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Goryacheva II, Baranova AM, Lukashev AN, Gordeev MI, Usenbaev NT, Shaikevich EV. Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax in the Kyrgyz Republic. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:262-268. [PMID: 30339983 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
At the end of 2016, Kyrgyz Republic was certified by the World Health Organization as a malaria-free country, while only a decade ago this disease posed a serious health threat. The progress achieved by Kyrgyz Republic provides a unique example of tertian (Plasmodium vivax) malaria elimination. This success was based on an integrated approach, including measures for the treatment of infected people and disease prevention, vector control and the development of an effective national epidemiological surveillance system. Lower P. vivax msp-1, msp-3α, csp and dbpII genes polymorphism was revealed in Kyrgyz Republic in compare with that in Tajikistan. Molecular characterization of the causative agent found that P. vivax populations in Kyrgyz Republic was comprised by several lineages, highly divergent in the south-western and genetically homogeneous in the northern regions of Kyrgyz Republic, d. Such profile in the northern regions was compatible with several recent introductions rather than a long-term endemic circulation of the parasite. A low level of genetic variability suggested that the parasitic systems of tertian malaria, were not adapted, which, along with other factors, largely determined the possibility of malaria elimination in northern Kyrgyz Republic. Other determinants included environmental, social, and epidemiological factors that limited the spread of malaria. South-western Kyrgyz Republic, a region with a high level of interstate migration, requires considerable attention to prevent the spread of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Goryacheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | - M I Gordeev
- Moscow Region State University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - N T Usenbaev
- Sanitary-Epidemiological Department of Kyrgyz Republic MOH, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - E V Shaikevich
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Ruan W, Zhang LL, Feng Y, Zhang X, Chen HL, Lu QY, Yao LN, Hu W. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium Vivax revealed by the merozoite surface protein-1 icb5-6 fragment. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:92. [PMID: 28578709 PMCID: PMC5458480 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax remains a potential cause of morbidity and mortality for people living in its endemic areas. Understanding the genetic diversity of P. vivax from different regions is valuable for studying population dynamics and tracing the origins of parasites. The PvMSP-1 gene is highly polymorphic and has been used as a marker in many P. vivax population studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of the PvMSP-1 gene icb5-6 fragment and to provide more genetic polymorphism data for further studies on P. vivax population structure and tracking of the origin of clinical cases. Methods Nested PCR and sequencing of the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 marker were performed to obtain the nucleotide sequences of 95 P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province, China. To investigate the genetic diversity of PvMSP-1, the 95 nucleotide sequences of the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 fragment were genotyped and analyzed using DnaSP v5, MEGA software. Results The 95 P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province were either indigenous cases or imported cases from different regions around the world. A total of 95 sequences ranging from 390 to 460 bp were obtained. The 95 sequences were genotyped into four allele-types (Sal I, Belem, R-III and R-IV) and 17 unique haplotypes. R-III and Sal I were the predominant allele-types. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) were estimated to be 0.729 and 0.062, indicating that the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 fragment had the highest level of polymorphism due to frequent recombination processes and single nucleotide polymorphism. The values of dN/dS and Tajima’s D both suggested neutral selection for the PvMSP-1icb5-6 fragment. In addition, a rare recombinant style of R-IV type was identified. Conclusions This study presented high genetic diversity in the PvMSP-1 marker among P. vivax strains from around the world. The genetic data is valuable for expanding the polymorphism information on P. vivax, which could be helpful for further study on population dynamics and tracking the origin of P. vivax. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0302-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Liang Chen
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Yi Lu
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Nong Yao
- Department of Communicable Diseases of Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, FuDan University, Shanghai, China.
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Cerritos R, González-Cerón L, Nettel JA, Wegier A. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax using the merozoite surface protein 1 icb5-6 fragment reveals new hybrid haplotypes in southern Mexico. Malar J 2014; 13:35. [PMID: 24472213 PMCID: PMC3923247 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan parasite with an extensive worldwide distribution, being highly prevalent in Asia as well as in Mesoamerica and South America. In southern Mexico, P. vivax transmission has been endemic and recent studies suggest that these parasites have unique biological and genetic features. The msp1 gene has shown high rate of nucleotide substitutions, deletions, insertions, and its mosaic structure reveals frequent events of recombination, maybe between highly divergent parasite isolates. METHODS The nucleotide sequence variation in the polymorphic icb5-6 fragment of the msp1 gene of Mexican and worldwide isolates was analysed. To understand how genotype diversity arises, disperses and persists in Mexico, the genetic structure and genealogical relationships of local isolates were examined. To identify new sequence hybrids and their evolutionary relationships with other P. vivax isolates circulating worldwide two haplotype networks were constructed questioning that two portions of the icb5-6 have different evolutionary history. RESULTS Twelve new msp1 icb5-6 haplotypes of P. vivax from Mexico were identified. These nucleotide sequences show mosaic structure comprising three partially conserved and two variable subfragments and resulted into five different sequence types. The variable subfragment sV1 has undergone recombination events and resulted in hybrid sequences and the haplotype network allocated the Mexican haplotypes to three lineages, corresponding to the Sal I and Belem types, and other more divergent group. In contrast, the network from icb5-6 fragment but not sV1 revealed that the Mexican haplotypes belong to two separate lineages, none of which are closely related to Sal I or Belem sequences. