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Delourme M, Charlene C, Gerard L, Ganne B, Perrin P, Vovan C, Bertaux K, Nguyen K, Bernard R, Magdinier F. Complex 4q35 and 10q26 Rearrangements: A Challenge for Molecular Diagnosis of Patients With Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200076. [PMID: 37200893 PMCID: PMC10188231 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives After clinical evaluation, the molecular diagnosis of type 1 facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD1) relies in most laboratories on the detection of a shortened D4Z4 array at the 4q35 locus by Southern blotting. In many instances, this molecular diagnosis remains inconclusive and requires additional experiments to determine the number of D4Z4 units or identify somatic mosaicism, 4q-10q translocations, and proximal p13E-11 deletions. These limitations highlight the need for alternative methodologies, illustrated by the recent emergence of novel technologies such as molecular combing (MC), single molecule optical mapping (SMOM), or Oxford Nanopore-based long-read sequencing providing a more comprehensive analysis of 4q and 10q loci. Over the last decade, MC revealed a further increasing complexity in the organization of the 4q and 10q distal regions in patients with FSHD with cis-duplication of D4Z4 arrays in approximately 1%-2% of cases. Methods By using MC, we investigated in our center 2,363 cases for molecular diagnosis of FSHD. We also evaluated whether previously reported cis-duplications might be identified by SMOM using the Bionano EnFocus FSHD 1.0 algorithm. Results In our cohort of 2,363 samples, we identified 147 individuals carrying an atypical organization of the 4q35 or 10q26 loci. Mosaicism is the most frequent category followed by cis-duplications of the D4Z4 array. We report here chromosomal abnormalities of the 4q35 or 10q26 loci in 54 patients clinically described as FSHD, which are not present in the healthy population. In one-third of the 54 patients, these rearrangements are the only genetic defect suggesting that they might be causative of the disease. By analyzing DNA samples from 3 patients carrying a complex rearrangement of the 4q35 region, we further showed that the SMOM direct assembly of the 4q and 10q alleles failed to reveal these abnormalities and lead to negative results for FSHD molecular diagnosis. Discussion This work further highlights the complexity of the 4q and 10q subtelomeric regions and the need of in-depth analyses in a significant number of cases. This work also highlights the complexity of the 4q35 region and interpretation issues with consequences on the molecular diagnosis of patients or genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megane Delourme
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Chaix Charlene
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Laurene Gerard
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Ganne
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Perrin
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Vovan
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Bertaux
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Rafaëlle Bernard
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Frederique Magdinier
- From the Aix Marseille University (M.D., B.G., P.P., K.N., R.B., F.M.), INSERM; Département de Génétique Médicale (C.C., L.G., C.V., K.B., K.N., R.B.), and Centre de Ressources Biologiques (K.B.), AP-HM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
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Montagnese F, de Valle K, Lemmers RJLF, Mul K, Dumonceaux J, Voermans N. 268th ENMC workshop - Genetic diagnosis, clinical classification, outcome measures, and biomarkers in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD): Relevance for clinical trials. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:447-462. [PMID: 37099914 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Montagnese
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Germany
| | - Katy de Valle
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J L F Lemmers
- Department Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karlien Mul
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Dumonceaux
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicol Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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FSHD1 Diagnosis in a Russian Population Using a qPCR-Based Approach. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060982. [PMID: 34071558 PMCID: PMC8226754 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant myodystrophy. Approximately 95% of cases of FSHD are caused by partial deletion of the D4Z4 macrosatellite tandem repeats on chromosome 4q35. The existing FSHD1 diagnostic methods are laborious and not widely used. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the currently used diagnostic methods (Southern blotting and molecular combing) against a new qPCR-based approach for FSHD1 diagnosis. We observed 93% concordance between the results obtained by the new qPCR-based approach, reference Southern blotting and molecular combing methods. Applying the qPCR-based approach in the studied population, we observed a prevalence (64.9%) of the permissive alleles in the range of 3–6 D4Z4 units for a group of patients, while in a group of carriers, the permissive alleles were mostly (84.6%) present in the range of 6–9 D4Z4 units. No prevalence of disease penetrance depending on gender was observed. The results confirmed the earlier established inverse correlation between permissive allele size and disease severity, disease penetrance. The results suggest the applicability of the qPCR-based approach for FSHD1 diagnosis and its robustness in a basic molecular genetics laboratory. To our knowledge, this is the first study of FSHD1 permissive allele distribution in a Russian population.
