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Halliday LA, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson RJ, Selva D, Sun MT. Establishing human lacrimal gland cultures from biopsy-sized tissue specimens. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:62-68. [PMID: 35001090 PMCID: PMC9829670 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish cultures of human lacrimal gland from patient-derived, biopsy-sized, tissue specimens. METHODS Tissue was obtained after surgical removal from patients without dry eye disease undergoing routine procedures. Samples were subjected to mechanical and enzymatic digestion and resulting cell suspensions were plated onto collagen-coated glass coverslips and grown for up to 21 days. Cultures were analysed by immunocytochemistry and light microscopy, and resultant cellular distributions were compared to those in sections of fixed human lacrimal gland tissue. RESULTS Dissociation of biopsy-sized pieces of human lacrimal gland and seeding onto coated surfaces allowed development of a mixed population of cells in vitro. Within 7-14 days, cellular aggregation was observed and by 21 days many cells had organised themselves into distinct three-dimensional complexes. Immunohistochemistry revealed a heterogeneous population of cells, including epithelial, myoepithelial, mesenchymal and progenitor cells. Some of the epithelia labelled positively for lysozyme and lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS Collection and dissociation of biopsy-sized pieces of human lacrimal gland leads to a cellular preparation that can proliferate in vitro and organise into three-dimensional structures. This is the first report detailing that biopsy-collected specimens of human lacrimal gland can be used to establish cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Halliday
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Dinesh Selva
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michelle T Sun
- Discipline of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Singh VK, Sharma P, Vaksh UKS, Chandra R. Current approaches for the regeneration and reconstruction of ocular surface in dry eye. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:885780. [PMID: 36213677 PMCID: PMC9544815 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.885780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research revealed the preocular tear film composition and regulations that remain vital for maintaining Ocular surface functional integrity. Inflammation triggered by many factors is the hallmark of Ocular surface disorders or dry eyes syndrome (DES). The tear deficiencies may lead to ocular surface desiccation, corneal ulceration and/or perforation, higher rates of infectious disease, and the risk of severe visual impairment and blindness. Clinical management remains largely supportive, palliative, and frequent, lifelong use of different lubricating agents. However, few advancements such as punctal plugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and salivary gland autografts are of limited use. Cell-based therapies, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, have recently evolved as long-term cures for many diseases, including ophthalmic diseases. The present article focuses on the different regenerative medicine and reconstruction/bioengineered lacrimal gland formation strategies reported so far, along with their limiting factors and feasibility as an effective cure in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kishor Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Vimal Kishor Singh ; ;
| | - Pallavi Sharma
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttkarsh Kumar Sharma Vaksh
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Institute of Nanomedical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Manafi N, Shokri F, Achberger K, Hirayama M, Mohammadi MH, Noorizadeh F, Hong J, Liebau S, Tsuji T, Quinn PMJ, Mashaghi A. Organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:1-15. [PMID: 33220469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have driven the development of stem cell-derived, self-organizing, three-dimensional miniature organs, termed organoids, which mimic different eye tissues including the retina, cornea, and lens. Organoids and engineered microfluidic organ-on-chips (organ chips) are transformative technologies that show promise in simulating the architectural and functional complexity of native organs. Accordingly, they enable exploration of facets of human disease and development not accurately recapitulated by animal models. Together, these technologies will increase our understanding of the basic physiology of different eye structures, enable us to interrogate unknown aspects of ophthalmic disease pathogenesis, and serve as clinically-relevant surrogates for the evaluation of ocular therapeutics. Both the burden and prevalence of monogenic and multifactorial ophthalmic diseases, which can cause visual impairment or blindness, in the human population warrants a paradigm shift towards organoids and organ chips that can provide sensitive, quantitative, and scalable phenotypic assays. In this article, we review the current situation of organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology and discuss how they can be leveraged for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manafi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Shokri
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Melika Haji Mohammadi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jiaxu Hong
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan; Organ Technologies Inc., Minato, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Peter M J Quinn
- Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center - New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Ruud KF, Hiscox WC, Yu I, Chen RK, Li W. Distinct phenotypes of cancer cells on tissue matrix gel. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:82. [PMID: 32736579 PMCID: PMC7395363 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer cells invading the connective tissues outside the mammary lobule or duct immerse in a reservoir of extracellular matrix (ECM) that is structurally and biochemically distinct from that of their site of origin. The ECM is a spatial network of matrix proteins, which not only provide physical support but also serve as bioactive ligands to the cells. It becomes evident that the dimensional, mechanical, structural, and biochemical properties of ECM are all essential mediators of many cellular functions. To better understand breast cancer development and cancer cell biology in native tissue environment, various tissue-mimicking culture models such as hydrogel have been developed. Collagen I (Col I) and Matrigel are the most common hydrogels used in cancer research and have opened opportunities for addressing biological questions beyond the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Yet, it remains unclear whether these broadly used hydrogels can recapitulate the environmental properties of tissue ECM, and whether breast cancer cells grown on CoI I or Matrigel display similar phenotypes as they would on their native ECM. METHODS We investigated mammary epithelial cell phenotypes and metabolic profiles on animal breast ECM-derived tissue matrix gel (TMG), Col I, and Matrigel. