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Wang K, Zhao XH, Liu J, Zhang R, Li JP. Nervous system and gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188313. [PMID: 31647986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system has been recently shown to exert impact on gastric cancer directly and indirectly. Gastric cancer cells invade nerve fibers to induce outgrowth and branching of neural cells, and nerve fibers in turn infiltrate into tumor microenvironment to promote progression of gastric cancer. Additionally, the neuro-immune interaction also plays an important role in gastric cancer development. The interplay of nerves and gastric cancer is mediated by many nervous system-associated factors, which can not only be synthesized and released by both cancer cells and nerve terminals, but also participate in regulation of many aspects of gastric cancer such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and recurrence. Furthermore, clinical researches indicate that some of these factors are significant diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for gastric cancer. Herein, we reviewed recent advances and future prospects of the interaction between nervous system and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Hui Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ji-Peng Li
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; Department of Experimental Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China.
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2
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Hong YG, Xu GS, Yu GY, Zhou JD, Liu QZ, Ni JS, Yan HL, Zhang W, Hao LQ. The RNA binding protein neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (NOVA1) regulates IL-6 mRNA stability to enhance JAK2-STAT3 signaling in CRC. Surg Oncol 2019; 31:67-74. [PMID: 31541909 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms governing the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) are incompletely understood. In the present study, we found NOVA1 to be expressed at higher levels in CRC cell lines and tissue samples, and this upregulation was positively correlated with TNM stage (p = 0.034), poor differentiation (p = 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.008). Both overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) were both significantly decreased in patients with high NOVA1 expression relative to those with low expression. Through a multivariate analysis, we determined that NOVA1 independently predicted poor outcomes in those with CRC. In further functional studies, we found that NOVA1 expression controlled the proliferation and invasive characteristics of CRC cells via a mechanism wherein NOVA1 bound and stabilized the IL6 mRNA, enhancing IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling to in turn upregulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 7, and 9. NOVA1 therefore plays key functional roles in regulating CRC progression, and our results further indicate that it serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker and potentially a target for therapeutic treatment in individuals with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Hong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guo-Shu Xu
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Guan-Yu Yu
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Ji-Dian Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Ni
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong-Li Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li-Qiang Hao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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3
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Yu X, Zheng H, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. NOVA1 acts as an oncogene in melanoma via regulating FOXO3a expression. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2622-2630. [PMID: 29498217 PMCID: PMC5908123 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies have suggested that dysregulation of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) contributes to cancer progression. Neuro‐oncological ventral antigen 1 (NOVA1) is a novel RBP and plays an important role in tumour development. However, the expression and role of NOVA1 in melanoma remain unknown. In this study, we indicated that NOVA1 expression was up‐regulated in melanoma samples and cell lines. Moreover, we demonstrated that knockdown of NOVA1 suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in both A375 and A875 cell lines. In addition, we showed that suppressed expression of NOVA1 enhanced forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) expression while inhibited AKT expression in melanoma cell. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibited expression of FoxO3A rescued NOVA1‐mediated cell proliferation, migration and invasion in melanoma cell line A375. These results suggested that NOVA1 acted as an oncogene in the development of melanoma partly through regulating FoxO3A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Heyi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
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4