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DeSimone AM, Pakula A, Lek A, Emerson CP. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1229-1279. [PMID: 28915324 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is a common form of muscular dystrophy that presents clinically with progressive weakness of the facial, scapular, and humeral muscles, with later involvement of the trunk and lower extremities. While typically inherited as autosomal dominant, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has a complex genetic and epigenetic etiology that has only recently been well described. The most prevalent form of the disease, FSHD1, is associated with the contraction of the D4Z4 microsatellite repeat array located on a permissive 4qA chromosome. D4Z4 contraction allows epigenetic derepression of the array, and possibly the surrounding 4q35 region, allowing misexpression of the toxic DUX4 transcription factor encoded within the terminal D4Z4 repeat in skeletal muscles. The less common form of the disease, FSHD2, results from haploinsufficiency of the SMCHD1 gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele, also leading to the derepression of DUX4, further supporting a central role for DUX4. How DUX4 misexpression contributes to FSHD muscle pathology is a major focus of current investigation. Misexpression of other genes at the 4q35 locus, including FRG1 and FAT1, and unlinked genes, such as SMCHD1, has also been implicated as disease modifiers, leading to several competing disease models. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of FSHD, including the application of MRI as a research and diagnostic tool, the genetic and epigenetic disruptions associated with the disease, and the molecular basis of FSHD. We discuss how these advances are leading to the emergence of new approaches to enable development of FSHD therapeutics. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1229-1279, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M DeSimone
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Pakula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Lemmers RJLF. Analyzing Copy Number Variation Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Providing a Genetic Diagnosis for FSHD1. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1492:107-125. [PMID: 27822859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6442-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The myopathy facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by copy number variation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4. In unaffected individuals the number of 3.3 kb D4Z4 units varies between 8 and 100, whereas 1-10 units are seen in FSHD1 cases. A homologous and heterogenous D4Z4 array can be found on chromosome 10q, but contractions of this array are typically not associated with FSHD. Discriminating between the chromosome 4 and chromosome 10 D4Z4 arrays, as well as determining the array size, requires the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and the isolation of high-quality DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J L F Lemmers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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G R, M Z, R T. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy: More Complex than it Appears. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:1052-1068. [PMID: 25323867 PMCID: PMC4264243 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666141010155054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has been classified as an autosomal dominant myopathy, linked to rearrangements in an array of 3.3 kb tandemly repeated DNA elements (D4Z4) located at the 4q subtelomere (4q35). For the last 20 years, the diagnosis of FSHD has been confirmed in clinical practice by the detection of one D4Z4 allele with a reduced number (≤8) of repeats at 4q35. Although wide inter- and intra-familial clinical variability was found in subjects carrying D4Z4 alleles of reduced size, this DNA testing has been considered highly sensitive and specific. However, several exceptions to this general rule have been reported. Specifically, FSHD families with asymptomatic relatives carrying D4Z4 reduced alleles, FSHD genealogies with subjects affected with other neuromuscular disorders and FSHD affected patients carrying D4Z4 alleles of normal size have been described. In order to explain these findings, it has been proposed that the reduction of D4Z4 repeats at 4q35 could be pathogenic only in certain chromosomal backgrounds, defined as "permissive" specific haplotypes. However, our most recent studies show that the current DNA signature of FSHD is a common polymorphism and that in FSHD families the risk of developing FSHD for carriers of D4Z4 reduced alleles (DRA) depends on additional factors besides the 4q35 locus. These findings highlight the necessity to re-evaluate the significance and the predictive value of DRA, not only for research but also in clinical practice. Further clinical and genetic analysis of FSHD families will be extremely important for studies aiming at dissecting the complexity of FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci G
- Department of Life Sciences, “Miogen” Laboratory, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zatz M
- Human Genome Research and Stem Cell Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Tupler R
- Department of Life Sciences, “Miogen” Laboratory, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Salort-Campana E, Nguyen K, Lévy N, Pouget J, Attarian S. Diagnostic clinique et moléculaire de la myopathie facioscapulo-humérale de type 1 (FSHD1) en 2012. