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Stepien BK, Wielockx B. From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38607059 PMCID: PMC11012138 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Stepien
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Chen Y, Kuang J, Niu Y, Zhu H, Chen X, So KF, Xu A, Shi L. Multiple factors to assist human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to efficiently differentiate into midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:908-914. [PMID: 37843228 PMCID: PMC10664128 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.378203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons play an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. They also represent a potential source of transplanted cells for therapeutic applications. In vitro differentiation of functional midbrain dopaminergic neurons provides an accessible platform to study midbrain neuronal dysfunction and can be used to examine obstacles to dopaminergic neuronal development. Emerging evidence and impressive advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells, with tuned neural induction and differentiation protocols, makes the production of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons feasible. Using SB431542 and dorsomorphin dual inhibitor in an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural induction protocol, we obtained multiple subtypes of neurons, including 20% tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons. To obtain more dopaminergic neurons, we next added sonic hedgehog (SHH) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) on day 8 of induction. This increased the proportion of dopaminergic neurons, up to 75% tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, with 15% tyrosine hydroxylase and forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) co-expressing neurons. We further optimized the induction protocol by applying the small molecule inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR).This helped facilitate the generation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and we obtained 31-74% midbrain dopaminergic neurons based on tyrosine hydroxylase and FOXA2 staining. Thus, we have established three induction protocols for dopaminergic neurons. Based on tyrosine hydroxylase and FOXA2 immunostaining analysis, the CHIR, SHH, and FGF8 combined protocol produces a much higher proportion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which could be an ideal resource for tackling midbrain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junxin Kuang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yimei Niu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyao Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anding Xu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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3
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Herrmann A, Meyer AK, Braunschweig L, Wagenfuehr L, Markert F, Kolitsch D, Vukicevic V, Hartmann C, Siebert M, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hermann A, Storch A. Notch is Not Involved in Physioxia-Mediated Stem Cell Maintenance in Midbrain Neural Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2023; 16:293-303. [PMID: 37105558 PMCID: PMC10465337 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The physiological oxygen tension in fetal brains (∼3%, physioxia) is beneficial for the maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs). Sensitivity to oxygen varies between NSCs from different fetal brain regions, with midbrain NSCs showing selective susceptibility. Data on Hif-1α/Notch regulatory interactions as well as our observations that Hif-1α and oxygen affect midbrain NSCs survival and proliferation prompted our investigations on involvement of Notch signalling in physioxia-dependent midbrain NSCs performance. Methods and Results Here we found that physioxia (3% O2) compared to normoxia (21% O2) increased proliferation, maintained stemness by suppression of spontaneous differentiation and supported cell cycle progression. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses identified significant changes of Notch related genes in midbrain NSCs after long-term (13 days), but not after short-term physioxia (48 hours). Consistently, inhibition of Notch signalling with DAPT increased, but its stimulation with Dll4 decreased spontaneous differentiation into neurons solely under normoxic but not under physioxic conditions. Conclusions Notch signalling does not influence the fate decision of midbrain NSCs cultured in vitro in physioxia, where other factors like Hif-1α might be involved. Our findings on how physioxia effects in midbrain NSCs are transduced by alternative signalling might, at least in part, explain their selective susceptibility to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Herrmann
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anne K. Meyer
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Braunschweig
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Wagenfuehr
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franz Markert
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Deborah Kolitsch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Vukicevic
- Molecular Endocrinology, Medical Clinic III, University Clinic Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Hartmann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marlen Siebert
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Molecular Endocrinology, Medical Clinic III, University Clinic Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
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4
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Li J, Gong SH, He YL, Cao Y, Chen Y, Huang GH, Wang YF, Zhao M, Cheng X, Zhou YZ, Zhao T, Zhao YQ, Fan M, Wu HT, Zhu LL, Wu LY. Autophagy Is Essential for Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Promoted by Hypoxia. Stem Cells 2023; 41:77-92. [PMID: 36208284 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia as a microenvironment or niche stimulates proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy is a protective mechanism by which recycled cellular components and energy are rapidly supplied to the cell under stress. Whether autophagy mediates the proliferation of NSCs under hypoxia and how hypoxia induces autophagy remain unclear. Here, we report that hypoxia facilitates embryonic NSC proliferation through HIF-1/mTORC1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy. Initially, we found that hypoxia greatly induced autophagy in NSCs, while inhibition of autophagy severely impeded the proliferation of NSCs in hypoxia conditions. Next, we demonstrated that the hypoxia core regulator HIF-1 was necessary and sufficient for autophagy induction in NSCs. Considering that mTORC1 is a key switch that suppresses autophagy, we subsequently analyzed the effect of HIF-1 on mTORC1 activity. Our results showed that the mTORC1 activity was negatively regulated by HIF-1. Finally, we provided evidence that HIF-1 regulated mTORC1 activity via its downstream target gene BNIP3. The increased expression of BNIP3 under hypoxia enhanced autophagy activity and proliferation of NSCs, which was mediated by repressing the activity of mTORC1. We further illustrated that BNIP3 can interact with Rheb, a canonical activator of mTORC1. Thus, we suppose that the interaction of BNIP3 with Rheb reduces the regulation of Rheb toward mTORC1 activity, which relieves the suppression of mTORC1 on autophagy, thereby promoting the rapid proliferation of NSCs. Altogether, this study identified a new HIF-1/BNIP3-Rheb/mTORC1 signaling axis, which regulates the NSC proliferation under hypoxia through induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hui Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Ling He
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hai Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhao Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Nanhua, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Serial Gene Expression Profiling of Neural Stem Cells Shows Transcriptome Switch by Long-Term Physioxia from Metabolic Adaption to Cell Signaling Profile. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6718640. [PMID: 36411871 PMCID: PMC9675612 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6718640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is an essential factor in the cellular microenvironment with pivotal effects on neural development with a particular sensitivity of midbrain neural stem cells (NSCs) to high atmospheric oxygen tension. However, most experiments are still performed at atmospheric O2 levels (21%, normoxia), whereas mammalian brain tissue is physiologically exposed to substantially lower O2 tensions around 3% (physioxia). We here performed serial Affymetrix gene array analyses to detect expression changes in mouse fetal NSCs from both midbrain and cortical tissues when kept at physioxia compared to normoxia. We identified more than 400 O2-regulated genes involved in cellular metabolism, cell proliferation/differentiation, and various signaling pathways. NSCs from both regions showed a low number but high conformity of regulated genes (9 genes in midbrain vs. 34 in cortical NSCs; 8 concordant expression changes) after short-term physioxia (2 days) with metabolic processes and cellular processes being the most prominent GO categories pointing to cellular adaption to lower oxygen levels. Gene expression profiles changed dramatically after long-term physioxia (13 days) with a higher number of regulated genes and more diverse expression patterns when comparing the two NSC types (338 genes in midbrain vs. 121 in cortical NSCs; 75 concordant changes). Most prominently, we observed a reduction of hits in metabolic processes but an increase in biological regulation and signaling pointing to a switch towards signaling processes and stem cell maintenance. Our data may serve as a basis for identifying potential signaling pathways that maintain stem cell characteristics in cortical versus midbrain physioxic stem cell niches.