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy, acini formation assay, differentiation experiments, spatial migration/invasion assays, proliferation assay, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to examine biological phenotypes and metabolic changes. Student's t test was applied for statistical analyses. RESULTS Our data showed that under a similar physiological stiffness, the three types of hydrogels exhibited distinct microstructures. Breast cancer cells grown on TMG displayed quite different morphologies, surface receptor expression, differentiation status, migration and invasion, and metabolic profiles compared to those cultured on Col I and Matrigel. Depleting lactate produced by glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells abolished the cell proliferation promoted by the non-tissue-specific hydrogel. CONCLUSION The full ECM protein-based hydrogel system may serve as a biologically relevant model system to study tissue- and disease-specific pathological questions. This work provides insights into tissue matrix regulation of cancer cell biomarker expression and identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers based on tissue-specific disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey F Ruud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - William C Hiscox
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ilhan Yu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Roland K Chen
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
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5
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Garg A, Zhang X. Lacrimal gland development: From signaling interactions to regenerative medicine. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:970-980. [PMID: 28710815 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland plays a pivotal role in keeping the ocular surface lubricated, and protecting it from environmental exposure and insult. Dysfunction of the lacrimal gland results in deficiency of the aqueous component of the tear film, which can cause dryness of the ocular surface, also known as the aqueous-deficient dry eye disease. Left untreated, this disease can lead to significant morbidity, including frequent eye infections, corneal ulcerations, and vision loss. Current therapies do not treat the underlying deficiency of the lacrimal gland, but merely provide symptomatic relief. To develop more sustainable and physiological therapies, such as in vivo lacrimal gland regeneration or bioengineered lacrimal gland implants, a thorough understanding of lacrimal gland development at the molecular level is of paramount importance. Based on the structural and functional similarities between rodent and human eye development, extensive studies have been undertaken to investigate the signaling and transcriptional mechanisms of lacrimal gland development using mouse as a model system. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the extrinsic signaling interactions and the intrinsic transcriptional network governing lacrimal gland morphogenesis, as well as recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine aimed at treating dry eye disease. Developmental Dynamics 246:970-980, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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An In Vitro Model for the Ocular Surface and Tear Film System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6163. [PMID: 28733649 PMCID: PMC5522434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is a complicated ocular surface disease whose exact pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. For the therapeutic evaluation and pathogenesis study of dry eye, we established an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) coculture model for the ocular surface. It is composed of rabbit conjunctival epithelium and lacrimal gland cell spheroids, and recapitulates the aqueous and mucin layers of the tear film. We first investigated the culture conditions for both cell types to optimize their secretory functions, by employing goblet cell enrichment, air-lifting culture, and 3D spheroid formation techniques. The coculture of the two cell components leads to elevated secretion and higher expression of tear secretory markers. We also compared several coculture systems, and found that direct cell contact between the two cell types significantly increased tear secretion. Inflammation was induced to mimic dry eye disease in the coculture model system. Our results showed that the coculture system provides a more physiologically relevant therapeutic response compared to monocultures. Our work provides a complex 3D model as a recapitulation of the ocular surface and tear film system, which can be further developed as a model for dry eye disease and therapeutic evaluation.
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7
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The lacrimal gland: development, wound repair and regeneration. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:939-949. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Massie I, Spaniol K, Geerling G, Schrader S. Cryopreservation and hypothermic storage of lacrimal gland: towards enabling delivery of regenerative medicine therapies for treatment of dry eye syndrome. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:3373-3384. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Massie
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Life Science Center; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - K. Spaniol
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - G. Geerling
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - S. Schrader
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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9
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Massie I, Dietrich J, Roth M, Geerling G, Mertsch S, Schrader S. Development of Causative Treatment Strategies for Lacrimal Gland Insufficiency by Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy. Part 2: Reconstruction of Lacrimal Gland Tissue: What Has Been Achieved So Far and What Are the Remaining Challenges? Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1255-1265. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Massie
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Dietrich
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Roth
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Spaniol K, Metzger M, Roth M, Greve B, Mertsch S, Geerling G, Schrader S. Engineering of a Secretory Active Three-Dimensional Lacrimal Gland Construct on the Basis of Decellularized Lacrimal Gland Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2015. [PMID: 26222647 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacrimal gland (LG) insufficiency is a main cause for severe dry eye leading to pain, visual impairment, and eventually loss of sight. Engineering of transplantable LG tissue with secretory capacity is a desirable goal. In this study, a three-dimensional decellularized LG (DC-LG) scaffold with preserved LG morphology was generated by treatment with 1% sodium deoxycholate and DNase solution using porcine LG tissue. To address clinical applicability, the primary in vitro culture of secretory active LG cells from a small tissue biopsy of 1.5 mm diameter was introduced and compared with an established isolation method by enzymatic digestion. Cells from both isolation methods depicted an epithelial phenotype, maintained their secretory capacity for up to 30 days, and exhibited progenitor cell capacity as measured by aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity, side population assay, and colony-forming units. Cells from passage 0 were reseeded into the DC-LG and secretory active cells migrated into the tissue. The cells resembled an LG-like morphology and the constructs showed secretory activity. These results demonstrate the possibility of engineering a secretory competent, three-dimensional LG construct using LG cells expanded from a small tissue biopsy and DC-LG as a matrix that provides the native structure and physiological niche for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Spaniol