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:573-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hassan A, Jones LK, Milone M, Kumar N. Focal and other unusual presentations of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:421-5. [PMID: 22907234 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) presents classically with facial and shoulder-girdle weakness. We report focal atypical presentations of FSHD. Our aim was to identify focal/unusual phenotypes in genetically confirmed FSHD cases. METHODS We undertook a retrospective review of an academic center database of the period from 1996 to 2011. Of 139 FSHD cases, 7 had atypical genetically confirmed disease. Clinical data were abstracted. RESULTS Seven cases (4 men) had a mean age of 37 years at onset (range 18-63 years) and mean 43 years at diagnosis (range 20-74 years). Presenting symptoms were monomelic lower limb (n = 3) or upper limb (n = 2) atrophy, or axial weakness (n = 2). Five patients had focal weakness on examination. CK was normal to borderline high. Two patients had a relative with FSHD. Coexistent unusual features included dyspnea (n = 1), S1 radicular pain with calf atrophy (n = 2), and peripheral neuropathy (n = 1). Almost all patients had myopathic EMG changes. DNA analysis showed a D4Z4 EcoRI fragment size ranging from 20 to 37 kilobases. CONCLUSIONS FSHD may present with focal weakness, dyspnea and myopathic EMG changes. These findings should raise the possibility of FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhar Hassan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a major contributor to proteomic diversity and to the control of gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells. For this reasons, alternative splicing is tightly regulated in different tissues and developmental stages and its disruption can lead to a wide range of human disorders. The aim of this review is to focus on the relevance of alternative splicing for muscle function and muscle disease. We begin by giving a brief overview of alternative splicing, muscle-specific gene expression and muscular dystrophy. Next, to illustrate these concepts we focus on two muscular dystrophy, myotonic muscular dystrophy and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, both associated to disruption of splicing regulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Pistoni
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Barro M, Carnac G, Flavier S, Mercier J, Vassetzky Y, Laoudj-Chenivesse D. Myoblasts from affected and non-affected FSHD muscles exhibit morphological differentiation defects. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:275-89. [PMID: 18505476 PMCID: PMC2910739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a muscular hereditary disease with a prevalence of 1 in 20,000 caused by a partial deletion of a subtelomeric repeat array on chromosome 4q. However, very little is known about the pathogenesis as well as the molecular and biochemical changes linked to the progressive muscle degeneration observed in these patients. Several studies have investigated possible pathophysiological pathways in FSHD myoblasts and mature muscle cells but some of these reports were apparently in contradiction. The discrepancy between these studies may be explained by differences between the sources of myoblasts. Therefore, we decided to thoroughly analyze affected and unaffected muscles from patients with FSHD in terms of vulnerability to oxidative stress, differentiation capacity and morphological abnormalities. We have established a panel of primary myoblast cell cultures from patients affected with FSHD and matched healthy individuals. Our results show that primary myoblasts are more susceptible to an induced oxidative stress than control myoblasts. Moreover, we demonstrate that both types of FSHD primary myoblasts differentiate into multi-nucleated myotubes, which present morphological abnormalities. Whereas control myoblasts fuse to form branched myotubes with aligned nuclei, FSHD myoblasts fuse to form either thin and branched myotubes with aligned nuclei or large myotubes with random nuclei distribution. In conclusion, we postulate that these abnormalities could be responsible for muscle weakness in patients with FSHD and provide an important marker for FSHD myoblasts.
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Rossi M, Ricci E, Colantoni L, Galluzzi G, Frusciante R, Tonali PA, Felicetti L. The Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy region on 4qter and the homologous locus on 10qter evolved independently under different evolutionary pressure. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:8. [PMID: 17335567 PMCID: PMC1821008 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The homologous 4q and 10q subtelomeric regions include two distinctive polymorphic arrays of 3.3 kb repeats, named D4Z4. An additional BlnI restriction site on the 10q-type sequence allows to distinguish the chromosomal origin of the repeats. Reduction in the number of D4Z4 repeats below a threshold of 10 at the 4q locus is tightly linked to Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD), while similar contractions at 10q locus, are not pathogenic. Sequence variations due to the presence of BlnI-sensitive repeats (10q-type) on chromosome 4 or viceversa of BlnI-resistant repeats (4q-type) on chromosome 10 are observed in both alleles. Results We analysed DNA samples from 116 healthy subiects and 114 FSHD patients and determined the size distributions of polymorphic 4q and 10q alleles, the frequency and the D4Z4 repeat assortment of variant alleles, and finally the telomeric sequences both in standard and variant alleles. We observed the same frequency and types of variant alleles in FSHD patients and controls, but we found marked differences between the repeat arrays of the 4q and 10q chromosomes. In particular we detected 10q alleles completely replaced by the 4q subtelomeric region, consisting in the whole set of 4q-type repeats and the distal telomeric markers. However the reciprocal event, 10q-type subtelomeric region on chromosome 4, was never observed. At 4q locus we always identified hybrid alleles containing a mixture of 4q and 10q-type repeats. Conclusion The different size distribution and different structure of 10q variant alleles as compared with 4q suggests that these loci evolved in a different manner, since the 4q locus is linked to FSHD, while no inheritable disease is associated with mutations in 10qter genomic region. Hybrid alleles on chromosome 4 always retain a minimum number of 4q type repeats, as they are probably essential for maintaining the structural and functional properties of this subtelomeric region. In addition we found: i) several instances of variant alleles that could be misinterpreted and interfere with a correct diagnosis of FSHD; ii) the presence of borderline alleles in the range of 30–40 kb that carried a qA type telomere and were not associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Maresciallo Caviglia, 30, 00194 Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, UILDM, Via Prospero Santacroce, 5, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Colantoni
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, UILDM, Via Prospero Santacroce, 5, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Galluzzi