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6
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Kiaee K, Jodat YA, Bassous NJ, Matharu N, Shin SR. Transcriptomic Mapping of Neural Diversity, Differentiation and Functional Trajectory in iPSC-Derived 3D Brain Organoid Models. Cells 2021; 10:3422. [PMID: 34943930 PMCID: PMC8700452 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of the central nervous system (CNS) are imperative for developmental and pathophysiological studies of neurological diseases. Among these models, three-dimensional (3D) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoid models have been successful in mitigating some of the drawbacks of 2D models; however, they are plagued by high organoid-to-organoid variability, making it difficult to compare specific gene regulatory pathways across 3D organoids with those of the native brain. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) transcriptome datasets have recently emerged as powerful tools to perform integrative analyses and compare variability across organoids. However, transcriptome studies focusing on late-stage neural functionality development have been underexplored. Here, we combine and analyze 8 brain organoid transcriptome databases to study the correlation between differentiation protocols and their resulting cellular functionality across various 3D organoid and exogenous brain models. We utilize dimensionality reduction methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and uniform manifold approximation projection (UMAP) to identify and visualize cellular diversity among 3D models and subsequently use gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and developmental trajectory inference to quantify neuronal behaviors such as axon guidance, synapse transmission and action potential. We showed high similarity in cellular composition, cellular differentiation pathways and expression of functional genes in human brain organoids during induction and differentiation phases, i.e., up to 3 months in culture. However, during the maturation phase, i.e., 6-month timepoint, we observed significant developmental deficits and depletion of neuronal and astrocytes functional genes as indicated by our GSEA results. Our results caution against use of organoids to model pathophysiology and drug response at this advanced time point and provide insights to tune in vitro iPSC differentiation protocols to achieve desired neuronal functionality and improve current protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Kiaee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.A.J.); (N.J.B.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Yasamin A. Jodat
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.A.J.); (N.J.B.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Nicole J. Bassous
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.A.J.); (N.J.B.)
| | - Navneet Matharu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94720, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (Y.A.J.); (N.J.B.)
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7
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Markert F, Müller L, Badstübner-Meeske K, Storch A. Early Chronic Intermittent Maternal Hyperoxygenation Impairs Cortical Development by Inhibition of Pax6-Positive Apical Progenitor Cell Proliferation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1223-1232. [PMID: 32929481 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperoxygenation is a feasible, noninvasive method to treat fetal diseases, such as heart hypoplasia, but effects of maternal hyperoxygenation on the developing brain remain poorly understood. Previous studies showed that short-term maternal hyperoxygenation during midneurogenic phase (E14-E16) but not in earlier development (E10-E12) increases oxygen tension and enhances neurogenesis in the developing mouse cortex. We investigated effects of early chronic maternal hyperoxygenation (CMH) as a potential clinical treatment. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were housed in a chamber at 75% atmospheric oxygen and the brains of E16 fetuses were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The mitosis marker phH3 showed a significant reduction of proliferation in the dorsolateral cortices of CMH-treated E16 fetuses. Numbers of Tbr2-positive intermediate progenitor cells were unaffected whereas numbers of Pax6-positive apical progenitor cells were significantly reduced in CMH-treated mice. This resulted in altered cortical plate development with fewer Satb2-positive upper layer neurons but more Tbr1-positive neurons corresponding to the deeper layer 6. Thus, maternal hyperoxygenation affects the developing cortex depending on timing and length of applied oxygen. Early CMH causes a severe reduction of neuroprogenitor proliferation likely affecting cortical development. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying these findings and to assess the clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes of the pups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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8
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Baccino-Calace M, Prieto D, Cantera R, Egger B. Compartment and cell-type specific hypoxia responses in the developing Drosophila brain. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/8/bio053629. [PMID: 32816692 PMCID: PMC7449796 DOI: 10.1242/bio.053629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as the availability of oxygen are instructive cues that regulate stem cell maintenance and differentiation. We used a genetically encoded biosensor to monitor the hypoxic state of neural cells in the larval brain of Drosophila. The biosensor reveals brain compartment and cell-type specific levels of hypoxia. The values correlate with differential tracheolation that is observed throughout development between the central brain and the optic lobe. Neural stem cells in both compartments show the strongest hypoxia response while intermediate progenitors, neurons and glial cells reveal weaker responses. We demonstrate that the distance between a cell and the next closest tracheole is a good predictor of the hypoxic state of that cell. Our study indicates that oxygen availability appears to be the major factor controlling the hypoxia response in the developing Drosophila brain and that cell intrinsic and cell-type specific factors contribute to modulate the response in an unexpected manner. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A fluorescent biosensor reveals cell type specific hypoxia levels in the Drosophila brain in unprecedented detail. It paves the way for further functional studies addressing the role of oxygen in neural stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Baccino-Calace
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.,Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Boris Egger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
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9
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Mennen RH, de Leeuw VC, Piersma AH. Oxygen tension influences embryonic stem cell maintenance and has lineage specific effects on neural and cardiac differentiation. Differentiation 2020; 115:1-10. [PMID: 32738735 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of oxygen tension in in vitro cultures and its effect on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation has been widely acknowledged. Research has mainly focussed on ESC maintenance or on one line of differentiation and only few studies have examined the potential relation between oxygen tension during ESC maintenance and differentiation. In this study we investigated the influence of atmospheric (20%) versus physiologic (5%) oxygen tension in ESC cultures and their differentiation within the cardiac and neural embryonic stem cell tests (ESTc, ESTn). Oxygen tension was set at 5% or 20% and cells were kept in these conditions from starting up cell culture until use for differentiation. Under these oxygen tensions, ESC culture showed no differences in proliferation and gene and protein expression levels. Differentiation was either performed in the same or in the alternative oxygen tension compared to ESC culture creating four different experimental conditions. Cardiac differentiation in 5% instead of 20% oxygen resulted in reduced development of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes and lower expression of cardiac markers Nkx2.5, Myh6 and MF20 (myosin), regardless whether ESC had been cultured in 5% or 20% oxygen tension. As compared to the control (20% oxygen during stem cell maintenance and differentiation), neural differentiation in 5% oxygen with ESC cultured in 20% oxygen led to more cardiac and neural crest cell differentiation. The opposite experimental condition of neural differentiation in 20% oxygen with ESC cultured in 5% oxygen resulted in more glial differentiation. ESC that were maintained and differentiated in 5% oxygen showed an increase in neural crest and oligodendrocytes as compared to 20% oxygen during stem cell maintenance and differentiation. This study showed major effects on ESC differentiation in ESTc and ESTn of oxygen tension, which is an important variable to consider when designing and developing a stem cell-based in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina H Mennen
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Victoria C de Leeuw
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Harischandra DS, Rokad D, Ghaisas S, Verma S, Robertson A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Enhanced differentiation of human dopaminergic neuronal cell model for preclinical translational research in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165533. [PMID: 31442530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived neuronal cell lines are progressively being utilized in understanding neurobiology and preclinical translational research as they are biologically more relevant than rodent-derived cells lines. The Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cell line comprises human neuronal cells that can be differentiated to post-mitotic neurons and is increasingly being used as an in vitro model for various neurodegenerative diseases. A previously published 2-step differentiation procedure leads to the generation of post-mitotic neurons within 5-days, but only a small proportion (10%) of the total cell population tests positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here we report on a novel differentiation protocol that we optimized by using a cocktail of neurotrophic factors, pleiotropic cytokines, and antioxidants to effectively generate proportionately more dopaminergic neurons within the same time period. Visualization and quantification of TH-positive cells revealed that under our new protocol, 25% of the total cell population expressed markers of dopaminergic neurons with the TH-positive neuron count peaking on day 5. These neurons showed spontaneous electrical activity and responded to known Parkinsonian toxins as expected by showing decreased cell viability and dopamine uptake and a concomitant increase in apoptotic cell death. Together, our results outline an improved method for generating a higher proportion of dopaminergic neurons, thus making these cells an ideal neuronal culture model of Parkinson's disease (PD) for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshan S Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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11
