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Microbial arginine deiminase: A multifaceted green catalyst in biomedical sciences. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 196:151-162. [PMID: 34920062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase is a well-recognized guanidino-modifying hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to citrulline and ammonia. Their biopotential to regress tumors via amino acid deprivation therapy (AADT) has been well established. PEGylated formulation of recombinant Mycoplasma ADI is in the last-phase clinical trials against various arginine-auxotrophic cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and mesothelioma. Recently, ADIs have attained immense importance in several other biomedical applications, namely treatment of Alzheimer's, as an antiviral drug, bioproduction of nutraceutical L-citrulline and bio-analytics involving L-arginine detection. Considering the wide applications of this biodrug, the demand for ADI is expected to escalate several-fold in the coming years. However, the sustainable production aspects of the enzyme with improved pharmacokinetics is still limited, creating bottlenecks for effective biopharmaceutical development. To circumvent the lacunae in enzyme production with appropriate paradigms of 'quality-by-design' an explicit overview of its properties with 'biobetter' formulations strategies are required. Present review provides an insight into all the potential biomedical applications of ADI along with the improvements required for its reach to clinics. Recent research advances with special emphasis on the development of ADI as a 'biobetter' enzyme have also been comprehensively elaborated.
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Zarei M, Rahbar MR, Morowvat MH, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Arginine Deiminase: Current Understanding and Applications. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:124-136. [PMID: 30569861 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666181220121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase (ADI), an arginine catabolizing enzyme, is considered as an anti-tumor agent for the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. However, some obstacles limit its clinical applications. OBJECTIVE This review will summarize the clinical applications of ADI, from a brief history to its limitations, and will discuss the different ways to deal with the clinical limitations. METHOD The structure analysis, cloning, expression, protein engineering and applications of arginine deiminase enzyme have been explained in this review. CONCLUSION Recent patents on ADI are related to ADI engineering to increase its efficacy for clinical application. The intracellular delivery of ADI and combination therapy seem to be the future strategies in the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. Applying ADIs with optimum features from different sources and or ADI engineering, are promising strategies to improve the clinical application of ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Trejo-Soto PJ, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Yépez-Mulia L, Hernández-Campos A, Medina-Franco JL, Castillo R. Insights into the structure and inhibition of Giardia intestinalis arginine deiminase: homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:732-48. [PMID: 26017138 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis arginine deiminase (GiADI) is an important metabolic enzyme involved in the energy production and defense of this protozoan parasite. The lack of this enzyme in the human host makes GiADI an attractive target for drug design against G. intestinalis. One approach in the design of inhibitors of GiADI could be computer-assisted studies of its crystal structure, such as docking; however, the required crystallographic structure of the enzyme still remains unresolved. Because of its relevance, in this work, we present a three-dimensional structure of GiADI obtained from its amino acid sequence using the homology modeling approximation. Furthermore, we present an approximation of the most stable dimeric structure of GiADI identified through molecular dynamics simulation studies. An in silico analysis of druggability using the structure of GiADI was carried out in order to know if it is a good target for design and optimization of selective inhibitors. Potential GiADI inhibitors were identified by docking of a set of 3196 commercial and 19 in-house benzimidazole derivatives, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to evaluate the stability of the ligand-enzyme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Josué Trejo-Soto
- a Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, DF 04510 , Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- a Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, DF 04510 , Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- b Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, IMSS , México, DF 06720 , Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- a Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, DF 04510 , Mexico
| | - José Luis Medina-Franco
- a Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, DF 04510 , Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo
- a Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, DF 04510 , Mexico
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Wang Y, Li YZ. Cultivation to improve in vivo solubility of overexpressed arginine deiminases in Escherichia coli and the enzyme characteristics. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24908259 PMCID: PMC4072490 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of foreign genes in Escherichia coli cells is an efficient means to obtain recombinant proteins. The technique is, however, often hampered by misfolding, degradation, aggregation and formation in inclusion bodies of products. RESULTS In this study, we reported that in vivo solubility of overexpressed arginine deiminases (ADI) improved by changing the cultivation conditions. ADI is enzymes that convert L-arginine to L-citrulline. After codon optimization, we synthesized the ADI gene of Pseudomonas putida and constructed it for overexpression in E. coli cells. The rADI products were mainly in inclusion body forms. We performed a series of optimization to enhance solubility of the protein. Co-expression with the GroES-GroEL chaperone team increased approximately 5-fold of the rADI activity. In addition the combination of L-arginine and D-glucose in the Luria-Bertani (LB) growth medium further increased the total activity to about 15 times. Separate L-arginine and D-glucose or the addition of other saccharides or amino acids had no such effects. The solubilization effects of the combination of L-arginine and D-glucose were further confirmed in the overexpression of another ADI from Listeria welshimeri. The enzymatic and conversion characteristics of the rADI products were further determined. CONCLUSIONS Combined addition of L-arginine and D-glucose in the LB medium significantly improved in vivo solubility of rADI proteins. The present study suggested a new strategy to increase the solubilization of overexpressed recombinant proteins in E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P, R, China.