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the new hybrid haplotypes from southern Mexico were the result of at least three different recombination events. These rearrangements likely resulted from the recombination between haplotypes of highly divergent lineages that are frequently distributed in South America and Asia and diversified rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
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Huang B, Huang S, Su XZ, Guo H, Xu Y, Xu F, Hu X, Yang Y, Wang S, Lu F. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax population in Anhui province of China. Malar J 2014; 13:13. [PMID: 24401153 PMCID: PMC3893497 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the numbers of malaria cases in China have been declining in recent years, outbreaks of Plasmodium vivax malaria were still being reported in rural areas south of the Yellow River. To better understand the transmission dynamics of P. vivax parasites in China, the extent of genetic diversity of P. vivax populations circulating in Bozhou of Anhui province of China were investigated using three polymorphic genetic markers: merozoite surface proteins 1 and 3α (pvmsp-1 and pvmsp-3α) and circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp). Methods Forty-five P. vivax clinical isolates from Bouzhou of Anhui province were collected from 2009 to 2010 and were analysed using PCR/RFLP or DNA sequencing. Results Seven and six distinct allelic variants were identified using PCR/RFLP analysis of pvmsp-3α with HhaI and AluI, respectively. DNA sequence analysis of pvmsp-1 (variable block 5) revealed that there were Sal-I and recombinant types but not Belem type, and seven distinct allelic variants in pvmsp-1 were detected, with recombinant subtype 2 (R2) being predominant (66.7%). All the isolates carried pvcsp with VK210 type but not VK247 or P. vivax-like types in the samples. Sequence analysis of pvcsp gene revealed 12 distinct allelic variants, with VK210-1 being predominant (41.5%). Conclusions The present data indicate that there is some degree of genetic diversity among P. vivax populations in Anhui province of China. The genetic data obtained may assist in the surveillance of P. vivax infection in endemic areas or in tracking potential future disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Wickramarachchi T, Premaratne PH, Dias S, Handunnetti SM, Udagama-Randeniya PV. Genetic complexity ofPlasmodium vivaxinfections in Sri Lanka, as reflected at the merozoite-surface-protein-3α locus. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 104:95-108. [DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12607012374190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lin JT, Patel JC, Kharabora O, Sattabongkot J, Muth S, Ubalee R, Schuster AL, Rogers WO, Wongsrichanalai C, Juliano JJ. Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia and Thailand show high genetic complexity and distinct patterns of P. vivax multidrug resistance gene 1 (pvmdr1) polymorphisms. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:1116-23. [PMID: 23509126 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax accounts for an increasing fraction of malaria infections in Thailand and Cambodia. We compared P. vivax genetic complexity and antimalarial resistance patterns in the two countries. Use of a heteroduplex tracking assay targeting the merozoite surface protein 1 gene revealed that vivax infections in both countries are frequently polyclonal (84%), with parasites that are highly diverse (HE = 0.86) but closely related (GST = 0.18). Following a history of different drug policies in Thailand and Cambodia, distinct patterns of antimalarial resistance have emerged: most Cambodian isolates harbor the P. vivax multidrug resistance gene 1 (pvmdr1) 976F mutation associated with chloroquine resistance (89% versus 8%, P < 0.001), whereas Thai isolates more often display increased pvmdr1 copy number (39% versus 4%, P < 0.001). Finally, genotyping of paired isolates from individuals suspected of suffering relapse supports a complex scheme of relapse whereby recurrence of multiple identical variants is sometimes accompanied by the appearance of novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Brito CFAD, Ferreira MU. Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106 Suppl 1:12-26. [PMID: 21881753 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Plasmodium vivax is crucial in predicting the emergence and spread of novel parasite phenotypes with major public health implications, such as new relapsing patterns, drug resistance and increased virulence. Suitable molecular markers are required for these population genetic studies. Here, we focus on two groups of molecular markers that are commonly used to analyse natural populations of P. vivax. We use markers under selective pressure, for instance, antigen-coding polymorphic genes, and markers that are not under strong natural selection, such as most minisatellite and microsatellite loci. First, we review data obtained using genes encoding for P. vivax antigens: circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface proteins 1 and 3α, apical membrane antigen 1 and Duffy binding antigen. We next address neutral or nearly neutral molecular markers, especially microsatellite loci, providing a complete list of markers that have already been used in P. vivax populations studies. We also analyse the microsatellite loci identified in the P. vivax genome project. Finally, we discuss some practical uses for P. vivax genotyping, for example, detecting multiple-clone infections and tracking the geographic origin of isolates.