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- 2 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg and Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoscelettal Diseases ," Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Roth
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- 3 Department of Radiotherapy, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- 4 Institute for Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Tiwari S, Ali MJ, Balla MMS, Naik MN, Honavar SG, Reddy VAP, Vemuganti GK. Establishing human lacrimal gland cultures with secretory function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29458. [PMID: 22253725 PMCID: PMC3258235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial chronic disabling disease mainly caused by the functional disruptions in the lacrimal gland. The treatment involves palliation like ocular surface lubrication and rehydration. Cell therapy involving replacement of the gland is a promising alternative for providing long-term relief to patients. This study aimed to establish functionally competent lacrimal gland cultures in–vitro and explore the presence of stem cells in the native gland and the established in-vitro cultures. Methods Fresh human lacrimal gland from patients undergoing exenteration was harvested for cultures after IRB approval. The freshly isolated cells were evaluated by flow cytometry for expression of stem cell markers ABCG2, high ALDH1 levels and c-kit. Cultures were established on Matrigel, collagen and HAM and the cultured cells evaluated for the presence of stem cell markers and differentiating markers of epithelial (E-cadherin, EpCAM), mesenchymal (Vimentin, CD90) and myofibroblastic (α-SMA, S-100) origin by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The conditioned media was tested for secretory proteins (scIgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme) post carbachol (100 µM) stimulation by ELISA. Results Native human lacrimal gland expressed ABCG2 (mean±SEM: 3.1±0.61%), high ALDH1 (3.8±1.26%) and c-kit (6.7±2.0%). Lacrimal gland cultures formed a monolayer, in order of preference on Matrigel, collagen and HAM within 15–20 days, containing a heterogeneous population of stem-like and differentiated cells. The epithelial cells formed ‘spherules’ with duct like connections, suggestive of ductal origin. The levels of scIgA (47.43 to 61.56 ng/ml), lysozyme (24.36 to 144.74 ng/ml) and lactoferrin (32.45 to 40.31 ng/ml) in the conditioned media were significantly higher than the negative controls (p<0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion The study reports the novel finding of establishing functionally competent human lacrimal gland cultures in-vitro. It also provides preliminary data on the presence of stem cells and duct-like cells in the fresh and in-vitro cultured human lacrimal gland. These significant findings could pave way for cell therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Tiwari
- Sudhakar and Sreekant Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Professor Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Chan YH, Huang TW, Young TH, Lou PJ. Human salivary gland acinar cells spontaneously form three-dimensional structures and change the protein expression patterns. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3076-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Maria OM, Zeitouni A, Gologan O, Tran SD. Matrigel improves functional properties of primary human salivary gland cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1229-38. [PMID: 21189069 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment available to patients with irreversible loss of functional salivary acini caused by Sjogren's syndrome or after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A tissue-engineered artificial salivary gland would help these patients. The graft cells for this device must establish tight junctions in addition to being of fluid-secretory nature. This study analyzed a graft source from human salivary glands (huSG) cultured on Matrigel. Cells were obtained from parotid and submandibular glands, expanded in vitro, and then plated on either Matrigel-coated (2 mg/mL) or uncoated culture dish. Immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and transepithelial electrical resistance were employed. On Matrigel, huSG cells adopted an acinar phenotype by forming three-dimensional acinar-like units (within 24 h of plating) as well as a monolayer of cells. On uncoated surfaces (plastic), huSG cells only formed monolayers of ductal cells. Both types of culture conditions allowed huSG cells to express tight junction proteins (claudin-1, -2, -3, -4; occludin; JAM-A; and ZO-1) and adequate transepithelial electrical resistance. Importantly, 99% of huSG cells on Matrigel expressed α-amylase and the water channel protein Aquaporin-5, as compared to <5% of huSG cells on plastic. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed an acinar phenotype with many secretory granules. Matrigel increased the secretion of α-amylase two to five folds into the media, downregulated certain salivary genes, and regulated the translation of acinar proteins. This three-dimensional in vitro serum-free cell culture method allows the organization and differentiation of huSG cells into salivary cells with an acinar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Maria
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Schechter JE, Warren DW, Mircheff AK. A Lacrimal Gland is a Lacrimal Gland, But Rodent's and Rabbit's Are Not Human. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:111-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ocular surface disorder underlies a diverse group of prevalent diseases in the United States, caused by biological aging, autoimmune conditions, trauma, or iatrogenic factors. Left untreated, these conditions can progress to vision loss or destruction of the globe itself. This review discusses the most recent and relevant clinical and experimental advances in the treatment options for ocular surface disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Current literature suggests that recent progress in tissue bioengineering, and molecular and cellular biology research presents many potential interventional therapies for ocular surface diseases. Depending on the pathogenesis of each condition, treatment options include bioengineered amniotic membrane graft, limbal stem cell transplantation, conjunctival and extraocular tissue transplantation, multiagent immunosuppressant therapy, and bioartificial devices such as lacrimal gland microdevices and keratoprostheses, or tissue adhesives. SUMMARY Much progress has been made in the fields of microbiology, stem-cell research, tissue engineering, and bioartificial devices for the treatment of the heterogeneous group of ocular surface disorders. Intensive efforts are underway to ensure the adaptation and accessibility of these therapeutic options to the general population.