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Sidorova YA, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Neuroregeneration in Parkinson's Disease: From Proteins to Small Molecules. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:268-287. [PMID: 30182859 PMCID: PMC6425072 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180905094123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, the lifetime risk of developing this disease is 1.5%. Motor diagnostic symptoms of PD are caused by degeneration of nigrostria-tal dopamine neurons. There is no cure for PD and current therapy is limited to supportive care that partially alleviates dis-ease signs and symptoms. As diagnostic symptoms of PD result from progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons, drugs restoring these neurons may significantly improve treatment of PD. Method: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases to discuss the pro-gress achieved in the development of neuroregenerative agents for PD. Papers published before early 2018 were taken into account. Results: Here, we review several groups of potential agents capable of protecting and restoring dopamine neurons in cul-tures or animal models of PD including neurotrophic factors and small molecular weight compounds. Conclusion: Despite the promising results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, none of the found agents have yet shown conclusive neurorestorative properties in PD patients. Meanwhile, a few promising biologicals and small molecules have been identified. Their further clinical development can eventually give rise to disease-modifying drugs for PD. Thus, inten-sive research in the field is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Sidorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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12
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Baker EW, Kinder HA, West FD. Neural stem cell therapy for stroke: A multimechanistic approach to restoring neurological function. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01214. [PMID: 30747485 PMCID: PMC6422715 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neural stem cells (NSCs) have demonstrated multimodal therapeutic function for stroke, which is the leading cause of long-term disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. In preclinical stroke models, NSCs have been shown to modulate inflammation, foster neuroplasticity and neural reorganization, promote angiogenesis, and act as a cellular replacement by differentiating into mature neural cell types. However, there are several key technical questions to address before NSC therapy can be applied to the clinical setting on a large scale. PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we will discuss the various sources of NSCs, their therapeutic modes of action to enhance stroke recovery, and considerations for the clinical translation of NSC therapies. Understanding the key factors involved in NSC-mediated tissue recovery and addressing the current translational barriers may lead to clinical success of NSC therapy and a first-in-class restorative therapy for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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13
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Hey SM, Jensen P, Ryding M, Martínez Serrano A, Kristensen BW, Meyer M. Nonhypoxic pharmacological stabilization of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α: Effects on dopaminergic differentiation of human neural stem cells. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:497-509. [PMID: 30471165 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease resulting in degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Exploratory studies using human foetal tissue or predifferentiated stem cells have suggested that intracerebral transplantation of dopaminergic precursor cells may become an effective treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, strategies for dopaminergic stem cell differentiation vary widely in efficiency, and better methods still need to be developed. Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of genes important for cellular adaption to hypoxia and low glucose supply. HIF-1 is to a large degree regulated by the availability of oxygen as in its presence, the subunit HIF-1α is degraded by HIF prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (HPHs). Stabilization of HIF-1α through inhibition of HPHs has been shown to increase dopaminergic differentiation of stem cells and to protect dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxins. This study investigated the effects of noncompetitive (FG-0041) and competitive (Compound A and JNJ-42041935) HIF-1α stabilizing compounds on the dopaminergic differentiation of human neural stem cells. Treatment with all HPH inhibitors at high oxygen tension (20%) resulted in HIF-1α stabilization as assessed by immunocytochemistry for HIF-1α and detection of increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in the conditioned culture medium. Following 10 days of HIF-1α stabilization, the cultures displayed a slightly reduced proliferative activity and significantly increased relative levels of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, HIF-1α stabilization may represent a promising strategy for the generation of dopaminergic neurons intended for use in experimental in vitro studies and cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Morris Hey
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matias Ryding
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alberto Martínez Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Autonomous University of Madrid-C.S.I.C Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Dreyer-Andersen N, Almeida AS, Jensen P, Kamand M, Okarmus J, Rosenberg T, Friis SD, Martínez Serrano A, Blaabjerg M, Kristensen BW, Skrydstrup T, Gramsbergen JB, Vieira HLA, Meyer M. Intermittent, low dose carbon monoxide exposure enhances survival and dopaminergic differentiation of human neural stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191207. [PMID: 29338033 PMCID: PMC5770048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploratory studies using human fetal tissue have suggested that intrastriatal transplantation of dopaminergic neurons may become a future treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, the use of human fetal tissue is compromised by ethical, regulatory and practical concerns. Human stem cells constitute an alternative source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease, but efficient protocols for controlled dopaminergic differentiation need to be developed. Short-term, low-level carbon monoxide (CO) exposure has been shown to affect signaling in several tissues, resulting in both protection and generation of reactive oxygen species. The present study investigated the effect of CO produced by a novel CO-releasing molecule on dopaminergic differentiation of human neural stem cells. Short-term exposure to 25 ppm CO at days 0 and 4 significantly increased the relative content of β-tubulin III-immunoreactive immature neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase expressing catecholaminergic neurons, as assessed 6 days after differentiation. Also the number of microtubule associated protein 2-positive mature neurons had increased significantly. Moreover, the content of apoptotic cells (Caspase3) was reduced, whereas the expression of a cell proliferation marker (Ki67) was left unchanged. Increased expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultures exposed to CO may suggest a mechanism involving mitochondrial alterations and generation of ROS. In conclusion, the present procedure using controlled, short-term CO exposure allows efficient dopaminergic differentiation of human neural stem cells at low cost and may as such be useful for derivation of cells for experimental studies and future development of donor cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Dreyer-Andersen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ana Sofia Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Oeiras, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciência Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morad Kamand
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tine Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark & Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stig Düring Friis
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alberto Martínez Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, University Autonoma Madrid-C.S.I.C Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark & Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Bert Gramsbergen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helena L. A. Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciência Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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15
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Xie Y, Lowry WE. Manipulation of neural progenitor fate through the oxygen sensing pathway. Methods 2017; 133:44-53. [PMID: 28864353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells hold significant promise in a variety of clinical settings. While both the brain and spinal cord harbor endogenous neural progenitor or stem cells, they typically are not capable of repopulating neural populations in case of injury or degenerative disease. In vitro systems for the culture of neural progenitors has come a long ways due to advances in the method development. Recently, many groups have shown that manipulation of the oxygen-sensing pathway leading to activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) that can influence the proliferation, differentiation or maturation of neural progenitors. Moreover, different oxygen concentrations appear to affect lineage specification of neural progenitors upon their differentiation in vitro. Here we summarize some of these studies in an attempt to direct effort towards implementation of best methods to advance the use of neural progenitors from basic development towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, United States
| | - William E Lowry
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, United States; The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, United States; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, United States; Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States.