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, UILDM, Via Prospero Santacroce, 5, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Frusciante
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro A Tonali
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Maresciallo Caviglia, 30, 00194 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Felicetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Maresciallo Caviglia, 30, 00194 Rome, Italy
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Alexiadis V, Ballestas ME, Sanchez C, Winokur S, Vedanarayanan V, Warren M, Ehrlich M. RNAPol-ChIP analysis of transcription from FSHD-linked tandem repeats and satellite DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 1769:29-40. [PMID: 17239456 PMCID: PMC1802126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is implicated in maintaining tandem DNA arrays as constitutive heterochromatin. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies to RNA polymerase II (RNAPol-ChIP) to test for transcription of the following repeat arrays in human cells: subtelomeric D4Z4, pericentromeric satellite 2, and centromeric satellite alpha. D4Z4 has a promoter-like sequence upstream of an ORF in its 3.3-kb repeat unit. A short D4Z4 array at 4q35 is linked to facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). By RNAPol-ChIP and RT-PCR, little or no transcription of D4Z4 was detected in FSHD and normal myoblasts; lymphoblasts from an FSHD patient, a control, and a patient with D4Z4 hypomethylation due to mutation of DNMT3B (ICF syndrome); and normal or cancer tissues. However, RNAPol-ChIP assays indicated transcription of D4Z4 in a chromosome 4-containing human-mouse somatic cell hybrid. ChIP and RT-PCR showed satellite DNA transcription in some cancers and lymphoblastoid cell lines, although only at a low level. Given the evidence for the involvement of RNAi in satellite DNA heterochromatinization, it is surprising that, at most, a very small fraction of satellite DNA was associated with RNA Pol II. In addition, our results do not support the previously hypothesized disease-linked differential transcription of D4Z4 sequences in short, FSHD-linked arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E. Ballestas
- Human Genetics Program and Department of Biochemistry, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, 70112
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Cecilia Sanchez
- Human Genetics Program and Department of Biochemistry, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Sara Winokur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | | | | | - Melanie Ehrlich
- Human Genetics Program and Department of Biochemistry, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, 70112
- * Corresponding author. Tel: +1 504 988 2449; fax: +1 504 9881763; Email address:
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Tonini MMO, Lemmers RJLF, Pavanello RCM, Cerqueira AMP, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM, Zatz M. Equal proportions of affected cells in muscle and blood of a mosaic carrier of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Hum Genet 2005; 119:23-8. [PMID: 16341710 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with contractions of D4Z4 repeat on 4q35. It displays a remarkable inter- and intra-familial clinical variability ranging from severe phenotype to asymptomatic carriers. Mosaicism for the contracted FSHD-sized allele is a recurrent finding, but only DNA from lymphocytes had been studied. It is currently not known if mosaicism is unequally distributed between different tissues and if muscle is relatively spared for the presence of the disease allele in mosaic asymptomatic carriers of a disease allele. Here we compare DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), fibroblasts and muscle from a mosaic asymptomatic female carrier and mother of a FSHD patient. PFGE analysis showed a complex allelic segregation: two independent mitotic rearrangement episodes occurred, resulting in mosaicism for a contracted D4Z4 repeat on 4q35 in the mother and mosaicism for an expanded D4Z4 repeat on 10q26 in the affected daughter. The results show that the proportion of mosaicism in PBL and muscle were comparable, while in fibroblasts there was some variation in the mosaicism, which might be caused by culturing artefacts. This finding supports the hypothesis that a mitotic contraction of D4Z4 is an early embryonic event and indicates that the degree of mosaicism in PBL is representative for that of muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela O Tonini
- Departamento de Biologia, Human Genome Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277 Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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14
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Laoudj-Chenivesse D, Carnac G, Bisbal C, Hugon G, Bouillot S, Desnuelle C, Vassetzky Y, Fernandez A. Increased levels of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 protein and response to oxidative stress are early events in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscle. J Mol Med (Berl) 2004; 83:216-24. [PMID: 15551024 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder, has been causally related to deletion of tandemly arrayed 3.3 kb repeats (D4Z4) on chromosome 4q35. Although increased expression of several 4q35 genes has been reported, two recent studies dispute this, finding no significant changes in the transcriptional level of any of the 4q35 genes, among which is the heart and muscle-specific isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1). We found markedly increased levels of ANT1 protein in both unaffected and affected FSHD muscles in comparison to control healthy muscles. Comparative protein expression analysis between healthy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and FSHD muscle shows that proteins involved in mitochondrial function and protection from oxidative stress are also reproducibly and specifically modified in all FSHD muscles, including clinically unaffected muscles. Increased ANT1 expression and mitochondrial dysfunction may thus be initial events in FSHD pathogenesis and represent potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Laoudj-Chenivesse
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie et Macromoléculaire, FRE-2593-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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15
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Abstract