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Hwang SY, Kim SH, Kho WG. Genetic characteristics of polymorphic antigenic markers among Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 47 Suppl:S51-8. [PMID: 19885335 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax, a protozoan malaria parasite of humans, represents a major public health concern in the Republic of Korea (= South Korea). However, little is known about the genetic properties and population structures of the P. vivax isolates circulating in South Korea. This article reviews known polymorphic genetic markers in South Korean isolates of P. vivax and briefly summarizes the current issues surrounding the gene and population structures of this parasite. The critical genetic characteristics of major antigens of the parasite, such as circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3, Duffy binding protein (DBP), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1), and GAM-1, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Hwang
- Department of Parasitology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Korea
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Zakeri S, Safi N, Afsharpad M, Butt W, Ghasemi F, Mehrizi AA, Atta H, Zamani G, Djadid ND. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax isolates from two malaria endemic areas in Afghanistan. Acta Trop 2010; 113:12-9. [PMID: 19716798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the nature and extent of genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax populations circulating in Afghanistan have been investigated by analyzing three genetic markers: csp, msp-1, and msp-3 alpha. Blood samples (n=202) were collected from patients presenting with vivax malaria from south-western (Herat) and south-eastern (Nangarhar) parts of Afghanistan, and analysed using nested-PCR/RFLP and sequencing methods. Genotyping pvmsp-1 revealed type 1, type 2 and recombinant type 3 allelic variants, with type 1 predominant in parasites in both study areas. The sequence analysis of 57 P. vivax isolates identified a total of 26 distinct alleles. Genotyping pvcsp gene showed that VK210 type (86.6%) is predominant in Afghanistan. Moreover, three major types of the pvmsp-3 alpha locus: type A, type B and type C were distinguished among Afghani isolates. The predominant fragments among Nangarhar and Herat parasites were type A (70.8% and 67.9%, respectively). PCR/RFLP products with Hha I and Alu I were detected 52 and 38 distinct variants among Nangarhar and Herat isolates, respectively. These results strongly indicate that the P. vivax populations in Afghanistan are highly diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Véron V, Legrand E, Yrinesi J, Volney B, Simon S, Carme B. Genetic diversity of msp3alpha and msp1_b5 markers of Plasmodium vivax in French Guiana. Malar J 2009; 8:40. [PMID: 19284592 PMCID: PMC2660359 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable molecular typing tools are required for a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax. The genes msp3a and msp1_block5 are highly polymorphic and have been used as markers in many P. vivax population studies. These markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of P. vivax strains from French Guiana (South America) and to develop a molecular typing protocol. Methods A total of 120 blood samples from 109 patients (including 10 patients suffered from more than one malaria episode, samples were collected during each episode) with P. vivax infection were genotyped. All samples were analysed by msp3a PCR-RFLP and msp1_b5 gene sequencing was performed on 57 samples. Genotyping protocol applied to distinguish between new infection or relapse from heterologus hypnozoites and treatment failure or relapse from homologus hypnozoites was based on analysing first msp3a by PCR-RFLP and secondly, only if the genotypes of the two samples are identical, on sequencing the msp1_b5 gene. Results msp3a alleles of three sizes were amplified by PCR: types A, B and C. Eleven different genotypes were identified among the 109 samples analysed by msp3a PCR-RFLP. In 13.8% of cases, a mixed genotype infection was observed. The sequence of msp1_b5 gene revealed 22 unique genotypes and 12.3% of cases with mixed infection. In the 57 samples analysed by both methods, 45 genotypes were found and 21% were mixed. Among ten patients with two or three malaria episodes, the protocol allowed to identify five new infections or relapses from heterologous hypnozoites and six treatment failures of relapses from homologous hypnozoites. Conclusion The study showed a high diversity of msp3a and msp1_b5 genetic markers among P. vivax strains in French Guiana with a low polyclonal infection rate. These results indicated that the P. vivax genotyping protocol presented has a good discrimination power and can be used in clinical drug trials or epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Véron
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA3593, UFR de Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
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Molecular genetic characterization of the merozoite surface protein 1 Gene of Plasmodium vivax from reemerging Korean isolates. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:733-8. [PMID: 19261779 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00493-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1) has been considered a major candidate for the development of an antimalaria vaccine, but the molecule exhibits antigenic diversity among isolates. The extent of genetic polymorphism in the region between interspecies conserved blocks 4 and 5 (ICB4 and ICB5) of the PvMSP-1 gene was analyzed for 30 Korean isolates. Two genotypes, SK-A and SK-B, were identified on the basis of amino acid substitution. Almost all the amino acid sequences of the Korean isolates were nearly identical to those of the Solomon Island isolate Solo-83 (97.8 to 99.9% similarity) and Philippine isolates Ph-79, Ph-52-2, and Ph-49 (97.3 to 99.8% similarity). Also, we report two sequences in the isolates that were characterized on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The RFLP profiles following digestion with the DraI restriction enzyme produced two distinguishable patterns. This study might be the first report of the region between ICB4 and ICB5 of the MSP-1 gene of P. vivax in South Korea.
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de Souza-Neiras WC, de Melo LMS, Machado RLD. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:245-54. [PMID: 17568928 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax has been investigated in several malaria-endemic areas, including the Brazilian Amazon region, where this is currently the most prevalent species causing malaria in humans. This review summarizes current views on the use of molecular markers to examine P. vivax populations, with a focus on studies performed in Brazilian research laboratories. We emphasize the importance of phylogenetic studies on this parasite and discuss the perspectives created by our increasing understanding of genetic diversity and population structure of this parasite for the development of new control strategies, including vaccines, and more effective drugs for the treatment of P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Christina de Souza-Neiras
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Súo José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