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16
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Cortés D, Carballo-Molina OA, Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Velasco I. The Non-Survival Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Neural Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:258. [PMID: 28878618 PMCID: PMC5572274 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first characterized as a survival-promoting molecule for dopaminergic neurons (DANs). Afterwards, other cells were also discovered to respond to GDNF not only as a survival factor but also as a protein supporting other cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, maturation, neurite outgrowth and other phenomena that have been less studied than survival and are now more extendedly described here in this review article. During development, GDNF favors the commitment of neural precursors towards dopaminergic, motor, enteric and adrenal neurons; in addition, it enhances the axonal growth of some of these neurons. GDNF also induces the acquisition of a dopaminergic phenotype by increasing the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Nurr1 and other proteins that confer this identity and promote further dendritic and electrical maturation. In motor neurons (MNs), GDNF not only promotes proliferation and maturation but also participates in regenerating damaged axons and modulates the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at both presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. Moreover, GDNF modulates the rate of neuroblastoma (NB) and glioblastoma cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, the presence or absence of GDNF has been correlated with conditions such as depression, pain, muscular soreness, etc. Although, the precise role of GDNF is unknown, it extends beyond a survival effect. The understanding of the complete range of properties of this trophic molecule will allow us to investigate its broad mechanisms of action to accelerate and/or improve therapies for the aforementioned pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar A. Carballo-Molina
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - María José Castellanos-Montiel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del IFC-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y NeurologíaMéxico City, Mexico
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17
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Zhuo Y, Wang L, Ge L, Li X, Duan D, Teng X, Jiang M, Liu K, Yuan T, Wu P, Wang H, Deng Y, Xie H, Chen P, Xia Y, Lu M. Hypoxic Culture Promotes Dopaminergic-Neuronal Differentiation of Nasal Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Upregulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1452-1461. [PMID: 28901191 PMCID: PMC5680974 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) display significant clonogenic activity and may be easily propagated for Parkinson's disease therapies. Methods of inducing OM-MSCs to differentiate into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons using olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are thus an attractive topic of research. We designed a hypoxic induction protocol to generate DAergic neurons from OM-MSCs using a physiological oxygen (O2) level of 3% and OEC-conditioned medium (OCM; HI group). The normal induction (NI) group was cultured in O2 at ambient air level (21%). The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the differentiation of OM-MSCs under hypoxia was investigated by treating cells with an HIF-1α inhibitor before induction (HIR group). The proportions of β-tubulin- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells were significantly increased in the HI group compared with the NI and HIR groups, as shown by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, the level of dopamine was significantly increased in the HI group. A slow outward potassium current was recorded in differentiated cells after 21 d of induction using whole-cell voltage-clamp tests. A hypoxic environment thus promotes OM-MSCs to differentiate into DAergic neurons by increasing the expression of HIF-1α and by activating downstream target gene TH. This study indicated that OCM under hypoxic conditions could significantly upregulate key transcriptional factors involved in the development of DAergic neurons from OM-MSCs, mediated by HIF-1α. Hypoxia promotes DAergic neuronal differentiation of OM-MSCs, and HIF-1α may play an important role in hypoxia-inducible pathways during DAergic lineage specification and differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Lite Ge
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Cardiopulmonary Function Test Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Yujia Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (PLA 163 Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Huali Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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18
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Pires AO, Teixeira FG, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Serra SC, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Old and new challenges in Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:69-89. [PMID: 28457671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and/or loss od neuronal projections, in several dopaminergic networks. Current treatments for idiopathic PD rely mainly on the use of pharmacologic agents to improve motor symptomatology of PD patients. Nevertheless, so far PD remains an incurable disease. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to establish new therapeutic strategies for PD treatment. Over the last 20 years, several molecular, gene and cell/stem-cell therapeutic approaches have been developed with the aim of counteracting or retarding PD progression. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of PD related therapies and major breakthroughs achieved within this field. In order to do so, this review will start by focusing on PD characterization and current treatment options covering thereafter molecular, gene and cell/stem cell-based therapies that are currently being studied in animal models of PD or have recently been tested in clinical trials. Among stem cell-based therapies, those using MSCs as possible disease modifying agents for PD therapy and, specifically, the MSCs secretome contribution to meet the clinical challenge of counteracting or retarding PD progression, will be more deeply explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O Pires
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - F G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - B Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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19
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Alizadeh R, Hassanzadeh G, Joghataei MT, Soleimani M, Moradi F, Mohammadpour S, Ghorbani J, Safavi A, Sarbishegi M, Pirhajati Mahabadi V, Alizadeh L, Hadjighassem M. In vitrodifferentiation of neural stem cells derived from human olfactory bulb into dopaminergic-like neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:773-784. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafieh Alizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department; Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Mohammadpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Jahangir Ghorbani
- Organ Procurement and Transplant Unit (OPTU); Faculty of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Safavi
- Organ Procurement and Transplant Unit (OPTU); Faculty of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences; Zahedan Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department; Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center; Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center; Imam Khomeinin Hospital; Blv Keshavarz, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1419733141 Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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20
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Ghourichaee SS, Powell EM, Leach JB. Enhancement of human neural stem cell self-renewal in 3D hypoxic culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1096-1106. [PMID: 27869294 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of neurological disorders is associated with the loss of neuronal and glial cells that results in functional impairments. Human neural stem cells (hNSCs), due to their self-renewing and multipotent characteristics, possess enormous tissue-specific regenerative potential. However, the efficacy of clinical applications is restricted due to the lack of standardized in vitro cell production methods with the capability of generating hNSC populations with well-defined cellular compositions. At any point, a population of hNSCs may include undifferentiated stem cells, intermediate and terminally differentiated progenies, and dead cells. Due to the plasticity of hNSCs, environmental cues play crucial roles in determining the cellular composition of hNSC cultures over time. Here, we investigated the independent and synergistic effect of three important environmental factors (i.e., culture dimensionality, oxygen concentration, and growth factors) on the survival, renewal potential, and differentiation of hNSCs. Our experimental design included two dimensional (2D) versus three dimensional (3D) cultures and normoxic (21% O2 ) versus hypoxic (3% O2 ) conditions in the presence and absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Additionally, we discuss the feasibility of mathematical models that predict hNSC growth and differentiation under these culture conditions by adopting a negative feedback regulatory term. Our results indicate that the synergistic effect of culture dimensionality and hypoxic oxygen concentration in the presence of growth factors enhances the proliferation of viable, undifferentiated hNSCs. Moreover, the same synergistic effect in the absence of growth factors promotes the differentiation of hNSCs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1096-1106. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Sharee Ghourichaee
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
| | - Elizabeth M Powell
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Psychiatry, and Bioengineering, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennie B Leach
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
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21
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Moon J, Schwarz SC, Lee H, Kang JM, Lee Y, Kim B, Sung M, Höglinger G, Wegner F, Kim JS, Chung H, Chang SW, Cha KY, Kim K, Schwarz J. Preclinical Analysis of Fetal Human Mesencephalic Neural Progenitor Cell Lines: Characterization and Safety In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:576-588. [PMID: 28191758 PMCID: PMC5442800 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a good manufacturing practice for long‐term cultivation of fetal human midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells. The generation of human dopaminergic neurons may serve as a tool of either restorative cell therapies or cellular models, particularly as a reference for phenotyping region‐specific human neural stem cell lines such as human embryonic stem cells and human inducible pluripotent stem cells. We cultivated 3 different midbrain neural progenitor lines at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of gestation for more than a year and characterized them in great detail, as well as in comparison with Lund mesencephalic cells. The whole cultivation process of tissue preparation, cultivation, and cryopreservation was developed using strict serum‐free conditions and standardized operating protocols under clean‐room conditions. Long‐term‐cultivated midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells retained stemness, midbrain fate specificity, and floorplate markers. The potential to differentiate into authentic A9‐specific dopaminergic neurons was markedly elevated after prolonged expansion, resulting in large quantities of functional dopaminergic neurons without genetic modification. In restorative cell therapeutic approaches, midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells reversed impaired motor function in rodents, survived well, and did not exhibit tumor formation in immunodeficient nude mice in the short or long term (8 and 30 weeks, respectively). We conclude that midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells are a promising source for human dopaminergic neurons and suitable for long‐term expansion under good manufacturing practice, thus opening the avenue for restorative clinical applications or robust cellular models such as high‐content or high‐throughput screening. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:576–588