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Dartt DA. Dysfunctional neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretion and its role in the pathogenesis of dry eye syndromes. Ocul Surf 2007; 2:76-91. [PMID: 17216081 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tears are a complex fluid consisting of three layers, each of which is secreted by a different set of tissues or glands. The aqueous portion of the tear film is produced predominantly by the lacrimal gland. Dry eye syndromes are diseases in which the amount and composition of tears are altered, which can lead to ocular surface damage. There are many causes for dry eye syndromes. One such cause is the alteration in the functions of nerves innervating the lacrimal gland and the ocular surface. The autoimmune disease Sjogren syndrome can deleteriously affect the innervation of the lacrimal gland. Damage to the sensory nerves in the ocular surface, specifically the cornea, as a result of refractive surgery and normal aging, prevents the normal reflex arc to the lacrimal gland. Both defects can result in decreased tear secretion and dry eye syndromes. This review will discuss the current information regarding neurally-stimulated protein, water, and electrolyte secretion from the lacrimal gland and delineate how nerve dysfunction resulting from a variety of causes decreases secretion from this gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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17
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Wang Y, Chiu CT, Nakamura T, Walker AM, Petridou B, Trousdale MD, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Mircheff AK, Schechter JE. Traffic of endogenous, transduced, and endocytosed prolactin in rabbit lacrimal acinar cells. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:749-61. [PMID: 17904551 PMCID: PMC2190296 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rabbit lacrimal gland undergoes an immunophysiological transformation during pregnancy, reminiscent of that of the mammary gland as it prepares to deliver secretory IgA into the nascent fluid product. The contents of TGF-beta and prolactin (PRL) within ductal epithelial cells increase, and their primary localizations shift from the apical to the basal cytoplasm, suggesting a transformation from exocrine to paracrine secretion. Studies with ex vivo acinar cell models demonstrated that elevated PRL suppresses traffic of secretory proteins into the regulated exocrine apparatus and directs them into a novel, induced, regulated paracrine apparatus [Wang, Y., Chiu, C.T., Nakamura, T., Walker, A.M., Petridou, B., Trousdale M.D., Hamm-Alvarez S.F., Schechter J.E., Mircheff A.K., 2007. Elevated prolactin redirects secretory vesicle traffic in rabbit lacrimal acinar cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 292, E1122-E1134]. However, it was not clear whether PRL itself entered the induced paracrine apparatus. In the present study, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that natively expressed PRL and over-expressed PRL co-localized with PRL receptors (PRLR); rab11, a marker for the recycling endosome; gamma-adaptin, a marker for the Golgi complex and trans-Golgi network; and rab7, a marker for the autophagic lysosomal apparatus. Natively expressed, over-expressed, and endocytosed PRL also co-localized with rab4 and rab5A, markers for the early endosome, and with rab3D, a marker for regulated exocrine secretory vesicles. Endocytosed PRL was stored in intact form and released in response to stimulation with carbachol. Subcellular fractionation analysis detected relative excesses of PRL over PRLR in fractions that contained fragments of the recycling endosome and fractions that contained both secretory vesicle fragments and prelysosomal and autolysosomal fragments. EM-gold microscopy demonstrated PRL within small vesicles, consistent with endosomes or secondary lysosomes, and in large vesicles, consistent with regulated secretory vesicles. The secretory vesicles were preponderantly localized in the apical cytoplasm of control cells, and in the basal cytoplasm of PRL over-expressing cells. These results indicate that when lacrimal epithelial cells synthesize PRL, and when they endocytose it from their ambient medium, they traffic it both into the endosomes that constitute the constitutive transcytotic paracrine apparatus and also into regulated secretory vesicles, which are associated with the exocrine apparatus at low PRL levels and with the induced paracrine apparatus at high PRL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher T. Chiu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tamako Nakamura
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ameae M. Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Barbara Petridou
- Unité Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Melvin D. Trousdale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Austin K. Mircheff
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joel E. Schechter
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Selvam S, Thomas PB, Gukasyan HJ, Yu AS, Stevenson D, Trousdale MD, Mircheff AK, Schechter JE, Smith RE, Yiu SC. Transepithelial bioelectrical properties of rabbit acinar cell monolayers on polyester membrane scaffolds. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1412-9. [PMID: 17699637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00200.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our quest to develop a tissue-engineered tear secretory system, we have tried to demonstrate active transepithelial ion fluxes across rabbit lacrimal acinar cell monolayers on polyester membrane scaffolds to evaluate the bioelectrical properties of the cultured cells. Purified lacrimal gland acinar cells were seeded onto polyester membrane inserts and cultured to confluency. Morphological properties of the cell monolayers were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and the tight junction-associated protein occludin. Sections revealed cell monolayers with well-maintained epithelial cell polarity, i.e., presence of apical (AP) secretory granules, microvilli, and junctional complexes. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was localized on both the basal-lateral and apical plasma membranes. The presence of tight cell junctions was demonstrated by a positive circumferential stain for occludin. Bioelectrical properties of the cell monolayers were studied in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions. Active ion fluxes were evaluated by inhibiting the short-circuit current (I(sc)) with a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain (100 microM; basal-lateral, BL), and under Cl(-)-free buffer conditions after carbachol stimulation (CCh; 100 microM). The directional apical secretion of Cl(-) was demonstrated through pharmacological analysis, using amiloride (1 mM; BL) and bumetanide (0.1 mM; BL), respectively. Regulated protein secretion was evaluated by measuring the beta-hexosaminidase catalytic activity in the AP culture medium in response to 100 microM basal CCh. In summary, rabbit lacrimal acinar cell monolayers generate a Cl(-)-dependent, ouabain-sensitive AP --> BL I(sc) in response to CCh, consistent with current models for Na(+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Selvam