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Santos-Ciminera PD, Alecrim MDGC, Roberts DR, Quinnan GV. Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Acta Trop 2007; 102:38-46. [PMID: 17397788 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, the Amazon region of Brazil has experienced reemergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria, with reported occurrence of severe disease. The frequency and manifestations of this severe disease are unlike previous clinical experience. The hypothesis has been raised that the occurrence of severe disease may relate to the emergence of a variant form of the parasite. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of P. vivax strains in the State of Amazonas. We determined nucleic acid sequences of segments of three genes, the 18S SSUrRNA Type A gene, the circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) gene and the MSP-1 gene. Sequences were determined for parasites infecting 11 hospitalized (Inpatients) and 21 non-hospitalized (Outpatients) patients. We observed two common polymorphisms in the 18S SSUrRNA Type A gene; a thymidine (T)/adenine (A) polymorphism at residue 117 was significantly more common in the Inpatient group (p<0.05). Types of variation in the CSP gene included the numbers of repeat nonapeptide segments, alanine/aspartic acid polymorphism at position 5 of the nonapeptide repeat, and sporadic mutations. Alanine was more common as the fifth residue of the nonapeptide repeat in Inpatients and in strains causing second infections (both, p<0.05). Synonymous substitutions of the common repeat sequence occurred frequently in codons 1, 2, and 7, while the mutations at codon 5 were always non-synonymous, indicating that variation at codon 5 reflected selective pressure. Among MSP-1 gene sequences, recombination among progenitor strains, related to the Salvador I and Belém strains, was the main source of diversity. Phylogenetic analyses that incorporated sequence data for all three genes tested did not reveal clustering of sequences from inpatients. Our data do not affirm that the hypothesis that severe P. vivax disease in Amazonas is related to emergence of a new variant, but do suggest that variation in the fifth position of the CSP gene nonapeptide repeat may relate to disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Santos-Ciminera
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road Room A3079, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Prajapati SK, Verma A, Adak T, Yadav RS, Kumar A, Eapen A, Das MK, Singh N, Sharma SK, Rizvi MA, Dash AP, Joshi H. Allelic dimorphism of Plasmodium vivax gam-1 in the Indian subcontinent. Malar J 2006; 5:90. [PMID: 17062127 PMCID: PMC1630701 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic polymorphism is an inevitable component of a complex organism especially in multistage infectious organisms such as malaria parasites. Understanding the population genetic structure of the parasites would provide valuable information for effective malaria control strategies. Recently, the development of molecular tools like PCR has made analysis of field samples possible and easier and research on Plasmodium vivax has also been strengthened. Not many reports are available on the genetic polymorphism of P. vivax from the Indian sub-continent. This study evaluates the extent of diversity in field isolates of India with respect to Pvgam-1. Methods A study was designed to assess the diversity of Pvgam-1 among field isolates from India, using a nested PCR assay. Field isolates were collected from different regions of the country and the observed variability was confirmed by sequencing data. Results Both Belem and Chesson type alleles were present either exclusively or in mixed form among isolates of all 10 study sites. The Belem type allele was predominant, occurring in 67% of isolates. The proportion of isolates showing the mixed form (both Belem and Chesson type alleles occurring together in the same isolate) was about 13 overall (up to 38.5% in some isolates). Sequencing of the PCR-amplified Belem and Chesson type alleles confirmed the PCR results. Among the 10 study sequences, 11 polymorphic sites and four singleton variations were observed. All the nucleotide substitutions were non-synonymous. Conclusion Study shows limited diversity of Pvgam-1 marker in Indian isolates with well representation of both Belem and Chesson type alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Verma
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Tridibes Adak
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Rajpal S Yadav
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Nadiad), Gujarat, India
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Goa), Goa, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoj K Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Car Nicobar), Andaman & Nicobar Island, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Jabalpur), Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Surya K Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit Rourkela), Orissa, India
| | - Moshahid A Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi, India
| | - Aditya P Dash
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Hema Joshi
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India
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Kim JR, Imwong M, Nandy A, Chotivanich K, Nontprasert A, Tonomsing N, Maji A, Addy M, Day NPJ, White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Kolkata, India. Malar J 2006; 5:71. [PMID: 16907979 PMCID: PMC1560144 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax malaria accounts for approximately 60% of malaria cases in Kolkata, India. There has been limited information on the genotypic polymorphism of P. vivax in this malaria endemic area. Three highly polymorphic and single copy genes were selected for a study of genetic diversity in Kolkata strains. Methods Blood from 151 patients with P. vivax infection diagnosed in Kolkata between April 2003 and September 2004 was genotyped at three polymorphic loci: the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcs), the merozoite surface protein 1 (pvmsp1) and the merozoite surface protein 3-alpha (pvmsp3-alpha). Results Analysis of these three genetic markers revealed that P. vivax populations in Kolkata are highly diverse. A large number of distinguishable alleles were found from three genetic markers: 11 for pvcs, 35 for pvmsp1 and 37 for pvmsp3-alpha. These were, in general, randomly distributed amongst the isolates. Among the 151 isolates, 142 unique genotypes were detected the commonest genotype at a frequency of less than 2% (3/151). The overall rate of mixed genotype infections was 10.6%. Conclusion These results indicate that the P. vivax parasite population is highly diverse in Kolkata, despite the low level of transmission. The genotyping protocols used in this study may be useful for differentiating re-infection from relapse and recrudescence in studies assessing of malarial drug efficacy in vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amitabha Nandy
- Department of Parasitology and Protozoology, the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Nontprasert
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Tonomsing
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ardhendu Maji
- Department of Parasitology and Protozoology, the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
| | - Manjulika Addy
- Department of Parasitology and Protozoology, the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
| | - Nick PJ Day
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxfordshire OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Nicholas J White
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxfordshire OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Royal Institute of Thailand, Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zakeri S, Barjesteh H, Djadid ND. Merozoite surface protein-3alpha is a reliable marker for population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax. Malar J 2006; 5:53. [PMID: 16817951 PMCID: PMC1579225 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The knowledge on population structure of the parasite isolates has contributed greatly to understanding the dynamics of the disease transmission for designing and evaluating malaria vaccines as well as for drug applications. msp-1 and msp-3α genes have been used as a genetic marker in population studies of Plasmodium vivax isolates. In this study, msp-3α was compared and assessed with msp-1 marker in order to find whether msp-3α is a reliable genetic marker for P. vivax population studies. Methods This comparative study was designed and carried out as the first assessment of diversity in Pvmsp-3α gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in the 50 northern and 94 southern P. vivax isolates from Iran, which had been analysed before for msp-1 gene. Results Three allele size as, Type A (1.8 kb), Type B (1.5 kb) and Type C (1.2 kb) have been detected among both northern and southern isolates based on PCR results. Type C (70%) and Type A (68.7%) were the predominant fragments among northern and southern parasites, respectively. 99 distinct Pvmsp-3α fragments defined by the size were detected in the 94 southern samples by PCR analysis. However, no mixed genotype infections have been detected among northern isolates. Based on restriction pattern from digestion with Hha I and Alu I 12 and 49 distinct allelic variants have been detected among 50 northern and 94 southern isolates. However, based on msp-1 gene, 30 distinct variants identified in all 146-sequenced Iranian P. vivax isolate. Conclusion The results suggested that PCR-RFLP on msp-3α gene is an adequate, applicable and easily used technique for molecular epidemiology studies of P. vivax isolates without the need for further sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria Research Group (MRG), Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Barjesteh