Epigenetics is comprised of the stable and heritable (or potentially heritable) changes in gene expression that do not entail a change in DNA sequence. The role of epigenetics in the etiology of human disease is increasingly recognized with the most obvious evidence found for genes subject to genomic imprinting. Mutations and epimutations in imprinted genes can give rise to genetic and epigenetic phenotypes, respectively; uniparental disomy and imprinting defects represent epigenetic disease phenotypes. There are also genetic disorders that affect chromatin structure and remodeling. These disorders can affect chromatin in trans or in cis, as well as expression of both imprinted and nonimprinted genes. Data from Angelman and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes and other disorders indicate that a monogenic or oligogenic phenotype can be caused by a mixed epigenetic and genetic and mixed de novo and inherited (MEGDI) model. The MEGDI model may apply to some complex disease traits and could explain negative results in genome-wide genetic scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common inherited neuromuscular disorder after Duchenne muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. The gene underlying FSHD was mapped to chromosome 4q35 in 1990 and was shown to be closely linked to locus D4F104S1. Although D4F104S1-associated deletions are closely associated with FSHD, the identity and location of the FSHD gene (or genes) still remain elusive, as does the mechanistic basis of the disease. In addition, although approximately 5% of FSHD families fail to exhibit linkage to 4q35, a putative second locus remains unidentified. The search for the FSHD gene has been hampered both by sequence homologies between the 4q35 candidate region and other chromosomal regions and by the presence of many highly repetitive sequences. Molecular diagnosis for FSHD is usually offered with 98% accuracy but because of its complexity, a much more simple test would be preferable. Indeed, the identification of the FSHD gene itself should potentiate major improvements in diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Upadhyaya
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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17
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Tsien F, Sun B, Hopkins NE, Vedanarayanan V, Figlewicz D, Winokur S, Ehrlich M. Methylation of the FSHD syndrome-linked subtelomeric repeat in normal and FSHD cell cultures and tissues. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:322-31. [PMID: 11708861 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has an unusual molecular etiology. In a putatively heterochromatic subtelomeric region of each chromosome 4 homologue (4q35), unaffected individuals have 11 to about 95 tandem copies of a complex 3.3-kb repeat (D4Z4). Most FSHD patients have less than 10 copies at one allelic 4q35. This has been proposed to lead to the loss of heterochromatinization and, thereby, inappropriate gene expression by position effects, explaining the dominant nature of FSHD and the role of a decreased number of copies of D4Z4 at 4q35 but not at 10q26. Consistent with the proposed heterochromatinization of this repeat, by Southern blot analysis, we found that SmaI, MluI, SacII, and EagI sites in D4Z4 are highly methylated in normal and FSHD cell lines and somatic tissues, including skeletal muscle. Like repeated DNA sequences in the juxtacentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, D4Z4 was hypomethylated at numerous CpGs in sperm and in cell lines from patients with an unrelated DNA methyltransferase deficiency syndrome (ICF; immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies) in contrast to its hypermethylation in non-ICF postnatal somatic tissues. Our data on FSHD samples suggest that the disease-associated 4q35 D4Z4 repeats, which constitute a small percentage of the total D4Z4 repeats, are not generally hypomethylated relative to the other repeats of this sequence. However, in individuals not affected with FSHD, the hypermethylation of tandem, high-copy-number D4Z4 repeats might help stabilize heterochromatinization at allelic 4q35 regions just as hypermethylation elsewhere in the genome has been linked to chromatin compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tsien
- Human Genetics Program, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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18
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19
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Abstract
A decade's progress in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy genetics has been marked by the discovery of novel genetic phenomena such as crossover of subtelomeric DNA between chromosomes 4 and 10 in normal individuals and by the recognition that the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy deletion-mutation may cause a position variegation effect on more proximal DNA. The mutated DNA itself is probably not transcribed. Larger deletions tend to cause more severe disease. Antenatal diagnosis, based on detection of the short fragment of mutated DNA, is possible in between 95 and 100% of cases, depending on the precise nature of the parental facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy mutation. Yet remarkably, the nature of the gene product(s) of the affected proximal gene(s), as well as of the molecular pathogenesis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscle, retinal and cochlear disease, is completely unknown. Marked perivascular inflammation is often present in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscle biopsies. The expression of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy within reported monozygotic twinships differs greatly. This raises the question of whether variations in expression of the T-cell receptor gene repertoire or of other immune genes play an important modifying role in determining the severity of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. A focus on traditional scientific disciplines may now be appropriate. Symptomatic treatments, for instance of scapular winging and of lagophthalmos, are important, and timely photocoagulation of the retinal exudates which are a very rare, but real, complication of retinal telangiectasis can curtail visual loss. The results of collobarative trials of pharmacological agents such as albuterol which affect muscle mass and development are awaited.