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Schrader S, Wedel T, Kremling C, Laqua H, Geerling G. Amniotic membrane as a carrier for lacrimal gland acinar cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:1699-704. [PMID: 17562065 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secretion of the lacrimal gland provides 95% of the aqueous tears, which are essential for lubrication, nutrition and protection of the ocular surface. Long-term studies of acinar lacrimal gland cells in vitro are complicated by low proliferation rate and fast loss of cell function on plastic. Aim of this study was to evaluate the growth pattern and the secretory function of lacrimal gland acinar cells on amniotic membrane (AM) in a rabbit model. METHODS Lacrimal gland acinar cells from Chinchilla Bastard and New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes were isolated and cultured on denuded amniotic membrane. Cells were analysed by light and electron microscopy. Secretory function was tested by measuring the beta-hexosaminidase activity. RESULTS Three days after seeding to the amniotic membrane, the acinar cells had attached to each other and formed small cluster. Cell clusters consisted of 2-5 cell layers, and the cells showed fine granulation in their cytoplasm, typical for secreting cells. Between days 7 and 14 cell clusters increased in size, and acini-like structures with a central lumen were found. Cells showed polarity, with a basal nucleus and apical secretory granules. Between days 21 and 28 acini-like structures were still found inside the cell clusters. Accumulation of secretory material in the central lumen and desmosome formation connecting the apical cell structures was frequently evident. However, the number of cytoplasmatic granules decreased, and on parts of the AM, cell morphology changed to flat, spindle-shaped cells with a small nucleus. Stimulation with carbachol showed a strong beta-hexosaminidase release until day 7, with a decreasing secretory function detectable until day 21. CONCLUSION Acinar lacrimal gland cells can be successfully cultured on amniotic membrane up to 28 days, with a secretory response to carbachol up to 21 days. This model may be used for further experimental work, to elucidate cellular mechanisms in normal and diseased lacrimal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schrader
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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20
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Wang Y, Chiu CT, Nakamura T, Walker AM, Petridou B, Trousdale MD, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Schechter JE, Mircheff AK. Elevated prolactin redirects secretory vesicle traffic in rabbit lacrimal acinar cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1122-34. [PMID: 17164431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00381.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, lymphocytes infiltrating the rabbit lacrimal gland disperse to the interacinar space from their normal focal concentrations, basal fluid secretion decreases, pilocarpine-induced fluid secretion increases, and stimulated fluid protein concentration decreases. Ductal epithelial cell prolactin (PRL) content increases and redistributes from the apical to the basal-lateral cytoplasm. A replication-incompetent adenovirus vector for rabbit PRL (AdPRL) was used to test the hypothesis that increased intracrine/autocrine PRL signaling alters secretory protein traffic in an ex vivo lacrimal acinar cell model. AdPRL had no discernable influence on microtubules or actin microfilaments or their responses to carbachol (CCh). Endogenous and transduced PRLs exhibited similar, nonpolarized, punctate distributions. Cells secreted PRL consititutively and at increased rates in response to CCh. In contrast, constitutive secretion of beta-hexosaminidase was negligible, suggesting that the constitutive pathway for PRL is relatively inaccessible to typical secretory proteins. AdPRL had no significant effect on total secretion of beta-hexosaminidase or syncollin-green fluorescent protein (GFP), a chimeric secretory protein construct. However, it reversed the polarized distributions of vesicles containing rab3D and syncollin-GFP. Live-cell imaging indicated that AdPRL redirected CCh-dependent syncollin-GFP exocytosis from the apical plasma membrane to the basal-lateral membrane. Elevated concentrations of exogenous rabbit PRL in the ambient medium elicited similar changes. These observations suggest that elevated PRL, as occurs in the physiological hyperprolactinemia of pregnancy, induces lacrimal epithelial cells to express a mixed exocrine/endocrine phenotype that secretes fluid to the acinus-duct lumen but secretes proteins to the underlying tissue space. This phenotype may contribute to the pregnancy-associated immunoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., MMR 626, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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21
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Selvam S, Thomas PB, Trousdale MD, Stevenson D, Schechter JE, Mircheff AK, Jacob JT, Smith RE, Yiu SC. Tissue-engineered tear secretory system: functional lacrimal gland acinar cells cultured on matrix protein-coated substrata. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 80:192-200. [PMID: 16850479 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a general term that refers to a myriad of ophthalmic disorders resulting in the inadequate wetting of the corneal surface by the tear film. Dry eyes are typically treated by the application of artificial tears. However, patients with lacrimal insufficiencies such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, chemical and thermal injuries, or ocular cicatricial pemphigoid have very limited options because of the short duration and action of lubricating agents. As a therapeutic strategy, we are working to develop a bioengineered tear secretory system for such patients. This article describes the growth and physiological properties of purified rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells (pLGACs) on several matrix protein-coated polymers such as silicone, collagen I, copolymers of poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA; 85:15 and 50:50), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), and Thermanox plastic cell culture coverslips. Monolayers of acinar cells were established on all of the polymeric substrata. An assay of beta-hexosaminidase activity in the supernatant medium showed significant increases in protein secretion, following stimulation with 100 microM carbachol on matrix protein-coated and uncoated polymers such as silicone, PLGA 85:15, and PLLA. Our study demonstrates that PLLA supported the morphological and physiological properties of purified rabbit lacrimal gland epithelial cells more successfully than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Selvam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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22