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Plasmid vectors for proteomic analyses in Giardia: purification of virulence factors and analysis of the proteasome. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:864-73. [PMID: 22611020 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00092-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, proteomics has come of age with the development of efficient tools for purification, identification, and characterization of gene products predicted by genome projects. The intestinal protozoan Giardia intestinalis can be transfected, but there is only a limited set of vectors available, and most of them are not user friendly. This work delineates the construction of a suite of cassette-based expression vectors for use in Giardia. Expression is provided by the strong constitutive ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) promoter, and tagging is possible in both N- and C-terminal configurations. Taken together, the vectors are capable of providing protein localization and production of recombinant proteins, followed by efficient purification by a novel affinity tag combination, streptavidin binding peptide-glutathione S-transferase (SBP-GST). The option of removing the tags from purified proteins was provided by the inclusion of a PreScission protease site. The efficiency and feasibility of producing and purifying endogenous recombinant Giardia proteins with the developed vectors was demonstrated by the purification of active recombinant arginine deiminase (ADI) and OCT from stably transfected trophozoites. Moreover, we describe the tagging, purification by StrepTactin affinity chromatography, and compositional analysis by mass spectrometry of the G. intestinalis 26S proteasome by employing the Strep II-FLAG-tandem affinity purification (SF-TAP) tag. This is the first report of efficient production and purification of recombinant proteins in and from Giardia, which will allow the study of specific parasite proteins and protein complexes.
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Li Z, Kulakova L, Li L, Galkin A, Zhao Z, Nash TE, Mariano PS, Herzberg O, Dunaway-Mariano D. Mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition operative in the arginine deiminase from the human pathogen Giardia lamblia. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:149-61. [PMID: 19640561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia arginine deiminase (GlAD), the topic of this paper, belongs to the hydrolase branch of the guanidine-modifying enzyme superfamily, whose members employ Cys-mediated nucleophilic catalysis to promote deimination of l-arginine and its naturally occurring derivatives. G. lamblia is the causative agent in the human disease giardiasis. The results of RNAi/antisense RNA gene-silencing studies reported herein indicate that GlAD is essential for G. lamblia trophozoite survival and thus, a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of giardiasis. The homodimeric recombinant protein was prepared in Escherichia coli for in-depth biochemical characterization. The 2-domain GlAD monomer consists of a N-terminal domain that shares an active site structure (depicted by an insilico model) and kinetic properties (determined by steady-state and transient state kinetic analysis) with its bacterial AD counterparts, and a C-terminal domain of unknown fold and function. GlAD was found to be active over a wide pH range and to accept l-arginine, l-arginine ethyl ester, N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine, and N(omega)-amino-l-arginine as substrates but not agmatine, l-homoarginine, N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester or a variety of arginine-containing peptides. The intermediacy of a Cys424-alkylthiouronium ion covalent enzyme adduct was demonstrated and the rate constants for formation (k(1)=80s(-1)) and hydrolysis (k(2)=35s(-1)) of the intermediate were determined. The comparatively lower value of the steady-state rate constant (k(cat)=2.6s(-1)), suggests that a step following citrulline formation is rate-limiting. Inhibition of GlAD using Cys directed agents was briefly explored. S-Nitroso-l-homocysteine was shown to be an active site directed, irreversible inhibitor whereas N(omega)-cyano-l-arginine did not inhibit GlAD but instead proved to be an active site directed, irreversible inhibitor of the Bacillus cereus AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Arginine deiminase, a potential anti-tumor drug. Cancer Lett 2008; 261:1-11. [PMID: 18179862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (ADI; EC 3.5.3.6), an arginine-degrading enzyme, has been studied as a potential anti-tumor drug for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and melanomas. Studies with human lymphatic leukemia cell lines further suggest that ADI is a potential anti-angiogenic agent and is effective in the treatment of leukemia. For instance ADI-PEG-20, patented by Pheonix Pharmacologic Inc., is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of HCC (Phase II/III) and melanoma (Phase I/II). This review summarizes results on recombinant expression, structural analysis, PEG (polyethylene glycerol) modification, in vivo anti-cancer activities, and clinical studies of ADI. Discussions on heterogeneous expression of ADI, directed evolution for improving enzymatic properties, and HSA-fusion for increased in vivo activity conclude this review.