- Malaria Research Group (MRG), Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria Research Group (MRG), Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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Leclerc MC, Gauthier C, Villegas L, Urdaneta L. Genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax isolates in mining villages of Venezuela (Bolivar State). Acta Trop 2005; 95:26-32. [PMID: 15862584 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax is highly polymorphic and so, currently used in epidemiological studies of P. vivax malaria. We sequenced the variable block 5 of the gene from 39 Venezuelan isolates, 18 of which were co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum. We observed a limited variability with 34 isolates belonging to the type Salvador I, none Belem type and only five recombinants. Among the recombinants, only two types of sequences were observed with, respectively, 18 and 21 poly-Q residues. Nucleotide substitutions explained the major differences of the 11 patterns observed. We could evidence neither specific MSP-1 genotype associated with co-infected samples, nor peculiar MSP-1 genotype distribution inside the investigated areas. In comparison with other low endemic regions in the world, our sampling has a lower genetic diversity, which could be mainly explained by the lack of Belem type. In fact, the variable repeats of poly-Q residues involved in the polymorphism of Belem type and recombinant isolates are responsible for a great part of variability observed in MSP-1 block 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claude Leclerc
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS/IRD 2774, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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18
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Carnevale S, Velásquez JN, Portillo HD, Labbé JH, Cabrera MG, Ferella M, Andersson B, Guarnera EA, Angel SO. Identification and characterization of an interspersed repetitive DNA fragment in Plasmodium vivax with potential use for specific parasite detection. Exp Parasitol 2004; 108:81-8. [PMID: 15582504 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and characterized a Plasmodium vivax repeat element of 7872bp named PvRE7.8. Several internal tandem repeats were found along the sequence. The repetitive nature of the PvRE7.8 element was confirmed by hybridization of a P. vivax YAC library. Based on the data bank analysis and the presence of two contiguous putative genes that may encode proteins related to DNA metabolism, PvRE7.8 could be considered an inactivated transposon-LINE element. By using Pv79 as probe or primers derived from Pv79-flanking sequences, P. vivax DNA Could be detected from whole blood and mosquito samples. We consider that the repeat element described here has potential for P. vivax malaria diagnosis and for epidemiological analysis of P. vivax transmission areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Carnevale
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Severini C, Menegon M, Di Luca M, Abdullaev I, Majori G, Razakov SA, Gradoni L. Risk of Plasmodium vivax malaria reintroduction in Uzbekistan: genetic characterization of parasites and status of potential malaria vectors in the Surkhandarya region. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98:585-92. [PMID: 15289095 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria was eradicated from Uzbekistan in 1961. Due to resurgence of the disease in neighbouring states and massive population migration, there has been an increase of P. vivax malaria, imported from Tajikistan, resulting in a number of indigenous cases being identified in areas bordering that country. A molecular study using the merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1) gene as a marker was performed on 24 P. vivax genomic isolates from 12 indigenous and 10 imported malaria cases that occurred in the Surkhandarya region during the summer of 2002. Results have shown a significant difference in the frequency of msp-1 types between indigenous and imported isolates, the latter showing greater genetic heterogeneity. An entomological investigation in the area suggested that three Anopheles species, namely A. superpictus, A. pulcherrimus and A. hyrcanus may have a potential role in the endemic transmission of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Severini
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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20
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Leclerc MC, Menegon M, Cligny A, Noyer JL, Mammadov S, Aliyev N, Gasimov E, Majori G, Severini C. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Azerbaijan. Malar J 2004; 3:40. [PMID: 15535878 PMCID: PMC534801 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax, although causing a less serious disease than Plasmodium falciparum, is the most widespread of the four human malarial species. Further to the recent recrudescence of P. vivax cases in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of central Asia, a survey on the genetic diversity and dissemination in Azerbaijan was undertaken. Azerbaijan is at the crossroads of Asia and, as such, could see a rise in the number of cases, although an effective malaria control programme has been established in the country. METHODS Thirty-six P. vivax isolates from Central Azerbaijan were characterized by analysing the genetic polymorphism of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) genes, using PCR amplifications and amplicons sequencing. RESULTS Analysis of CSP sequences showed that all the processed isolates belong to the VK 210 type, with variations in the alternation of alanine residue (A) or aspartic acid residue (D) in the repeat motif GDRA(A/D)GQPA along the sequence. As far as MSP-1 genotyping is concerned, it was found that the majority of isolates analysed belong to Belem and Sal I types. Five recombinant isolates were also identified. Combined analysis with the two genetic markers allowed the identification of 19 plasmodial sub-types. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study indicate that there are several P. vivax clones circulating in Azerbaijan and, consequently, a careful malaria surveillance could be of paramount importance to identify, at early stage, the occurrence of possible P. vivax malaria outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claude Leclerc
- UR IRD 165, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Michela Menegon
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Cligny
- UR IRD 165, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Louis Noyer
- CIRAD UMR 1096/PIA, TA40/03, Avenue Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Suleyman Mammadov
- Parasitology Department, Republican Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Namig Aliyev
- National Research Institute of Medical Prevention, Baku
| | | | - Giancarlo Majori
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Severini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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21