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Andersson SV, Edman MC, Bekmezian A, Holmberg J, Mircheff AK, Gierow JP. Characterization of β-hexosaminidase secretion in rabbit lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:1081-8. [PMID: 16839547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at validating the use of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase as a marker of secretory function in cultured rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells. The secretory response and morphological characteristics of isolated acinar cells cultured in a serum-free medium supplemented with an extracellular matrix extract were monitored over time as part of optimization of our culturing protocol. Secreted beta-hexosaminidase activity was analyzed and compared with that of another lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin B, as well as protein secreted into the media, w or w/o the presence of secretagogues or protein kinase C activators and inhibitors. Lacrimal gland fluid was obtained from pilocarpine stimulated rabbits, and the activities of beta-hexosaminidase and cathepsin B were measured. A membrane fraction and a soluble fraction were obtained from isolated acinar cells and used for kinetic studies of beta-hexosaminidase in comparison with that released from cultured cells, in the lacrimal gland fluid and in serum. Optimal secretory response was obtained when the cells had been in culture for 2-3 days, coinciding with the formation of acinus-like structures. Stimulation of the cultured cells by carbachol or phorbol esters resulted in a more than 3-fold increase of beta-hexosaminidase release over basal, whereas no effect on cathepsin B release could be detected. Treatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine chloride, significantly decreased the carbachol and phorbol ester-stimulated secretion. Cathepsin B could not be detected in rabbit lacrimal fluid, but beta-hexosaminidase was easily measured in quantities corresponding to as low as 0.4 microl of tear fluid. Using 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide as a substrate for beta-hexosaminidase, the K(m) in lacrimal gland fluid (1.22+/-0.15 mM) was not significantly different from that of the membrane-associated fraction, the soluble fraction, rabbit serum or activity secreted from cultured cells. Beta-hexosaminidase is secreted by rabbit lacrimal gland, in vivo, and by acinar cells in primary culture, whereas cathepsin B is not secreted under the conditions described. Beta-hexosaminidase therefore provides a versatile marker for secretion in studies of tear production utilizing the rabbit as a model. Our results also indicate that PKC is an important regulator of rabbit lacrimal gland secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, Smalandsgatan 24, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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23
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Selvam S, Thomas PB, Yiu SC. Tissue engineering: current and future approaches to ocular surface reconstruction. Ocul Surf 2006; 4:120-36. [PMID: 16900268 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although cells have been cultured outside the body for many years, research has only recently begun to develop complex three-dimensional tissue constructs that will, ideally, mature into fully functional tissues and organs. Tissue engineering is an emerging field in the area of biotechnology that combines the principles and methods of life sciences with those of engineering for the purpose of regenerating, repairing, or replacing diseased tissues. In this review, we describe the recent advances and current development of tissue engineering approaches as related to the ocular surface system, which comprises the three main integrated tissue units: conjunctiva, cornea and lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Selvam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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24
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Jerdeva GV, Wu K, Yarber FA, Rhodes CJ, Kalman D, Schechter JE, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Actin and non-muscle myosin II facilitate apical exocytosis of tear proteins in rabbit lacrimal acinar epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4797-812. [PMID: 16219687 PMCID: PMC1482462 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The acinar epithelial cells of the lacrimal gland exocytose the contents of mature secretory vesicles containing tear proteins at their apical membranes in response to secretagogues. Here we use time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to investigate the changes in actin filaments located beneath the apical membrane during exocytosis evoked by the muscarinic agonist, carbachol (100 microM). Time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy of apical actin filaments in reconstituted rabbit lacrimal acini transduced with replication-deficient adenovirus containing GFP-actin revealed a relatively quiescent apical actin array in resting acini. Carbachol markedly increased apical actin filament turnover and also promoted transient actin assembly around apparent fusion intermediates. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements revealed significant (P< or =0.05) increases and decreases, respectively, in mobile fraction (Mf) and turnover times (t1/2) for apical actin filaments in carbachol-stimulated acini relative to untreated acini. The myosin inhibitors, 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM, 10 mM, 15 minutes) and ML-7 (40 microM, 15 minutes), significantly decreased carbachol-stimulated secretion of bulk protein and the exogenous secretory vesicle marker, syncollin-GFP; these agents also promoted accumulation of actin-coated structures which were enriched, in transduced acini, in syncollin-GFP, confirming their identity as fusion intermediates. Actin-coated fusion intermediates were sized consistent with incorporation of multiple rather than single secretory vesicles; moreover, BDM and ML-7 caused a shift towards formation of multiple secretory vesicle aggregates while significantly increasing the diameter of actin-coated fusion intermediates. Our findings suggest that the increased turnover of apical actin filaments and the interaction of actin with non-muscle myosin II assembled around aggregates of secretory vesicles facilitate exocytosis in lacrimal acinar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Jerdeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 406A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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25