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20
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Galluzzi G, Deidda G, Cacurri S, Colantoni L, Piazzo N, Vigneti E, Ricci E, Servidei S, Merico B, Pachì A, Brambati B, Mangiola F, Tonali P, Felicetti L. Molecular analysis of 4q35 rearrangements in fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD): application to family studies for a correct genetic advice and a reliable prenatal diagnosis of the disease. Neuromuscul Disord 1999; 9:190-8. [PMID: 10382915 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(98)00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) families (about 95%) the genetic defect has been identified as a deletion of a variable number of KpnI repeats in the 4q35 region, although no specific transcripts from this locus have been isolated so far. Molecular diagnosis is based on the detection by probe p13E-11 of EcoRI small fragments, in the range 10-28 kb, that are resistant to BlnI digestion. In family studies this probe is used with other 4q35 polymorphic markers to assign the haplotype associated with the disease. So far, we performed DNA analysis in 145 FSHD families and identified the 4q35 DNA rearrangement not only in affected individuals, but also in healthy subjects at risk of transmitting the disease, such as non-penetrant gene carriers and somatic mosaics. In addition we applied prenatal tests to 19 fetuses, using DNA extracted from chorionic villi samples (CVS) at 10-11 weeks of gestation. The FSHD status, as determined by the presence of BlnI-resistant small fragments associated with the at risk haplotype, was assessed in nine fetuses; in the remaining 10 cases the disease was excluded. Our results show that molecular analysis of 4q35 rearrangements is a reliable indirect method to perform diagnostic, predictive and prenatal tests in FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galluzzi
- Institute of Cell Biology, CNR, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Cacurri S, Piazzo N, Deidda G, Vigneti E, Galluzzi G, Colantoni L, Merico B, Ricci E, Felicetti L. Sequence homology between 4qter and 10qter loci facilitates the instability of subtelomeric KpnI repeat units implicated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:181-90. [PMID: 9634507 PMCID: PMC1377230 DOI: 10.1086/301906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical mapping and in situ hybridization experiments have shown that a duplicated locus with a structural organization similar to that of the 4q35 locus implicated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is present in the subtelomeric portion of 10q. We performed sequence analysis of the p13E-11 probe and of the adjacent KpnI tandem-repeat unit derived from a 10qter cosmid clone and compared our results with those published, by other laboratories, for the 4q35 region. We found that the sequence homology range is 98%-100% and confirmed that the only difference that can be exploited for differentiation of the 10qter from the 4q35 alleles is the presence of an additional BlnI site within the 10qter KpnI repeat unit. In addition, we observed that the high degree of sequence homology does facilitate interchromosomal exchanges resulting in displacement of the whole set of BlnI-resistant or BlnI-sensitive KpnI repeats from one chromosome to the other. However, partial translocations escape detection if the latter simply relies on the hybridization pattern from double digestion with EcoRI/BlnI and with p13E-11 as a probe. We discovered that the restriction enzyme Tru9I cuts at both ends of the array of KpnI repeats of different chromosomal origins and allows the use of cloned KpnI sequences as a probe by eliminating other spurious fragments. This approach coupled with BlnI digestion permitted us to investigate the structural organization of BlnI-resistant and BlnI-sensitive units within translocated chromosomes of 4q35 and 10q26 origin. A priori, the possibility that partial translocations could play a role in the molecular mechanism of the disease cannot be excluded.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Probes/genetics
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscular Dystrophies/genetics
- Pedigree
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cacurri
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Università "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
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22
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Zatz M, Marie SK, Cerqueira A, Vainzof M, Pavanello RC, Passos-Bueno MR. The facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1) gene affects males more severely and more frequently than females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980501)77:2<155::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Upadhyaya M, Maynard J, Rogers MT, Lunt PW, Jardine P, Ravine D, Harper PS. Improved molecular diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD): validation of the differential double digestion for FSHD. J Med Genet 1997; 34:476-9. [PMID: 9192267 PMCID: PMC1050970 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.6.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A major advance in the molecular diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is the recently reported elimination of confounding DNA fragments arising from homologous sequences located at 10q26. In order to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of this important diagnostic test, we have compared a group of 130 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for FSHD with 200 control subjects not known to have an increased risk of having an FSHD mutation. Among the FSHD cases the smallest BlnI/EcoRI fragment sizes ranged from 10 to > 48 kb with 94.6% (95% CI 89.2-97.8%) of cases having fragment sizes of 34 kb or less. Among the 400 chromosomes from controls the smallest BlnI/EcoRI fragment observed with the EcoRI/BlnI double restriction enzyme digest was 38 kb +/- 2 kb, suggesting a test specificity at a fragment size < 34 kb of or very near to 100% (lower 95% CI 98.2%). Test sensitivity at < 34 kb is estimated at 94.6% (95% CI 89.2-97.8%), all outliers having fragments > 38 kb. The Southern blot analysis with DNA probe p13E-11 has created a valuable molecular diagnostic test for FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Upadhyaya