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Maestre A, Sunil S, Ahmad G, Mohmmed A, Echeverri M, Corredor M, Blair S, Chauhan VS, Malhotra P. Inter-allelic recombination in the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 gene among Indian and Colombian isolates. Malar J 2004; 3:4. [PMID: 15003129 PMCID: PMC385245 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major concern in malaria vaccine development is the polymorphism observed among different Plasmodium isolates in different geographical areas across the globe. The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) is a leading vaccine candidate antigen against asexual blood stages of malaria parasite. To date, little is known about the extent of sequence variation in the Plasmodium vivax MSP-1 gene (Pvmsp-1) among Indian isolates. Since P. vivax accounts for >50% of malaria cases in India and in Colombia, it is essential to know the Pvmsp-1 gene variability in these two countries to sustain it as a vaccine candidate. The extent of polymorphism in Pvmsp-1 gene among Indian and Colombian isolates is described. Methods The sequence variation in the region encompassing the inter-species conserved blocks (ICBs) five and six of Pvmsp-1 gene was examined. PCR was carried out to amplify the polymorphic region of Pvmsp-1 and the PCR products from twenty (nine Indian and 11 Colombian) isolates were sequenced and aligned with Belem and Salvador-1 sequences. Results Results revealed three distinct types of sequences among these isolates, namely, Salvador-like, Belem-like and a third type sequence which was generated due to interallelic recombination between Salvador-like sequences and Belem-like sequences. Existence of the third type in majority (44%) showed that allelic recombinations play an important role in PvMSP1 diversity in natural parasite population. Micro-heterogeneity was also seen in a few of these isolates due to nucleotide substitutions, insertions as well as deletions. Conclusions Intergenic recombination in the Pvmsp-1 gene was found and suggest that this is the main cause for genetic diversity of the Pvmsp-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Maestre
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin. Colombia
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
- Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Gul Ahmad
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
| | - Marcela Echeverri
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin. Colombia
| | - Mauricio Corredor
- Universidad de Pamplona, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín. Colombia
| | - Silvia Blair
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin. Colombia
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi. India
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Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N, Zeinali S. Sequence heterogeneity of the merozoite surface protein-1 gene (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax wild isolates in southeastern Iran. Acta Trop 2003; 88:91-7. [PMID: 12943983 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP-1) has been considered as a vaccine candidate, which exhibits antigenic diversity among isolates. We investigated the extent of sequence variation in the polymorphic region 5 of PvMSP-1 in order to characterize the genetic structure and composition of P. vivax in clinical isolates from Iranshahr and Chahbahar districts of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. The PvMSP-1 gene amplification revealed size variation among the isolates, ranging from 430 to 550 bp. Sequences were obtained for 15 Iranian and one Pakistani isolates and 14 different alleles were detected. Results also showed three distinct sequence types of the polymorphic region. Sequence analysis has shown several single nucleotide polymorphisms to occur in this block of PvMSP-1, creating different alleles in the progeny and also microheterogeneity in the region. Thus, this study provides preliminary evidence of sequence heterogeneity in the Iranian P. vivax population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Zakeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Malaria Research Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 13164, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Cui L, Mascorro CN, Fan Q, Rzomp KA, Khuntirat B, Zhou G, Chen H, Yan G, Sattabongkot J. Genetic diversity and multiple infections of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68:613-9. [PMID: 12812356 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two polymorphic genetic markers, the merozoite surface protein-3alpha (MSP-3alpha) and the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), we investigated the population diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Mae Sod, Thailand from April 2000 through June 2001. Genotyping the parasites isolated from 90 malaria patients attending two local clinics for the dimorphic CSP gene revealed that the majority of the parasites (77%) were the VK210 type. Genotyping the MSP3-alpha gene indicated that P. vivax populations exhibited an equally high level of polymorphism as those from Papua New Guinea, a hyperendemic region. Based on the length of polymerase chain reaction products, three major types of the MSP-3alpha locus were distinguished, with frequencies of 74.8%, 18.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The 13 alleles distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis did not show a significant seasonal variation in frequency. Genotyping the MSP-3alpha and CSP genes showed that 19.3% and 25.6% of the patients had multiple infections, respectively, and the combined rate was 35.6%. Comparisons of MSP-3alpha sequences from nine clones further confirmed the high level of genetic diversity of the parasite and also suggested that geographic isolation may exist. These results strongly indicate that P. vivax populations are highly diverse and multiple clonal infections are common in this malaria-hypoendemic region of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Little is known of the genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium vivax, a debilitating and highly prevalent malaria parasite of humans. This article reviews the known polymorphic genetic markers, summarizes current data on the population structure of this parasite and discusses future prospects for using knowledge of the genetic diversity to improve control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, 501 ASI, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Cole-Tobian J, King CL. Diversity and natural selection in Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein gene. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 127:121-32. [PMID: 12672521 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (DBP) binds to the Duffy blood group antigen on the surface of erythrocytes and is essential for invasion. Natural immunity develops to this protein making it an important vaccine candidate. Genetic diversity within and between populations was compared in 100 dbp sequences from isolates obtained from Papua New Guinea, Colombia, and South Korea. The cysteine-rich region II, that contains the binding domain, has the highest diversity compared to the rest of the dbp gene and appears to be under strong selective pressure based on statistical tests comparing rates of non-synonymous (K(n)) to synonymous mutations (K(s)) among P. vivax isolates and to those of closely related species. By contrast, meiotic recombination was not found to be significant for maintaining genetic diversity. A comparison of the patterns of nucleotide diversity within dbpII to that of genes encoding homologous erythrocyte binding proteins of Plasmodium knowlesi predict critical binding residues juxtaposed to polymorphic B- and T-cell epitopes. Phylogenic analysis and measurement of nucleotide diversity between and within the different geographic populations support emergence of distinct allelic families suggestive of divergent selection of alleles between populations. Development of a P. vivax DBP-based vaccine must take into account regions of high diversity within the molecule and alleles that show distinct geographic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cole-Tobian
- Center for Global Health and Diseases at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 2109 Adelbert Rd, Rm W137, Cleveland, OH 44106-4983, USA