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Sigrid C. Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyun‐Seob Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Young‐Eun Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Bona Kim
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Mi‐Young Sung
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung‐Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin‐gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang Yul Cha
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang‐Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Rhee YH, Kim TH, Jo AY, Chang MY, Park CH, Kim SM, Song JJ, Oh SM, Yi SH, Kim HH, You BH, Nam JW, Lee SH. LIN28A enhances the therapeutic potential of cultured neural stem cells in a Parkinson’s disease model. Brain 2016; 139:2722-2739. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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23
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Shen Y, Huang J, Liu L, Xu X, Han C, Zhang G, Jiang H, Li J, Lin Z, Xiong N, Wang T. A Compendium of Preparation and Application of Stem Cells in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:117. [PMID: 27303288 PMCID: PMC4885841 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressively neurodegenerative disorder, implicitly characterized by a stepwise loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and explicitly marked by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability. Currently, therapeutic approaches available are mainly palliative strategies, including L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) replacement therapy, DA receptor agonist and deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures. As the disease proceeds, however, the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy is inevitably worn off, worse still, implicated by side effects of motor response oscillations as well as L-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID). Therefore, the frustrating status above has propeled the shift to cell replacement therapy (CRT), a promising restorative therapy intending to secure a long-lasting relief of patients' symptoms. By far, stem cell lines of multifarious origins have been established, which can be further categorized into embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this review, we intend to present a compendium of preparation and application of multifarious stem cells, especially in relation to PD research and therapy. In addition, the current status, potential challenges and future prospects for practical CRT in PD patients will be elaborated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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24
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Drela K, Lech W, Figiel-Dabrowska A, Zychowicz M, Mikula M, Sarnowska A, Domanska-Janik K. Enhanced neuro-therapeutic potential of Wharton's Jelly–derived mesenchymal stem cells in comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells culture. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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McMurtrey RJ. Analytic Models of Oxygen and Nutrient Diffusion, Metabolism Dynamics, and Architecture Optimization in Three-Dimensional Tissue Constructs with Applications and Insights in Cerebral Organoids. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:221-49. [PMID: 26650970 PMCID: PMC5029285 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion models are important in tissue engineering as they enable an understanding of gas, nutrient, and signaling molecule delivery to cells in cell cultures and tissue constructs. As three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs become larger, more intricate, and more clinically applicable, it will be essential to understand internal dynamics and signaling molecule concentrations throughout the tissue and whether cells are receiving appropriate nutrient delivery. Diffusion characteristics present a significant limitation in many engineered tissues, particularly for avascular tissues and for cells whose viability, differentiation, or function are affected by concentrations of oxygen and nutrients. This article seeks to provide novel analytic solutions for certain cases of steady-state and nonsteady-state diffusion and metabolism in basic 3D construct designs (planar, cylindrical, and spherical forms), solutions that would otherwise require mathematical approximations achieved through numerical methods. This model is applied to cerebral organoids, where it is shown that limitations in diffusion and organoid size can be partially overcome by localizing metabolically active cells to an outer layer in a sphere, a regionalization process that is known to occur through neuroglial precursor migration both in organoids and in early brain development. The given prototypical solutions include a review of metabolic information for many cell types and can be broadly applied to many forms of tissue constructs. This work enables researchers to model oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells, predict cell viability, study dynamics of mass transport in 3D tissue constructs, design constructs with improved diffusion capabilities, and accurately control molecular concentrations in tissue constructs that may be used in studying models of development and disease or for conditioning cells to enhance survival after insults like ischemia or implantation into the body, thereby providing a framework for better understanding and exploring the characteristics and behaviors of engineered tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J McMurtrey
- 1 Institute of Neural Regeneration & Tissue Engineering , Highland, Utah, United States .,2 Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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Wagenführ L, Meyer AK, Marrone L, Storch A. Oxygen Tension Within the Neurogenic Niche Regulates Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in the Developing Midbrain. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:227-38. [PMID: 26577812 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension is an important factor controlling stem cell proliferation and maintenance in various stem cell populations with a particular relevance in midbrain dopaminergic progenitors. Further studies have shown that the oxygen-dependent transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is involved in these processes. However, all available studies on oxygen effects in dopaminergic neuroprogenitors were performed in vitro and thus it remains unclear whether tissue oxygen tension in the embryonic midbrain is also relevant for the regulation of dopaminergic neurogenesis in vivo. We thus dissect here the effects of oxygen tension in combination with HIF-1α conditional knockout on dopaminergic neurogenesis by using a novel experimental design allowing for the control of oxygen tension within the microenvironment of the neurogenic niche of the murine fetal midbrain in vivo. The microenvironment of the midbrain dopaminergic neurogenic niche was detected as hypoxic with oxygen tensions below 1.1%. Maternal oxygen treatment of 10%, 21%, and 75% atmospheric oxygen tension for 48 h translates into robust changes in fetal midbrain oxygenation. Fetal midbrain hypoxia hampered the generation of dopaminergic neurons and is accompanied with restricted fetal midbrain development. In contrast, induced hyperoxia stimulated proliferation and differentiation of dopaminergic progenitors during early and late embryogenesis. Oxygen effects were not directly mediated through HIF-1α signaling. These data--in agreement with in vitro data-indicate that oxygen is a crucial regulator of developmental dopaminergic neurogenesis. Our study provides the initial framework for future studies on molecular mechanisms mediating oxygen regulation of dopaminergic neurogenesis within the fetal midbrain as its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagenführ
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Karen Meyer
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Lara Marrone
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany .,2 Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany .,2 Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,3 Department of Neurology, University of Rostock , Rostock, Germany .,4 German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Rostock, Germany
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27
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Simão D, Arez F, Terasso AP, Pinto C, Sousa MFQ, Brito C, Alves PM. Perfusion Stirred-Tank Bioreactors for 3D Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1502:129-142. [PMID: 27032948 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic breakthroughs in neurological disorders have been hampered by the lack of accurate central nervous system (CNS) models. The development of these models allows the study of the disease onset/progression mechanisms and the preclinical evaluation of new therapeutics. This has traditionally relied on genetically engineered animal models that often diverge considerably from the human phenotype (developmental, anatomic, and physiological) and 2D in vitro cell models, which fail to recapitulate the characteristics of the target tissue (cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cell polarity, etc.). Recapitulation of CNS phenotypic and functional features in vitro requires the implementation of advanced culture strategies, such as 3D culture systems, which enable to mimic the in vivo structural and molecular complexity. Models based on differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSC) in 3D cultures have great potential as complementary tools in preclinical research, bridging the gap between human clinical studies and animal models. The development of robust and scalable processes for the 3D differentiation of hNSC can improve the accuracy of early stage development in preclinical research. In this context, the use of software-controlled stirred-tank bioreactors (STB) provides an efficient technological platform for hNSC aggregation and differentiation. This system enables to monitor and control important physicochemical parameters for hNSC culture, such as dissolved oxygen. Importantly, the adoption of a perfusion operation mode allows a stable flow of nutrients and differentiation/neurotrophic factors, while clearing the toxic by-products. This contributes to a setting closer to the physiological, by mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. In this chapter, we address the technical requirements and procedures for the implementation of 3D differentiation strategies of hNSC, by operating STB under perfusion mode for long-term cultures. This strategy is suitable for the generation of human 3D neural in vitro models, which can be used to feed high-throughput screening platforms, contributing to expand the available in vitro tools for drug screening and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Francisca Arez
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Terasso
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcos F Q Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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28