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD; MIM 158900), is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder. The disease is characterized by the weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm and shoulder girdle. The gene for FSHD has been mapped to 4q35 (FSHD1A) and is closely linked to D4F1O4S1, which detects two highly polymorphic loci (located at 4q35 and 10q26), with restriction enzyme EcoRI. The polymorphic EcoRI fragment detected with D4F1O4S1 is composed almost entirely of D4Z4 (3.3 kb) tandem repeats. In FSHD patients a deletion of the integral number of D4Z4 repeats generates a fragment which is usually smaller than 35 kb, whereas in normal controls, the size usually ranges from 50 to 300 kb. These 'small' EcoRI fragments segregate with FSHD in families but appear as de novo deletions in the majority of sporadic cases. Each 3.3 kb repeat contains two homeobox domains neither of which has yet been proven to encode a protein. D4Z4 is located adjacent to the 4q telomere and cross hybridizes to several different regions of the genome. Although D4Z4 probably does not encode a protein with any direct association to FSHD, a clear correlation has been shown between the deletion size at this locus and the age at onset of the disease in FSHD patients. In approximately 5-10% of FSHD families the disease locus is unlinked to 4q35 (locus designated FSHD1B), however, none of the non 4q35 loci for FSHD have yet been chromosomally located. Thus so far, only one gene, FRG1 (FSHD region gene 1) has been identified from the FSHD candidate region on 4q35. The apparent low level of expressed sequences from within this region, the integral deletions of D4Z4 repeats observed in FSHD patients and the close proximity of these repeats to the 4q telomere, all suggest that the disease may be the result of position effect variegation. To date, the molecular diagnosis of FSHD with D4F104S1 has been most secure in those families which are linked to other 4q35 markers. Recent studies based on the distinction of 4q35 fragments from those from 10q26 will facilitate molecular diagnosis. The pathophysiology and biochemical defect in FSHD still remains to be elucidated. The identification of the FSHD gene and characterization of the gene product will not only potentiate accurate diagnosis but may also unravel the complexities of the 4q35 FSHD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fisher
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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25
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Clark LN, Koehler U, Ward DC, Wienberg J, Hewitt JE. Analysis of the organisation and localisation of the FSHD-associated tandem array in primates: implications for the origin and evolution of the 3.3 kb repeat family. Chromosoma 1996; 105:180-9. [PMID: 8781186 DOI: 10.1007/bf02509499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The D4Z4 locus is a polymorphic tandem repeat sequence on human chromosome 4q35. This locus is implicated in the neuromuscular disorder facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). The majority of sporadic cases of FSHD are associated with de novo DNA deletions within D4Z4. However, it is still not known how this rearrangement causes FSHD. Although the repeat contains homeobox sequences, despite exhaustive searching, no transcript from this locus has been identified. Therefore, it has been proposed that the deletion may invoke a position effect on a nearby gene. In order to try to understand the role of the D4Z4 repeat in this disease, we decided to investigate its conservation in other species. In this study, the long-range organisation and localisation of loci homologous to D4Z4 were investigated in primates using Southern blot analysis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. In humans, probes to D4Z4 identify, in addition to the 4q35 locus, a closely related tandem repeat at 10qter and many related repeat loci mapping to the acrocentric chromosomes; a similar pattern was seen in all the great apes. In Old World monkeys, however, only one locus was detected in addition to that on the homologue of human chromosome 4, suggesting that the D4Z4 locus may have originated directly from the progenitor locus. The finding that tandem arrays closely related to D4Z4 have been maintained at loci homologous to human chromosome 4q35-qter in apes and Old World monkeys suggests a functionally important role for these sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, 3.239 Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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26