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Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Sakihama N, Ferreira MU, Kho WG, Kaneko A, Kanbara H, Hattori T, Tanabe K. Mosaic organization and heterogeneity in frequency of allelic recombination of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:16348-53. [PMID: 12466500 PMCID: PMC138614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.252348999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and allelic recombination of the merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax (PvMsp-1), the most widely prevalent human malaria parasite, were evaluated in complete nucleotide sequences of 40 isolates from various geographic areas. Alignment of 31 distinct alleles revealed the mosaic organization of PvMsp-1, consisting of seven interallele conserved blocks flanked by six variable blocks. The variable blocks showed extensive variation in repeats and nonrepeat unique sequences. Numerous recombination sites were distributed throughout PvMsp-1, in both conserved blocks and variable block unique sequences, and the distribution was not uniform. Heterozygosity of PvMsp-1 alleles was higher in Asia (0.953 +/- 0.009) than in Brazil (0.813 +/- 0.047). No identical alleles were shared between Asia and Brazil, whereas all but one variable block nonrepeat sequence found in Brazil occurred in Asia. These observations suggest that P. vivax populations in Asia are ancestral to Brazilian populations, and that PvMsp-1 has heterogeneity in frequency of allelic recombination events. Recurrent origins of new PvMsp-1 alleles by repeated recombination events were supported by a rapid decline in linkage disequilibrium between pairs of synonymous sites with increasing nucleotide distance, with little linkage disequilibrium at a distance of over 3 kb in a P. vivax population from Thailand, evidence for an effectively high recombination rate of the parasite. Meanwhile, highly reduced nucleotide diversity was noted in a region encoding the 19-kDa C-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain of merozoite surface protein-1, a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturong Putaporntip
- Laboratory of Biology and Department of Mathematics, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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Severini C, Menegon M, Gradoni L, Majori G. Use of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 gene sequence analysis in the investigation of an introduced malaria case in Italy. Acta Trop 2002; 84:151-7. [PMID: 12429431 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria due to Plasmodium vivax is globally widespread and is associated with substantial morbidity. The parasite was previously prevalent in temperate areas from which it has been eradicated, however there is a risk of re-introduction because of increased international travel and migration. Following the occurrence of an autochthonous case of P. vivax malaria in Italy after decades of malaria eradication, we applied a molecular approach to compare parasites involved in the introduced case and to determine whether a highly polymorphic gene marker could be useful to tag a P. vivax isolate geographically. To this end, the sequence encompassing the interspecies conserved blocks 5 and 6 of the gene encoding for merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1) was determined in 16 P. vivax isolates from different regions, and analysed along with 24 pvmsp-1 sequences downloaded from published data. Results have shown that: (i). parasites from the introduced case and the putative source of infection identified following epidemiological investigation, although very similar, differed in three nucleotide substitutions, of which one non synonymous; ii). some geographical isolates looked tightly clustered (e.g. Korean and Punjab isolates), but others were less so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Severini
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Imwong M, Pukrittakayamee S, Looareesuwan S, Poirriez J, Pasvol G, White NJ, Snounou G. Plasmodium vivax: polymerase chain reaction amplification artifacts limit the suitability of pvgam1 as a genetic marker. Exp Parasitol 2001; 99:175-9. [PMID: 11846528 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Imwong
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Gutierrez A, Vicini J, Patarroyo ME, Murillo LA, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax: polymorphism in the merozoite surface protein 1 gene from wild Colombian isolates. Exp Parasitol 2000; 95:215-9. [PMID: 10964650 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) has been considered a candidate for a malaria vaccine against erythrocytic stages. PvMSP-1 is immunogenic during natural infections and exhibits antigenic polymorphism. The extent of genetic polymorphism in a region between the so-called interspecies conserved blocks (ICBs) 2 and 4 of the PvMSP-1 was analyzed in 20 isolates taken from patients from two different areas in Colombia. Variation is unevenly distributed along this gene segment among the isolates. Comparative analysis of these sequences led to the definition of five sequence types (ST1 to 5). ST1 to ST4 exhibit a variation pattern associated with sequences present in the Salvador or Belem sequences. However, ST5 has clusters of sequence that have not been previously described. The changes found along the five variants confirm the important role of recombinational and/or gene conversion events in generating allelic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutierrez
- Instituto de Immunologia, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Santafé de Bogotá D.C., Columbia
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Figtree M, Pasay CJ, Slade R, Cheng Q, Cloonan N, Walker J, Saul A. Plasmodium vivax synonymous substitution frequencies, evolution and population structure deduced from diversity in AMA 1 and MSP 1 genes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 108:53-66. [PMID: 10802318 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic regions of the genes encoding Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1) and P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1) were sequenced to examine population diversity both within and between geographical areas. Sequences were obtained for 219 isolates for PvAMA1 and for 175 isolates for PvMSP1 from Africa, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Thailand. Over half of the isolates were obtained from different regions within the Philippines, and this was used to look at the diversity within a country. Sixty nine haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites in a 414-bp region of PvAMA1 and 41 haplotypes and 34 polymorphic sites in a 249-bp fragment of PvMSP1 were detected. For both PvAMA1 and PvMSP1, four previously unreported polymorphic nucleotide positions were identified. Population analysis indicated that there were significant differences in allele frequencies between different regions but these differences were small compared to the diversity within populations (Fixation index, F(ST), of 0.126 and 0.078 for PvAMA1 and PvMSP1, respectively). PvAMA1 and PvMSP1 had similar nonsynonymous substitution frequencies but surprisingly, the synonymous substitution frequency for PvMSP1 was eight times the frequency for PvAMA1 suggesting that synonymous substitutions in at least PvAMA1 are not neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Figtree
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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31
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Jennings GJ, Toebe CS, van Belkum A, Wiser MF. The complete sequence of Plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein-1 and its inter- and intra-species variability. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 93:43-55. [PMID: 9662027 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(98)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complete gene for merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) from Plasmodium berghei has been cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the P. berghei MSP-1 sequence with MSP-1 from other rodent parasites reveals five conserved domains interrupted by four variable blocks. These variable blocks exhibit no sequence homology but do have similar amino acid compositions. Primary proteolytic processing sites are located near the boundaries between the conserved domains and the variable blocks. Sequencing of the variable blocks from several P. berghei isolates shows that the predominant intra-species difference is in the number of tandem repeats. The inter- and intra-species differences suggest that the variable blocks are localized areas with relatively high levels of slipped-strand mispairing, unequal crossing-over, or other intragenic recombination activity. MSP-1 from P. berghei exhibits more repetitiveness than MSP-1 from other species suggesting that P. berghei experiences a higher intrinsic level of events producing variable numbers of tandem repeats or a lower level of events leading to the degeneration of tandem repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Jennings
