Map3k1(+/ΔKD)Jnk(+/-)Jnk2(+/-) mice that have EOB and reduced JNK signaling. Our results unveil a novel role for MAP3K1 in which it crosstalks with the cell cycle regulatory pathways in the prevention of retina malformation and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Mongan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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O'Driscoll C, Doonan F, Sanvicens N, Messeguer A, Cotter TG. A novel free radical scavenger rescues retinal cells in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:65-74. [PMID: 21635890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The benzopyran BP (3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1(2H)-benzopyran) is a free radical scavenger that is structurally similar to alpha-tocopherol and has provided neuro-protection in a number of disease models where oxidative stress is a causative factor. A novel derivative of BP with improved lipid solubility, which we have designated BP3, was synthesized and its neuro-protective efficacy subsequently analyzed in three mouse models of retinal disease in vivo. In the acute light damage model, balb/c mice received a single intra-peritoneal injection (200 mg/kg) of BP3 one hour prior to phototoxicity, reducing photoreceptor degeneration for up to 48 h post insult. In the rd10/rd10 mouse, a chronic model of inherited retinal degeneration, systemic dosing with BP3 on alternate days between post-natal day 18 and 25 preserved rod photoreceptor numbers and cone photoreceptor morphology. Finally, NMDA induced toxicity in retinal ganglion cells was diminished for at least 72 h after the initial insult by a single dose of BP3. In each disease model, BP3 alleviated cellular oxidative burden as MDA levels were markedly reduced. These results demonstrate that systemically administered BP3 has potent free radical scavenging capacity in the retina and may represent a single therapeutic strategy applicable across several retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn O'Driscoll
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Viénot F, Zissis G, Barlier-Salsi A, Cesarini JP, Enouf O, Garcia M, Picaud S, Attia D. Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: any risks for the eye? Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:239-57. [PMID: 21600300 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are taking an increasing place in the market of domestic lighting because they produce light with low energy consumption. In the EU, by 2016, no traditional incandescent light sources will be available and LEDs may become the major domestic light sources. Due to specific spectral and energetic characteristics of white LEDs as compared to other domestic light sources, some concerns have been raised regarding their safety for human health and particularly potential harmful risks for the eye. To conduct a health risk assessment on systems using LEDs, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), a public body reporting to the French Ministers for ecology, for health and for employment, has organized a task group. This group consisted physicists, lighting and metrology specialists, retinal biologist and ophthalmologist who have worked together for a year. Part of this work has comprised the evaluation of group risks of different white LEDs commercialized on the French market, according to the standards and found that some of these lights belonged to the group risk 1 or 2. This paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the potential risks of white LEDs, taking into account pre-clinical knowledge as well as epidemiologic studies and reports the French Agency's recommendations to avoid potential retinal hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Behar-Cohen
- Inserm UMRS 872, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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Schimel AM, Abraham L, Cox D, Sene A, Kraus C, Dace DS, Ercal N, Apte RS. N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) prevents retinal degeneration by up-regulating reduced glutathione production and reversing lipid peroxidation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2032-43. [PMID: 21457933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in accelerating retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction and death in degenerative retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration. Given the key role of oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell death and secondary photoreceptor loss in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, we hypothesized that a novel thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), might ameliorate cellular damage and subsequent loss of vision. Treatment of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with NACA protected against oxidative stress-induced cellular injury and death. NACA acted mechanistically by scavenging existing reactive oxygen species while halting production of reactive oxygen species by reversing lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, NACA functioned by increasing the levels of reduced glutathione and the phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Treatment of mice exposed to phototoxic doses of light with NACA maintained retinal pigment epithelial cell integrity and prevented outer nuclear layer cell death as examined by histopathologic methods and rescued photoreceptor function as measured by electroretinography. These observations indicate that NACA protects against oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelial and photoreceptor cell death in vitro and in vivo. The data suggest that NACA may be a novel treatment in rescuing retinal function and preventing vision loss secondary to retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Schimel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Neumaier-Ammerer B, Felke S, Hagen S, Haas P, Zeiler F, Mauler H, Binder S. Comparison of visual performance with blue light-filtering and ultraviolet light-filtering intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 36:2073-9. [PMID: 21111309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the contrast sensitivity, glare, color perception, and visual acuity at different light intensities with yellow-tinted and clear intraocular lenses (IOLs) by different manufacturers. SETTING Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Retinology and Biomicroscopic Laser-Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Vienna, Austria. DESIGN Comparative case series. METHODS Eyes were randomized to 1 of the following IOLs: AF-1 (UY) (yellow tinted), AcrySof SN60AT (yellow tinted), AF-1 (UV) (clear), or AcrySof SA60AT (clear). One week and 2 months postoperatively, monocular contrast sensitivity function and color discrimination were tested and the corrected distance and near visual acuities were evaluated. All tests were performed under different light intensities (10 to 1000 lux). RESULTS Of the 80 patients enrolled, 76 completed the study; there were 37 eyes in the yellow-tinted IOL group and 39 in the clear IOL group. There were no significant differences between yellow-tinted IOLs and clear IOLs except in color vision under mesopic conditions (10 lux). Patients with a yellow-tinted IOL made significantly more mistakes in the blue-light spectrum than patients with clear IOLs (P = .00015). There was no significant difference under photopic conditions (1000 lux). CONCLUSIONS The yellow-tinted IOLs were equivalent to the clear IOLs in postoperative contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, and color perception under photopic conditions. Patients with yellow-tinted IOLs made statistically significantly more mistakes in the blue range under dim light than patients with clear IOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Neumaier-Ammerer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Rudolf