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Wagenführ L, Meyer AK, Braunschweig L, Marrone L, Storch A. Brain oxygen tension controls the expansion of outer subventricular zone-like basal progenitors in the developing mouse brain. Development 2015; 142:2904-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex shows a conserved six-layered structure that differs between species in the total number of cortical neurons produced owing to differences in the relative abundance of distinct progenitor populations. Recent studies have identified a new class of proliferative neurogenic cells in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) in gyrencephalic species such as primates and ferrets. Lissencephalic brains of mice possess fewer OSVZ-like progenitor cells and these do not constitute a distinct layer. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxygen regulates the maintenance, proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Here we dissect the effects of fetal brain oxygen tension on neural progenitor cell activity using a novel mouse model that allows oxygen tension to be controlled within the hypoxic microenvironment in the neurogenic niche of the fetal brain in vivo. Indeed, maternal oxygen treatment of 10%, 21% and 75% atmospheric oxygen tension for 48 h translates into robust changes in fetal brain oxygenation. Increased oxygen tension in fetal mouse forebrain in vivo leads to a marked expansion of a distinct proliferative cell population, basal to the SVZ. These cells constitute a novel neurogenic cell layer, similar to the OSVZ, and contribute to corticogenesis by heading for deeper cortical layers as a part of the cortical plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagenführ
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anne K. Meyer
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Lena Braunschweig
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Lara Marrone
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01307, Germany
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29
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Simão D, Pinto C, Fernandes P, Peddie CJ, Piersanti S, Collinson LM, Salinas S, Saggio I, Schiavo G, Kremer EJ, Brito C, Alves PM. Evaluation of helper-dependent canine adenovirus vectors in a 3D human CNS model. Gene Ther 2015; 23:86-94. [PMID: 26181626 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach with enormous potential for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Viral vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) present attractive features for gene delivery strategies in the human brain, by preferentially transducing neurons, are capable of efficient axonal transport to afferent brain structures, have a 30-kb cloning capacity and have low innate and induced immunogenicity in preclinical tests. For clinical translation, in-depth preclinical evaluation of efficacy and safety in a human setting is primordial. Stem cell-derived human neural cells have a great potential as complementary tools by bridging the gap between animal models, which often diverge considerably from human phenotype, and clinical trials. Herein, we explore helper-dependent CAV-2 (hd-CAV-2) efficacy and safety for gene delivery in a human stem cell-derived 3D neural in vitro model. Assessment of hd-CAV-2 vector efficacy was performed at different multiplicities of infection, by evaluating transgene expression and impact on cell viability, ultrastructural cellular organization and neuronal gene expression. Under optimized conditions, hd-CAV-2 transduction led to stable long-term transgene expression with minimal toxicity. hd-CAV-2 preferentially transduced neurons, whereas human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) showed increased tropism toward glial cells. This work demonstrates, in a physiologically relevant 3D model, that hd-CAV-2 vectors are efficient tools for gene delivery to human neurons, with stable long-term transgene expression and minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simão
- iBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Pinto
- iBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - P Fernandes
- iBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C J Peddie
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, UK
| | - S Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - L M Collinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, UK
| | - S Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - I Saggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - G Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - E J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Brito
- iBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - P M Alves
- iBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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30
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Sun X, Voloboueva LA, Stary CM, Giffard RG. Physiologically normal 5% O2 supports neuronal differentiation and resistance to inflammatory injury in neural stem cell cultures. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1703-12. [PMID: 26147710 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that neural stem cell (NSC) culture at physiologically normoxic conditions (2-5% O2) is advantageous in terms of neuronal differentiation and survival. Neuronal differentiation is accompanied by a remarkable shift to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism compared with preferentially glycolytic metabolism of proliferating cells. However, metabolic changes induced by growth in a normoxic (5%) O2 culture environment in NSCs have been minimally explored. This study demonstrates that culturing under 5% O2 conditions results in higher levels of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, decreased glycolysis, and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species in NSC cultures. Inflammation is one of the major environmental factors limiting postinjury NSC neuronal differentiation and survival. Our results show that NSCs differentiated under 5% O2 conditions possess better resistance to in vitro inflammatory injury compared with those exposed to 20% O2. The present work demonstrates that lower, more physiologically normal O2 levels support metabolic changes induced during NSC neuronal differentiation and provide increased resistance to inflammatory injury, thus highlighting O2 tension as an important determinant of cell fate and survival in various stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ludmila A Voloboueva
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rona G Giffard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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31
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Braunschweig L, Meyer AK, Wagenführ L, Storch A. Oxygen regulates proliferation of neural stem cells through Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:84-92. [PMID: 26079803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced oxygen levels (1-5% O2, named herein 'physioxia') are beneficial for stem cell cultures leading to enhanced proliferation, better survival and higher differentiation potential, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. A potential link between physioxia and the canonical Wnt pathway was found recently, but the differential involvement of this signalling pathway for the various stem cell properties such as proliferation, stem cell maintenance, and differentiation capacity remains enigmatic. We here demonstrate increased Wnt target gene transcription and stabilised active β-catenin upon physioxic cell culture in primary tissue-specific foetal mouse neural stem cells. Knock-out of the main oxygen sensing molecule, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α), had no impact on Wnt activation assuming that physioxia induces the Wnt pathway independently of Hif-1α. To determine the physiological relevance of physioxia-induced Wnt/β-catenin signalling, we examined proliferation, cell cycle kinetics, survival and stem cell maintenance upon Wnt activation and inhibition. Whereas survival and stem cell maintenance seem to be independent of the Wnt pathway, our studies provide first evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signalling positively stimulates proliferation of physioxic cells by affecting cell cycle regulation. Together, our results provide mechanistic insight into oxygen-mediated regulation of the self-renewal activity of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Braunschweig
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne K Meyer
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Wagenführ
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Simão D, Pinto C, Piersanti S, Weston A, Peddie CJ, Bastos AE, Licursi V, Schwarz SC, Collinson LM, Salinas S, Serra M, Teixeira AP, Saggio I, Lima PA, Kremer EJ, Schiavo G, Brito C, Alves PM. Modeling Human Neural Functionality In Vitro: Three-Dimensional Culture for Dopaminergic Differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:654-68. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simão
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Stefania Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Weston
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Peddie
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - André E.P. Bastos
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier, France
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Teixeira
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro A. Lima
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eric J. Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier, France
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Bang SY, Kwon SH, Yi SH, Yi SA, Park EK, Lee JC, Jang CG, You JS, Lee SH, Han JW. Epigenetic activation of the Foxa2 gene is required for maintaining the potential of neural precursor cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons after expansion. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:520-33. [PMID: 25233056 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of forkhead box protein A2 (Foxa2) expression in fetal ventral mesencephalon (VM)-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) appears to be associated with the loss of their potential to differentiate into dopaminergic (DA) neurons after mitogenic expansion in vitro, hindering their efficient use as a transplantable cell source. Here, we report that epigenetic activation of Foxa2 in VM-derived NPCs by inducing histone hyperacetylation rescues the mitogenic-expansion-dependent decrease of differentiation potential to DA neurons. The silencing of Foxa2 gene expression after expansion is accompanied by repressive histone modifications, including hypoacetylation of histone H3 and H4 and trimethylation of H3K27 on the Foxa2 promoter, as well as on the global level. In addition, histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is highly expressed during differentiation and recruited to the Foxa2 promoter. Induction of histone acetylation in VM-derived NPCs by either knockdown of HDAC7 or treatment with the HDAC inhibitor apicidin upregulates Foxa2 expression via hyperacetylation of H3 and a decrease in H3K27 trimethylation on the promoter regions, leading to the expression of DA neuron developmental genes and enhanced differentiation of DA neurons. These effects are antagonized by the expression of shRNAs specific for Foxa2 but enhanced by shRNA for HDAC7. Collectively, these findings indicate that loss of differentiation potential of expanded VM-derived NPCs is attributed to a decrease in Foxa2 expression and suggest that activation of the endogenous Foxa2 gene by epigenetic regulation might be an approach to enhance the generation of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Bang
- 1 Research Center for Epigenome Regulation, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Cell based therapies in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurosci 2014; 18:76-83. [PMID: 25205926 PMCID: PMC4117039 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is characterized by bradykinesia, hypokinesia/ akinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability, caused by dopaminergic (DA) striatal denervation. The prevalence of PD increases from 50 years of age with steep rise after age 60 years. Current treatment of PD relies heavily on replacing lost dopamine either with its precursor L-dopa or dopamine agonists (ropinirole, pramipexole, bromocriptine, lisuride etc). Other pharmacological measures like catechol-O-methyltrasferase (COMT) inhibitors like entacopone, telcapone and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors like selegiline and rasagiline are also useful, while L-dopa remains the gold standard in the treatment of PD. Emerging therapies are focusing on cell based therapeutics derived from various sources.