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Seo JH, Sung HJ, Choi CW, Kim BS, Shin SW, Kim YH, Min BH, Kim JS. Extrinsic nitric oxide donor partially reverses arginine deiminase induced cell growth inhibition through NFκB and Bcl-XL. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:277-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Noh EJ, Kang SW, Shin YJ, Choi SH, Kim CG, Park IS, Wheatley DN, Min BH. Arginine deiminase enhances dexamethasone-induced cytotoxicity in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:502-8. [PMID: 15382078 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since arginine deiminase (ADI; EC 3.5.3.6) inhibits cell proliferation by arresting cells in the G1 phase, we tested its synergistic effect on cell death induced by dexamethasone (DEX), which also induces apoptosis by G1 cell cycle arrest. ADI inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human leukemic CEM cells in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous treatment with ADI and DEX showed synergistic effects on DNA fragmentation and LDH release. In addition, ADI exerted its anti-proliferative activity against DEX-resistant CEM cells. ADI suppressed expression of c-myc, a potential key regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and increased expression of p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that ADI efficiently increases the anti-cancer effect of DEX on human leukemic CEM cells through G1 cell cycle arrest involving downregulation of c-myc and upregulation of p27Kip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Noh
- Department of Pharmacology and BK21 Program for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Degnan BA, Fontaine MC, Doebereiner AH, Lee JJ, Mastroeni P, Dougan G, Goodacre JA, Kehoe MA. Characterization of an isogenic mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo lacking the ability to make streptococcal acid glycoprotein. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2441-8. [PMID: 10768929 PMCID: PMC97444 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2441-2448.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An isogenic mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo that lacks the ability to make streptococcal acid glycoprotein (SAGP) has been constructed by inserting a deletion in the sagp gene using the method of allelic exchange. An assay of cell extracts (CE) prepared from the wild-type and mutant Manfredo strains for the enzyme arginine deiminase (AD) showed that significant activity was present in wild-type CE but none could be detected in mutant CE. These findings confirm our earlier conclusion that SAGP has AD activity (B. A. Degnan, J. M. Palmer, T. Robson, C. E. D. Jones, M. Fischer, M. Glanville, G. D. Mellor, A. G. Diamond, M. A. Kehoe, and J. A. Goodacre, Infect. Immun. 66:3050-3058, 1998). Wild-type CE but not mutant CE potently inhibited human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin, and this inhibition was overcome by the addition of L-arginine to proliferation assay mixtures. Invasion assays showed that the isogenic mutant organisms lacking SAGP, and thus AD activity, were between three and five times less able to enter epithelial cells (Hep-2C and A549) than were the wild-type streptococci. Both wild-type and mutant S. pyogenes bacteria were extremely sensitive to low pH. However, L-arginine (1 mM or above) significantly increased the viability of the wild type but not the isogenic mutant organisms under acidic conditions. The difference in acid susceptibility between wild-type and mutant bacteria may explain the reduced capacity of the isogenic mutant bacteria to invade and survive intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Degnan
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences (Rheumatology), Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Knodler LA, Sekyere EO, Stewart TS, Schofield PJ, Edwards MR. Cloning and expression of a prokaryotic enzyme, arginine deiminase, from a primitive eukaryote Giardia intestinalis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4470-7. [PMID: 9468500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.8.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) catalyzes the irreversible catabolism of arginine to citrulline in the arginine dihydrolase pathway. This pathway has been regarded as restricted to prokaryotic organisms but is an important source of energy to the primitive protozoan Giardia intestinalis. In this paper we report the cloning and expression of the arginine deiminase gene from this parasite. Degenerate oligonucleotides based on amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides from the purified protein were used to amplify a portion of the arginine deiminase gene. This was then used as a probe to screen HindIII and PstI "mini" libraries to obtain two overlapping clones that contained the arginine deiminase gene. The open reading frame encoded 581 amino acids including all of the tryptic peptides that were sequenced and corresponded to a molecular mass of 67 kDa. Northern blot analysis identified a single 1.8-kilobase transcript in both trophozoites and encysting cells. Arginine deiminase was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant protein was found to have characteristics comparable with those of the native enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Knodler
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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