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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32
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Soares IS, Levitus G, Souza JM, Del Portillo HA, Rodrigues MM. Acquired immune responses to the N- and C-terminal regions of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 in individuals exposed to malaria. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1606-14. [PMID: 9125537 PMCID: PMC175182 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.5.1606-1614.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the naturally acquired immune response to Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1) in individuals with recent clinical episodes of malaria from the state of Para, Brazil. Ten recombinant proteins representing the first 682 amino acids (aa) of the N-terminal region and one representing the final 111 aa of the C-terminal region were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. Both of these regions have been suggested as candidates for development of a vaccine against Plasmodium sp. The total frequencies of individuals with antibodies and cellular immune responses to PvMSP1 were high (83.8 and 75%, respectively). The recombinant proteins representing the N- and C-terminal regions were recognized by 51.4 and 64.1% of sera, respectively. The frequency of responders to the C-terminal region increased according to the number of previous malaria episodes, reaching 83.3% after four episodes. Cellular immune response was measured by in vitro proliferation and gamma interferon production. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 75 and 47.2% of individuals proliferated in response to stimulation by the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively. Also, we found that one protein representing the N terminus and a second representing the C terminus of PvMSP1 stimulated 54.5% of individuals to secrete gamma interferon. We concluded that PvMSP1 is immunogenic to a large proportion of individuals exposed to malaria. Our results also suggested that the C-terminal region of PvMSP1 containing the two epidermal growth factor-like domains is particularly immunogenic to antibodies and T cells during natural infection in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Brazil/epidemiology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Malaria, Vivax/blood
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Male
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1
- Middle Aged
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil
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Joshi H, Subbarao SK, Adak T, Nanda N, Ghosh SK, Carter R, Sharma VP. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax isolates in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91:231-5. [PMID: 9196779 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the allelic composition of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme systems of Plasmodium vivax were observed in isolates of Indian origin in 1985-1993. No significant difference was observed in allelic frequencies in different years. The data indicated random distribution of GPI, GDH and ADA alleles among the isolates, suggesting that loci for these enzymes were not linked. A high proportion of the isolates comprised at least 2 genetically distinct clones, the mean number of clones per isolate being 1.4. There was no significant difference in the number of oocysts in Anopheles stephensi fed on uniclonal and multiclonal isolates. No difference was observed in the proportions of uniclonal and multiclonal isolates during low and high transmission periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Joshi
- Malaria Research Centre (Indian Council for Medical Research), Delhi, India
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Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Tanabe K, Thaithong S. Interallelic recombination in the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) gene of Plasmodium vivax from Thai isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 84:49-56. [PMID: 9041520 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(96)02786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The merozoite of Plasmodium vivax possesses a high molecular mass surface protein called Pv-merozoite surface protein 1, PvMSP-1, which exhibits antigenic diversity among isolates. In this study, the extent of sequence variation in the polymorphic region and the flanking interspecies conserved blocks (ICBs) 5 and 6 of the PvMSP-1 gene was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the DNA fragment encompassing these regions, followed by sequencing. Twenty different alleles were obtained from 15 Thai isolates. Results revealed five distinct sequence types of the polymorphic region, two of which were newly identified in this study: one probably generated by intragenic recombination at a site different from that previously reported and the other by duplication of a 30 nucleotide (nt) sequence at the 3' end of the region. On the other hand, almost all nucleotide substitutions in the flanking regions, ICB5 and ICB6, were dimorphic, creating microheterogeneity in the region. Furthermore, stretches of nucleotide substitutions were found to be linked in ICB6, suggesting the potential recombination sites between these stretches. It is also noted that extensive sequence variation in the PvMSP-1 gene and coinfection with different PvMSP-1 alleles occurred among the P. vivax population in the endemic areas of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Putaporntip
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Snewin VA, Khouri E, Wattavidanage J, Perera L, Premawansa S, Mendis KN, David PH. A new polymorphic marker for PCR typing of Plasmodium vivax parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 71:135-8. [PMID: 7630377 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)00040-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V A Snewin
- Unité d'Immunoparasitologie, CNRS URA361, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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36
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Pasay MC, Cheng Q, Rzepczyk C, Saul A. Dimorphism of the C terminus of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 70:217-9. [PMID: 7637707 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00015-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Pasay
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
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37
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Abstract
Molecular genetics is having an important impact on the study of genes in natural populations of malaria parasites. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is proving particularly valuable for identifying genes in parasites taken directly from their hosts, without the need to establish them in culture. This is leading to novel methods of diagnosis, for example of drug-resistant parasites. Molecular techniques are also greatly assisting understanding of the genetic structure of parasite populations. This is relevant to the current debate on whether Plasmodium falciparum has a clonal or randomly interbreeding structure. Many patients are infected with mixtures of genetically distinct clones. PCR is being used to examine the genotypes of individual oocysts in the mosquito vector. In wild-caught mosquitoes in areas highly endemic for P. falciparum, a large proportion of oocysts are heterozygous, showing that cross-mating occurs frequently between clones during mosquito feeds. In areas of lower endemicity, there is evidence of less frequent crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Walliker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, U.K
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