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Influence of oxygen tension on dopaminergic differentiation of human fetal stem cells of midbrain and forebrain origin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96465. [PMID: 24788190 PMCID: PMC4008610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) constitute a promising source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease (PD), but protocols for controlled dopaminergic differentiation are not yet available. Here we investigated the influence of oxygen on dopaminergic differentiation of human fetal NSCs derived from the midbrain and forebrain. Cells were differentiated for 10 days in vitro at low, physiological (3%) versus high, atmospheric (20%) oxygen tension. Low oxygen resulted in upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and increased the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells in both types of cultures (midbrain: 9.1±0.5 and 17.1±0.4 (P<0.001); forebrain: 1.9±0.4 and 3.9±0.6 (P<0.01) percent of total cells). Regardless of oxygen levels, the content of TH-ir cells with mature neuronal morphologies was higher for midbrain as compared to forebrain cultures. Proliferative Ki67-ir cells were found in both types of cultures, but the relative proportion of these cells was significantly higher for forebrain NSCs cultured at low, as compared to high, oxygen tension. No such difference was detected for midbrain-derived cells. Western blot analysis revealed that low oxygen enhanced β-tubulin III and GFAP expression in both cultures. Up-regulation of β-tubulin III was most pronounced for midbrain cells, whereas GFAP expression was higher in forebrain as compared to midbrain cells. NSCs from both brain regions displayed less cell death when cultured at low oxygen tension. Following mictrotransplantation into mouse striatal slice cultures predifferentiated midbrain NSCs were found to proliferate and differentiate into substantial numbers of TH-ir neurons with mature neuronal morphologies, particularly at low oxygen. In contrast, predifferentiated forebrain NSCs microtransplanted using identical conditions displayed little proliferation and contained few TH-ir cells, all of which had an immature appearance. Our data may reflect differences in dopaminergic differentiation capacity and region-specific requirements of NSCs, with the dopamine-depleted striatum cultured at low oxygen offering an attractive micro-environment for midbrain NSCs.
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Abstract
The aim of stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease is to reconstruct nigro-striatal neuronal pathways using endogenous neural stem/precursor cells or grafted dopaminergic neurons. As an alternative, transplantation of stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons into the striatum has been attempted, with the aim of stimulating local synapse formation and/or release of dopamine and cytokines from grafted cells. Candidate stem cells include neural stem/precursor cells, embryonic stem cells and other stem/precursor cells. Among these, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that proliferate extensively, making them a good potential donor source for transplantation. However, tumor formation and ethical issues present major problems for embryonic stem cell therapy. This review describes the current status of stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease, as well as future research approaches from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takahashi
- Kyoto University, Department of Biological Repair, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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37
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Parish CL, Thompson LH. Modulating Wnt signaling to improve cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 6:54-63. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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38
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39
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40
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Hermann A, Loewenbrück KF, Boldt Ä, Fiedler C, Maisel M, Kalucka J, Schwarz J, Breier G, Storch A. Lack of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/Flk1 signaling does not affect substantia nigra development. Neurosci Lett 2013; 553:142-7. [PMID: 23994060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen tension is critical for proliferation of human and murine midbrain-derived neural precursor cells (mNPCs). Lack of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) impairs midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis which could be rescued by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via VEGFR-2 signaling. Here, we conditionally inactivated the VEGFR-2, encoded by the fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk1) gene, in murine NPCs to determine its role in proliferation and survival in vitro as well as survival of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Flk1 conditional knock-out (Flk1 CKO) mice showed no general brain phenotype. There was no midbrain-specific impairment of NPC proliferation as seen in HIF1α CKO mice. In the substantia nigra (SN) of adult Flk1 CKO mice, nonbiased stereological cell counts revealed no reduction of TH-positive neurons of Flk1 CKO mice compared with control Cre/wt mice (in which the wild-type Flk1 allele is expressed in parallel with the Cre recombinase allele). In conclusion, VEGF receptor signaling seems not to be relevant to the development and survival of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons within the hypoxia-HIF1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hermann
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Ilieva M, Dufva M. SOX2 and OCT4 mRNA-expressing cells, detected by molecular beacons, localize to the center of neurospheres during differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73669. [PMID: 24013403 PMCID: PMC3754928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurospheres are used as in vitro assay to measure the properties of neural stem cells. To investigate the molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of neurospheres, molecular beacons (MBs) targeted against the stem cell markers OCT4 and SOX2 were designed, and synthesized with a 2'-O-methyl RNA backbone. OCT4 and SOX2 MBs were transfected into human embryonic mesencephalon derived cells, which spontaneously form neurospheres when grown on poly-L-ornitine/fibronectin matrix and medium complemented with bFGF. OCT4 and SOX2 gene expression were tracked in individual cell using the MBs. Quantitative image analysis every day for seven days showed that the OCT4 and SOX2 mRNA-expressing cells clustered in the centre of the neurospheres cultured in differentiation medium. By contrast, cells at the periphery of the differentiating spheres developed neurite outgrowths and expressed the tyrosine hydroxylase protein, indicating terminal differentiation. Neurospheres cultured in growth medium contained OCT4 and SOX2-positive cells distributed throughout the entire sphere, and no differentiating neurones. Gene expression of SOX2 and OCT4 mRNA detected by MBs correlated well with gene and protein expression measured by qRT-PCR and immunostaining, respectively. These experimental data support the theoretical model that stem cells cluster in the centre of neurospheres, and demonstrate the use of MBs for the spatial localization of specific gene-expressing cells within heterogeneous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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42
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Li L, Su Y, Zhao C, Xu Q. Role of Nurr1 and Ret in inducing rat embryonic neural precursors to dopaminergic neurons. Neurol Res 2013; 31:534-40. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x380810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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43
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A microfluidic array for quantitative analysis of human neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in three-dimensional hypoxic microenvironment. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6607-14. [PMID: 23777909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic array for investigating and quantitatively analyzing human neural stem cell (hNSC) self-renewal and differentiation in an in vivo-like microenvironment. NSC niche conditions, including three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices and low oxygen tension, were effectively reconstituted in the microfluidic array in a combinatorial manner. The array device was fabricated to be detachable, rendering it compatible with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantifying the effects of the biomimetic conditions on hNSC self-renewal and differentiation. We show that throughput of 3D cell culture and quantitative analysis can be increased. We also show that 3D hypoxic microenvironments maintain hNSC self-renewal capacity and direct neuronal commitment during hNSC differentiation.
