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LRP1-Mediated Endocytosis May Be the Main Reason for the Difference in Cytotoxicity of Curcin and Curcin C on U2OS Osteosarcoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110771. [PMID: 36356021 PMCID: PMC9695959 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcin and Curcin C, both of the ribosome-inactivating proteins of Jatropha curcas, have apparent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of osteosarcoma cell line U20S. However, the inhibitory effect of the latter is 13-fold higher than that of Curcin. The mechanism responsible for the difference has not been studied. This work aimed to understand and verify whether there are differences in entry efficiency and pathway between them using specific endocytosis inhibitors, gene silencing, and labeling techniques such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling. The study found that the internalization efficiency of Curcin C was twice that of Curcin for U2OS cells. More than one entering pathway was adopted by both of them. Curcin C can enter U2OS cells through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, but clathrin-dependent endocytosis was not an option for Curcin. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was found to mediate clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Curcin C. After LRP1 silencing, there was no significant difference in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and endocytosis efficiency between Curcin and Curcin C on U2OS cells. These results indicate that LRP1-mediated endocytosis is specific to Curcin C, thus leading to higher U2OS endocytosis efficiency and cytotoxicity than Curcin.
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Sant B, Rao PVL, Nagar DP, Pant SC, Bhasker ASB. Evaluation of abrin induced nephrotoxicity by using novel renal injury markers. Toxicon 2017; 131:20-28. [PMID: 28288935 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abrin is a potent plant toxin analogous to ricin that is derived from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. It belongs to the family of type II ribosome-inactivating proteins and causes cell death by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes through site-specific depurination. In this study we examined the in vivo nephrotoxicity potential of abrin toxin in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, histopathological changes and biomarkers of kidney injury. Animals were exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 LD50 dose of abrin by intraperitoneal route and observed for 1, 3, and 7 day post-toxin exposure. Depletion of reduced glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation levels were observed in abrin treated mice. In addition, abrin also induced inflammation in the kidneys as observed through expression of MMP-9 and MMP-9/NGAL complex in abrin treated groups by using zymography method. Nephrotoxicity was also evaluated by western blot analysis of kidney injury biomarkers including Clusterin, Cystatin C and NGAL, and their results indicate severity of kidney injury in abrin treated groups. Kidney histology confirmed inflammatory changes due to abrin. The data generated in the present study clearly prove the nephrotoxicity potential of abrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P V Lakshmana Rao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - D P Nagar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - S C Pant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A S B Bhasker
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Maiello S, Battelli MG, Polito L. Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: A Historical Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121627. [PMID: 27898041 PMCID: PMC6273060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the purification of abrin and ricin, as well as the immunological experiments of Paul Erlich. Interest in these plant toxins was revived in 1970 by the observation of their anticancer activity, which has given rise to a large amount of research contributing to the development of various scientific fields. Biochemistry analyses succeeded in identifying the enzymatic activity of RIPs and allowed for a better understanding of the ribosomal machinery. Studies on RIP/cell interactions were able to detail the endocytosis and intracellular routing of ricin, thus increasing our knowledge of how cells handle exogenous proteins. The identification of new RIPs and the finding that most RIPs are single-chain polypeptides, together with their genetic sequencing, has aided in the development of new phylogenetic theories. Overall, the biological properties of these proteins, including their abortifacient, anticancer, antiviral and neurotoxic activities, suggest that RIPs could be utilized in agriculture and in many biomedical fields, including clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Miao J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2845-52. [PMID: 26397053 PMCID: PMC4722885 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that trichosanthin (TCS), a bioactive protein extracted and purified from the tuberous root of Trichosanthes kirilowii (a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant), produces antitumor effects on various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of TCS on glioma cells are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of TCS on the U87 and U251 cell lines. The in vitro effects of TCS on these two cell lines were determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Annexin V-FITC staining, DAPI staining, Transwell assays, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacar-bocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining and western blotting, which was utilized to assess the expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our data indicated that TCS inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and played a role in inhibiting glioma cell invasion and migration. Additional investigation revealed that the expression levels of LGR5 and of key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were markedly decreased after TCS treatment. The results suggest that TCS may induce apoptosis in glioma cells by targeting LGR5 and repressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In the future, in vivo experiments should be conducted to examine the potential use of this compound as a novel therapeutic agent for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Cungang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yangshuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Different in vitro toxicities of structurally similar type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sha O, Kwong WH, Pang Cho EY, Wai Yew DT, Ng TB. Different neuronal toxicity of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins on the rat retina. Toxicon 2008; 51:45-53. [PMID: 17889920 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurotoxicity of two structurally similar single chains of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs): trichosanthin (TCS) and ricin A chain (RTA). METHODS TCS, RTA and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA, a multi-chain RIP for comparison) were separately injected into rat eyes. Saline was used as control. The data on cell counts, retinal thickness and histopathological scores were collected, and the TUNEL method (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling) was used to study the mode of cell death. RESULTS TCS caused distinct retinal changes at 1 nmol. Its toxic effects were most pronounced on the cells of the outer nuclear layer, less so on those of the inner nuclear layer, and little on the ganglion cells. Apoptosis was the predominant type of cell death induced by TCS. In contrast, RTA and RCA, both at 0.01 nmol, brought about acute retinal inflammation and necrosis. CONCLUSION TCS can eliminate specific retinal cells by apoptosis, while RTA and RCA cause retinitis. The B chain of type II RIPs is not obligatory for their neurotoxicity. The RIPs may be useful for creating retinal models and TCS may be useful for the chemical treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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Xia X, Hou F, Li J, Nie H. Ribosomal protein L10a, a bridge between trichosanthin and the ribosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:281-6. [PMID: 16126173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with many pharmacological activities. The trichosanthin-coupled Sepharose affinity purification revealed a protein, which was identified by mass spectrometry as the ribosomal protein L10a. The interaction between trichosanthin and recombinant L10a was further confirmed by in vitro binding assay. Kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that L10a had a high affinity to trichosanthin with a K(D) of 7.78nM. The study with mutated forms of trichosanthin demonstrated that this specific association correlates with the ribosome-inactivating activity of trichosanthin. This finding might provide insight into the mechanisms by which trichosanthin inactivates ribosome and that underlies its pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Chan WL, Shaw PC, Tam SC, Jacobsen C, Gliemann J, Nielsen MS. Trichosanthin interacts with and enters cells via LDL receptor family members. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 270:453-7. [PMID: 10753646 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The type-I ribosome-inactivating protein trichosanthin displays selective cytotoxicity, suggesting specific mechanisms for entry into cells. Here we show that trichosanthin binds specifically to the endocytic receptors LRP and megalin, and that binding as well as uptake into cells is inhibited by the receptor-associated protein (RAP). The results suggest that the known abortifacient and renotoxic actions of trichosanthin are caused by LRP-mediated uptake in trophoblasts and megalin-mediated uptake in proximal tubule epithelial cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chan
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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