Foundation Clinic Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Petrovski G, Berényi E, Moe MC, Vajas A, Fésüs L, Berta A, Facskó A. Clearance of dying ARPE-19 cells by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes in vitro- implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:e30-4. [PMID: 21091941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Failure of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and macrophages to engulf different dying cells in the retina may result in accumulation of debris and development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The dynamics and influence of different treatments on this clearance process can be studied in vitro using human ARPE-19 cells and macrophages as phagocytes modelling dry and wet type of AMD, respectively. METHODS Death through extracellular matrix detachment using polyHEMA-coated surfaces (anoikis) and UV irradiation (apoptosis) was induced in ARPE-19 cells. Two-coloured phagocytic assays were performed to quantify the amount of dying cells phagocytes engulfed (flow cytometry) and for visualization (fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy). The effect of phosphatidylserine inhibition with recombinant annexin-V and glucocorticoid (triamcinolone) treatment on the phagocytic process was tested. RESULTS The clearance of anoikic and apoptotic cells by nondying ARPE-19 cells over 8 hr of co-incubation increased over time (at 8 hr, over 53% and 35% of the phagocytes contained engulfed dying cells, respectively). The human macrophages engulfed the anoikic and apoptotic ARPE-19 cells with seven and four times lower capacity, respectively. Phosphatidylserine appearance on the dying cells did not affect, but triamcinolone treatment enhanced the phagocytosis of the dying cells by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS ARPE-19 cells are more efficient in clearing anoikic than UV-induced apoptotic cells. Macrophages are less efficient in the clearance process than ARPE-19 cells. The present model can be used for studying both dry and wet type of AMD in vitro and for testing different pharmacological aspects affecting this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Petrovski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Hafezi F, Majo F, El Danasoury AM. Effect of the Direct Application of Riboflavin and UVA on the Visian Implantable Collamer Lens. J Refract Surg 2010; 26:762-5. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20100415-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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POD nanoparticles expressing GDNF provide structural and functional rescue of light-induced retinal degeneration in an adult mouse. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1917-26. [PMID: 20700110 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide for ocular delivery (POD) is a novel cationic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) which, when conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-POD), can deliver plasmid DNA to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of adult murine retina. PEG-POD nanoparticles containing an expression cassette for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (PEG-POD~GDNF) were investigated for their ability to inhibit light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. PEG-POD~GDNF, control nanoparticles, or buffer were injected into the subretinal space of adult murine retina and retinal degeneration induced by blue light. Animals injected with PEG-POD~GDNF showed a significant reduction (3.9-7.7 fold) in apoptosis relative to control-injected animals. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the superior retina of PEG-POD~GDNF-injected eyes was significantly greater (23.6-39.3%) than control-injected retina 14 days post-light treatment. PEG-POD~GDNF-injected eyes showed a 27-39% greater functional response relative to controls, as measured by electroretinogram (ERG) 7 days post-light treatment. This is one of only two studies demonstrating histological and functional rescue of a mouse model of retinal degeneration following nonviral administration of a transgene into adult retina. Although rescue is short lived for clinical application, this study represents an important step in the development of nonviral gene therapy for retinal diseases.
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Abstract
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) that block both ultraviolet and blue wavelength light (<500 nm)were introduced in the 1990s. Since then, the potential benefits and harm from blocking blue light has been debated. We report the results of a complete review of all peer-reviewed published studies regarding the impact of blocking the transmission of blue light. Fifty-six published reports on subjects related to blue-blocking lenses including sleep disturbance, visual outcomes, cataract surgery, lens transmittance, sunlight exposure, and macular disease were found in peer reviewed journals from 1962 to 2009. Eleven reports specifically compared visual outcomes between blue-blocking IOLs and nonblue-locking IOLs. Of these, 10 independent studies (10/11, 91%) concluded that there are no significant effects of blue-blocking IOLs on various meters of visual performance including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color perception, and photopic, mesopic, and scotopic sensitivities. Only one group of authors reported that the use of blue-blocking IOLs may have detrimental effects on scotopic vision and circadian rhythms. However, the actual clinical significance of these potential negative effects on scotopic vision and on sleep patterns is uncertain. The benefits of blocking the transmission of blue light to the macula and the relationship between progression of age-related macular degeneration remain unclear. However, the published studies clearly state that the use of blue-blocking IOLs is not detrimental in visual acuity, color perception, and contrast sensitivity. The reported potential negative effects on scotopic vision and sleep disturbance appear to be minimal and may not be clinically relevant. (Surv Ophthalmol 55:284--289, 2010. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie An Henderson
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Abstract
By its action on rhodopsin, light triggers the well-known visual transduction cascade, but can also induce cell damage and death through phototoxic mechanisms - a comprehensive understanding of which is still elusive despite more than 40 years of research. Herein, we integrate recent experimental findings to address several hypotheses of retinal light damage, premised in part on the close anatomical and metabolic relationships between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. We begin by reviewing the salient features of light damage, recently joined by evidence for retinal remodeling which has implications for the prognosis of recovery of function in retinal degenerations. We then consider select factors that influence the progression of the damage process and the extent of visual cell loss. Traditional, genetically modified, and emerging animal models are discussed, with particular emphasis on cone visual cells. Exogenous and endogenous retinal protective factors are explored, with implications for light damage mechanisms and some suggested avenues for future research. Synergies are known to exist between our long term light environment and photoreceptor cell death in retinal disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of light damage in a variety of animal models can provide valuable insights into the effects of light in clinical disorders and may form the basis of future therapies to prevent or delay visual cell loss.
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