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da Costa SR, Wu K, MacVeigh M, Pidgeon M, Ding C, Schechter JE, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Male NOD mouse external lacrimal glands exhibit profound changes in the exocytotic pathway early in postnatal development. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:33-45. [PMID: 16005870 PMCID: PMC1351294 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lacrimal glands of male NOD mice exhibit many of the features of the human lacrimal gland in patients afflicted with the autoimmune disease, Sjögren's syndrome, including loss of secretory functions and lymphocytic infiltration into the lacrimal gland. To elucidate the early changes in the secretory pathway associated with development of Sjögren's syndrome, we investigated the organization of the exocytotic pathway in lacrimal glands of age-matched male BALB/c and NOD mice. Cryosections from lacrimal glands from 1 and 4 month male BALB/c and NOD mice were processed for confocal fluorescence and electron microscopic evaluation of different participants in exocytosis. No changes in apical actin filaments were noted in glands from NOD mice, but these glands exhibited thickening of basolateral actin relative to that seen in the BALB/c mice. Rab3D immunofluorescence associated with mature secretory vesicles was distributed abundantly in a continuous vesicular network concentrated beneath the apical plasma membrane in glands from 1 and 4 month BALB/c mice. In glands from 1 month NOD mice, rab3D immunofluorescence exhibited marked discontinuity and irregularity in the vesicular labeling pattern. While this change was also detected in glands from 4 month NOD mice, many of these glands exhibited an additional extension of rab3D labeling through the cell to the basolateral membrane. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed the formation of irregularly shaped, unusually large secretory vesicles in lacrimal glands from NOD mice. Quantitation of multiple secretory vesicles from electron micrographs revealed a significant (p< or =0.05) increase in the percentage of secretory vesicles incorporated into multivesicular aggregates in lacrimal glands from 1 and 4 month NOD mice compared to BALB/c mice. The M3 muscarinic receptor, a key signaling effector of exocytosis, was redistributed away from its normally basolateral locale in glands from BALB/c mice, with concomitant enrichment in intracellular aggregates in glands from NOD mice. These findings show that lacrimal glands in NOD mice as young as 1 month contain aberrant secretory vesicles with altered effector composition that undergo premature cytoplasmic fusion, and that changes in the distribution of the M3 muscarinic receptor occur within the same time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaijin Wu
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Michelle MacVeigh
- USC Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033
| | | | | | | | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Physiology and Biophysics and
- Ophthalmology and
- *Address correspondence to: Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez, Ph. D., USC School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles CA 90033, 323-442-1445 O, 323-442-1390 F,
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26
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Rose CM, Qian L, Hakim L, Wang Y, Jerdeva GY, Marchelletta R, Nakamura T, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Mircheff AK. Accumulation of catalytically active proteases in lacrimal gland acinar cell endosomes during chronic ex vivo muscarinic receptor stimulation. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:36-50. [PMID: 15644121 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2005.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic muscarinic stimulation induces functional quiescence (Scand J Immunol 2003;58:550-65) and alters the traffic of immature cathepsin B (Exp Eye Res 2004;79:665-75) in lacrimal acinar cells. To test whether active proteases aberrantly accumulate in the endosomes, cell samples were cultured 20 h with and without 10-microm carbachol (CCh), incubated with [125I]-bovine serum albumin and then lysed and analysed by subcellular fractionation. CCh decreased total cysteine protease and cathepsin S activities in the isolated lysosome, redistributing them to early endocytic and biosynthetic compartments. CCh decreased [125I] accumulation in all compartments of cells loaded in the absence of protease inhibitors; the cysteine protease inhibitor, leupeptin, prevented the endosomal decrease but not the lysosomal decrease. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography demonstrated [125I]-labelled proteolytic products in endomembrane compartments of both control and CCh-stimulated cells, even in the presence of leupeptin, but analysis indicated that CCh increased the amount in endosomes. Two-dimensional fractionation analyses suggest that the CCh-induced redistributions result from blocks in traffic to the late endosome from both the early endosome and the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, we conjecture that chronic muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation leads to aberrant proteolytic processing of autoantigens in endosomes, from whence previously cryptic epitopes may be secreted to the underlying interstitial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Rose
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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27