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Deidda G, Cacurri S, Piazzo N, Felicetti L. Direct detection of 4q35 rearrangements implicated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). J Med Genet 1996; 33:361-5. [PMID: 8733043 PMCID: PMC1050602 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.5.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The p13E-11 probe has been shown to detect DNA rearrangements in sporadic and familial cases of FSHD. Its use, however, has been hampered by the fact that it detects at least two pairs of EcoRI alleles, one derived from the 4q35 region (D4F104S1), the other from 10q26 (D10F104S2). We have cloned p13E-11 EcoRI fragments from the 4q35 and 10q26 subtelomeric regions and shown the presence of several restriction site differences within the KpnI tandem repeat units. The two loci present a different distribution of restriction sites for the enzyme BlnI which allows differential cleavage of the KpnI units derived from 10q26, leaving intact the 4q35 pair of alleles. This method of differential restriction greatly facilitates the interpretation of Southern blots obtained from affected and unaffected subjects, with an important improvement in reliability for diagnosis and genetic counselling. In addition, this method can be used to investigate the molecular mechanism of the 4q35 rearrangement implicated in the disease and to ascertain whether the rearrangement is because of interchromosomal exchange between 4qter and 10qter KpnI repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deidda
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, CNR, Rome, Italy
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27
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Bakker E, Van der Wielen MJ, Voorhoeve E, Ippel PF, Padberg GW, Frants RR, Wijmenga C. Diagnostic, predictive, and prenatal testing for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: diagnostic approach for sporadic and familial cases. J Med Genet 1996; 33:29-35. [PMID: 8825045 PMCID: PMC1051808 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the common inherited neuromuscular disorders. The major gene involved, FSHD1, has been localised to chromosome 4q35. This 4q35 locus, detected by pE13-11 (D4F104S1), shows a mutation frequency of about 10% of the incidence. New mutants are characterised by de novo deletions of tens to hundreds of kilobases of DNA. Although these deletion fragments are very useful as a molecular genetic tool, their use in diagnostic DNA testing is hampered by multiple factors, particularly in familial cases. In this report we describe a protocol that can be used for DNA testing in well defined familial cases or proven de novo cases, and in the differential diagnosis of muscular dystrophy patients clinically suspected of having FSHD. In addition, we describe a prenatal diagnosis performed for FSHD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bakker
- MGC-Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University, Netherlands
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28
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Bakker E, Wijmenga C, Vossen RHAM, Padberg GW, Hewitt J, van Der Wielen M, Rasmussen K, Frants RR. The FSHD-linked locus D4F104S1 (p13E-11) ON 4q35 has a homologue on 10qter. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Padberg GW, Frants RR, Brouwer OF, Wijmenga C, Bakker E, Sandkuijl LA. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy in the dutch population. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Lee JH, Goto K, Matsuda C, Arahata K. Characterization of a tandemly repeated 3.3-kbKpnl unit in the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) gene region on chromosome 4q35. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Altherr MR, Bengtsson U, Markovich RP, Winokur ST. Efforts toward understanding the molecular basis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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van Deutekom JCT, Hofker MH, Romberg S, van Geel M, Rommens J, Wright TJ, Hewitt JE, Padberg GW, Wijmenga C, Frants RR. Search for the FSHD gene using cDNA selection in a region spanning 100 kb on chromosome 4q35. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Wijmenga C, Dauwerse HG, Padberg GW, Meyer N, Murray JC, Mills K, van Ommen GB, Hofker MH, Frants RR. Fish mapping of 250 cosmid and 26 YAC clones to chromosome 4 with special emphasis on the FSHD region at 4q35. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Upadhyaya M, Maynard J, Osborn M, Jardine P, Harper PS, Lunt P. Germinal mosaicism in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Lunt PW, Jardine PE, Koch M, Maynard J, Osborn M, Williams M, Harper PS, Upadhyaya M. Phenotypic-genotypic correlation will assist genetic counseling in 4q35-facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Jardine PE, Koch MC, Lunt PW, Maynard J, Bathke KD, Harper PS, Upadhyaya M. De novo facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy defined by DNA probe p13E-11 (D4F104S1). Arch Dis Child 1994; 71:221-7. [PMID: 7979495 PMCID: PMC1029975 DOI: 10.1136/adc.71.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant condition with variable age of onset and severity. Identification of a de novo DNA fragment by probe p13E-11 (D4F104S1) established the diagnosis of new mutation FSHD in 27 of 31 sporadic cases. The clinical data for these certain new mutation cases were as follows: 13 boys, 14 girls; mean age of onset 6.8 years; significant leg weakness in 19/27 (70%) (8/27 (30%) used wheelchairs at a mean age of 17.7 years); high tone sensorineural deafness in 10/27; visual acuity and direct ophthalmoscopy were normal. Congenital facial diplegia and sensorineural deafness in three children suggest that infantile FSHD is not a genetically separate disorder from FSHD. Ascertainment bias may explain the difference in severity between this group and typical familial cases. Molecular analysis for FSHD should be considered in children with either congenital or early onset facial weakness or diplegia.
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