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44
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Jha RM, Chrenek R, Magnotti LM, Cardozo DL. The isolation, differentiation, and survival in vivo of multipotent cells from the postnatal rat filum terminale. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65974. [PMID: 23762453 PMCID: PMC3675200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are undifferentiated cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that are capable of self-renewal and can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. Current sources of mammalian NSCs are confined to regions of the CNS that are critical to normal function and surgically difficult to access, which limits their therapeutic potential in human disease. We have found that the filum terminale (FT), a previously unexplored, expendable, and easily accessible tissue at the caudal end of the spinal cord, is a source of multipotent cells in postnatal rats and humans. In this study, we used a rat model to isolate and characterize the potential of these cells. Neurospheres derived from the rat FT are amenable to in vitro expansion in the presence of a combination of growth factors. These proliferating, FT-derived cells formed neurospheres that could be induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes by exposure to serum and/or adhesive substrates. Through directed differentiation using sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in combination with various neurotrophic factors, FT-derived neurospheres generated motor neurons that were capable of forming neuromuscular junctions in vitro. In addition, FT-derived progenitors that were injected into chick embryos survived and could differentiate into both neurons and glia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan Chrenek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Magnotti
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David L. Cardozo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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45
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Singh RP, Franke K, Wielockx B. Hypoxia-mediated regulation of stem cell fate. High Alt Med Biol 2013; 13:162-8. [PMID: 22994515 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2012.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-mediated regulation of stem cell fate, or reduced oxygen availability, is a prominent feature during mammalian development and under physiological and pathological conditions in adults. Oxygen-sensing is therefore indispensable as it enables the cells to adapt instantaneously to an inappropriate pO(2). This machinery relies primarily on hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Moreover, a growing body of evidence proposes that different types of stem cells exist in a very hypoxic microenvironment, which may be beneficial for the maintenance of these cells and ensures continuous replenishment of dead or damaged cells in virtually all tissues of the body. Recent reports have shown that HIF is a critical player in these responses. However, a better understanding of the different HIF-related mechanisms is of utmost importance for the improvement of therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration as well as hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashim Pal Singh
- Emmy Noether Research Group, Institute of Pathology, University of Technology Dresden, Germany
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46
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Yang S, Xue DD, Wu B, Sun HM, Li XS, Dong F, Li WS, Ji FQ, Zhou DS. Pleiotrophin is involved in the amniotic epithelial cell-induced differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 539:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Wang Y, Yang J, Li H, Wang X, Zhu L, Fan M, Wang X. Hypoxia promotes dopaminergic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and shows benefits for transplantation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54296. [PMID: 23342124 PMCID: PMC3546985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, which is one of the major cell types damaged in Parkinson’s disease (PD). For this reason, MSCs are considered a potential cell source for PD therapy. It has been proved that hypoxia is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on MSC proliferation and DAergic neuronal differentiation. Our results demonstrate that 3% O2 treatment can enhance rat MSC proliferation by upregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and subsequent nuclear translocation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. During neural differentiation, 3% O2 treatment increases the expression of HIF-1α, phosphorylated ERK and p38 MAPK. These changes are followed by promotion of neurosphere formation and further DAergic neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, we explored the physiological function of hypoxia-induced DAergic neurons from human fetal MSCs by transplanting them into parkinsonian rats. Grafts induced with hypoxia display more survival of DAergic neurons and greater amelioration of behavioral impairments. Altogether, these results suggest that hypoxia can promote MSC proliferation and DAergic neuronal differentiation, and benefit for intrastriatal transplantation. Therefore, this study may provide new perspectives in application of MSCs to clinical PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience (PKU), Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
- Beijing An Ding Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haisheng Li
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XMW); (MF)
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XMW); (MF)
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Characterization of Porcine Ventral Mesencephalic Precursor Cells following Long-Term Propagation in 3D Culture. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:761843. [PMID: 23258982 PMCID: PMC3508616 DOI: 10.1155/2012/761843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential use of predifferentiated neural precursor cells for treatment of a neurological disorder like Parkinson's disease combines stem cell research with previous experimental and clinical transplantation of developing dopaminergic neurons. One current obstacle is, however, the lack of ability to generate dopaminergic neurons after long-term in vitro propagation of the cells. The domestic pig is considered a useful nonprimate large animal model in neuroscience, because of a better resemblance of the larger gyrencephalic pig brain to the human brain than the commonly used brains of smaller rodents. In the present study, porcine embryonic (28–30 days), ventral mesencephalic precursor cells were isolated and propagated as free-floating neural tissue spheres in medium containing epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2. For passaging, the tissue spheres were cut into quarters, avoiding mechanical or enzymatic dissociation in order to minimize cellular trauma and preserve intercellular contacts. Spheres were propagated for up to 237 days with analysis of cellular content and differentiation at various time points. Our study provides the first demonstration that porcine ventral mesencephalic precursor cells can be long-term propagated as neural tissue spheres, thereby providing an experimental 3D in vitro model for studies of neural precursor cells, their niche, and differentiation capacity.
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49
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Iglesias E, Llobet L, Pacheu-Grau D, Gómez-Durán A, Ruiz-Pesini E. Cybrids for Mitochondrial DNA Pharmacogenomics. Drug Dev Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Oliveira SLB, Pillat MM, Cheffer A, Lameu C, Schwindt TT, Ulrich H. Functions of neurotrophins and growth factors in neurogenesis and brain repair. Cytometry A 2012; 83:76-89. [PMID: 23044513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and isolation of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain, giving rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes initiated many studies in order to understand basic mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis and repair mechanisms of the nervous system and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for cellular regeneration therapies in brain disease. A previous review (Trujillo et al., Cytometry A 2009;75:38-53) focused on the importance of extrinsic factors, especially neurotransmitters, for directing migration and neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Here, we extend our review discussing the effects of the principal growth and neurotrophic factors as well as their intracellular signal transduction on neurogenesis, fate determination and neuroprotective mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated by in vitro studies for which neural stem cells were isolated, grown as neurospheres, induced to neural differentiation under desired experimental conditions, and analyzed for embryonic, progenitor, and neural marker expression by flow and imaging cytometry techniques. The better understanding of neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation is crucial for any therapeutic intervention aiming at neural stem cell transplantation and recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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