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Xie J, Qian L, Wang Y, Rose CM, Yang T, Nakamura T, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Mircheff AK. Novel biphasic traffic of endocytosed EGF to recycling and degradative compartments in lacrimal gland acinar cells. J Cell Physiol 2004; 199:108-25. [PMID: 14978740 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to delineate the traffic patterns of EGF and EGF receptors (EGFR) in primary cultured acinar epithelial cells from rabbit lacrimal glands. Uptake of [(125)I]-EGF exhibited saturable and non-saturable, temperature-dependent components, suggesting both receptor-mediated and fluid phase endocytosis. Accumulation of [(125)I] was time-dependent over a 120-min period, but the content of intact [(125)I]-EGF decreased after reaching a maximum at 20 min. Analytical fractionation by sorbitol density gradient centrifugation and phase partitioning indicated that within 20 min at 37 degrees C [(125)I] reached an early endosome, basal-lateral recycling endosome, pre-lysosome, and lysosome. Small components of the label also appeared to reach the Golgi complex and trans-Golgi network. Intact [(125)I]-EGF initially accumulated in the recycling endosome; the content in the recycling endosome subsequently decreased, and by 120 min increased amounts of [(125)I]-labeled degradation products appeared in the pre-lysosomes and lysosomes. Confocal microscopy imaging of FITC-EGF and LysoTrackerRed revealed FITC enriched in a dispersed system of non-acidic compartments at 20 min and in acidic compartments at 120 min. Both confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and analytical fractionation indicated that the intracellular EGFR pool was much larger than the plasma membrane-expressed pool at all times. Cells loaded with [(125)I]-EGF released a mixture of intact EGF and [(125)I]-labeled degradation products. The observations indicate that in lacrimal acinar cells, EGFR and EGF-EGFR complexes continually traffic between the plasma membranes and a system of endomembrane compartments; EGF-stimulation generates time-dependent signals that initially decrease, then increase, EGF-EGFR traffic to degradative compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xie
- Department of Physiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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28
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Qian L, Wang Y, Xie J, Rose CM, Yang T, Nakamura T, Sandberg M, Zeng H, Schechter JE, Chow RH, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Mircheff AK. Biochemical changes contributing to functional quiescence in lacrimal gland acinar cells after chronic ex vivo exposure to a muscarinic agonist. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:550-65. [PMID: 14629627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Profound secretory dysfunction can be associated with relatively modest lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal and salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) patients. SjS patients' sera contain autoantibodies to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MAChR) that have variously been reported to have agonistic and antagonistic effects. We sought to identify consequences of chronic agonist stimulation by maintaining acinar cells from rabbit lacrimal glands for 20 h in the presence or absence of 10 microM carbachol (CCh). Exposure to CCh diminished the cells' ability to elevate cytosolic Ca2+ and secrete beta-hexosaminidase in response to acute stimulation with 100 microM CCh, but it enhanced their secretory responses to phenylephrine and ionomycin. Secretory vesicles appeared normal by electron microscopy, but confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed depletion of the secretory vesicle membrane marker, rab3D, and decreased ability to recruit secretory transport vesicles in response to acute 100 microM CCh. Additionally, the apical cortical actin cytoskeleton was disrupted and diminished compared to the basal-lateral cortical network. Subcellular fractionation analyses revealed that total membrane phase protein content was increased. The contents of beta-hexosaminidase and MAChR relative to total protein were not significantly altered, and MAChR abundance in the plasma membrane fraction was increased as the result of redistribution from endomembrane pools. However, relative cellular contents of the heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, Gq and G11, were decreased. Additional biochemical changes included decreased contents of 47 kDa Gs and Gi3, protein kinase Calpha and rab3D and polymeric immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors; internalization of Na,K-ATPase from the plasma membranes to endomembrane compartments and decreased content of beta-hexosaminidase in the lysosomes. The observations demonstrate that chronic exposure to a MAChR agonist induces refractoriness to optimal stimulation, without causing receptor downregulation, by downregulating postreceptor-signalling mediators and effectors. The cells' secretory mechanisms for IgA and electrolytes also appear to be impaired, as does their ability to properly sort proteins to the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Qian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Da Costa SR, Sou E, Xie J, Yarber FA, Okamoto CT, Pidgeon M, Kessels MM, Mircheff AK, Schechter JE, Qualmann B, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Impairing actin filament or syndapin functions promotes accumulation of clathrin-coated vesicles at the apical plasma membrane of acinar epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:4397-413. [PMID: 12937279 PMCID: PMC266760 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-05-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the contributions of actin filaments and accessory proteins to apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis in primary rabbit lacrimal acini. Confocal fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that cytochalasin D promoted apical accumulation of clathrin, alpha-adaptin, dynamin, and F-actin and increased the amounts of coated pits and vesicles at the apical plasma membrane. Sorbitol density gradient analysis of membrane compartments showed that cytochalasin D increased [14C]dextran association with apical membranes from stimulated acini, consistent with functional inhibition of apical endocytosis. Recombinant syndapin SH3 domains interacted with lacrimal acinar dynamin, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP), and synaptojanin; their introduction by electroporation elicited remarkable accumulation of clathrin, accessory proteins, and coated pits at the apical plasma membrane. These SH3 domains also significantly (p </= 0.05) increased F-actin, with substantial colocalization of dynamin and N-WASP with the additional filaments. Coelectroporation with the VCA domain of N-WASP blocked the increase in F-actin and reversed the morphological changes indicative of impaired apical endocytosis. We suggest that transient modulation of actin polymerization by syndapins through activation of the Arp2/3 complex via N-WASP coordinates dynamin-mediated vesicle fission at the apical plasma membrane of acinar epithelia. Trapping of assembled F-actin intermediates during this process by cytochalasin D or syndapin SH3 domains impairs endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R Da Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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