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Jarius S, Wildemann B. 'Medusa head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Part 3: Anti-Yo/CDR2, anti-Nb/AP3B2, PCA-2, anti-Tr/DNER, other antibodies, diagnostic pitfalls, summary and outlook. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:168. [PMID: 26377319 PMCID: PMC4573944 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing for anti-neural autoantibodies is important in patients presenting with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, since these autoantibodies may indicate cancer, determine treatment and predict prognosis. While some of them target nuclear antigens present in all or most CNS neurons (e.g. anti-Hu, anti-Ri), others more specifically target antigens present in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane of Purkinje cells (PC). In this series of articles, we provide a detailed review of the clinical and paraclinical features, oncological, therapeutic and prognostic implications, pathogenetic relevance, and differential laboratory diagnosis of the 12 most common PC autoantibodies (often referred to as 'Medusa head antibodies' due to their characteristic somatodendritic binding pattern when tested by immunohistochemistry). To assist immunologists and neurologists in diagnosing these disorders, typical high-resolution immunohistochemical images of all 12 reactivities are presented, diagnostic pitfalls discussed and all currently available assays reviewed. Of note, most of these antibodies target antigens involved in the mGluR1/calcium pathway essential for PC function and survival. Many of the antigens also play a role in spinocerebellar ataxia. Part 1 focuses on anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 1-, anti-Homer protein homolog 3-, anti-Sj/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor- and anti-carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII-associated autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA); part 2 covers anti-protein kinase C gamma-, anti-glutamate receptor delta-2-, anti-Ca/RhoGTPase-activating protein 26- and anti-voltage-gated calcium channel-associated ACA; and part 3 reviews the current knowledge on anti-Tr/delta notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor-, anti-Nb/AP3B2-, anti-Yo/cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2- and Purkinje cell antibody 2-associated ACA, discusses differential diagnostic aspects and provides a summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Analysis of structural diversity in wolf-like canids reveals post-domestication variants. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:465. [PMID: 24923435 PMCID: PMC4070573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a variety of genetic changes have been implicated in causing phenotypic differences among dogs, the role of copy number variants (CNVs) and their impact on phenotypic variation is still poorly understood. Further, very limited knowledge exists on structural variation in the gray wolf, the ancestor of the dog, or other closely related wild canids. Documenting CNVs variation in wild canids is essential to identify ancestral states and variation that may have appeared after domestication. RESULTS In this work, we genotyped 1,611 dog CNVs in 23 wolf-like canids (4 purebred dogs, one dingo, 15 gray wolves, one red wolf, one coyote and one golden jackal) to identify CNVs that may have arisen after domestication. We have found an increase in GC-rich regions close to the breakpoints and around 1 kb away from them suggesting that some common motifs might be associated with the formation of CNVs. Among the CNV regions that showed the largest differentiation between dogs and wild canids we found 12 genes, nine of which are related to two known functions associated with dog domestication; growth (PDE4D, CRTC3 and NEB) and neurological function (PDE4D, EML5, ZNF500, SLC6A11, ELAVL2, RGS7 and CTSB). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide insight into the evolution of structural variation in canines, where recombination is not regulated by PRDM9 due to the inactivation of this gene. We also identified genes within the most differentiated CNV regions between dogs and wolves, which could reflect selection during the domestication process.
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Allen SE, Darnell RB, Lipscombe D. The neuronal splicing factor Nova controls alternative splicing in N-type and P-type CaV2 calcium channels. Channels (Austin) 2010; 4:483-9. [PMID: 21150296 DOI: 10.4161/chan.4.6.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are involved in optimizing protein function for specific neuronal tasks; here we focus on alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing gives cells the capacity to modify and selectively re-balance their existing pool of transcripts in a coordinated way across multiple mRNAs, thereby effecting relatively rapid and relatively stable changes in protein activity. Here we report on and discuss the coordinated regulation of two sites of alternative splicing, e24a and e31a, in P-type CaV2.1 and N-type CaV2.2 channels. These two exons encode 4 and 2 amino acids, respectively, in the extracellular linker regions between transmembrane spanning segments S3 and S4 in domains III and IV of each CaV2 subunit. Recent genome-wide screens of splicing factor-RNA binding events by Darnell and colleagues show that Nova-2 promotes inclusion of e24a in CaV2.2 mRNAs in brain. We review these studies and show that a homologous e24a is present in theCaV2 .1 gene, Cacna1a, and that it is expressed in different regions of the nervous system. Nova-2 enhances inclusion of e24a but represses e31a inclusion in CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 mRNAs in brain. It is likely that coordinated alternative pre-mRNA splicing across related CaV2 genes by common splicing factors, allows neurons to orchestrate changes in synaptic protein function while maintaining a balanced and functioning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer E Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Tanaka M, Tanaka K. Pathogenesis and treatment of paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 2:901-9. [PMID: 19810923 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2.6.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, a rare complication of carcinoma, includes various neurologic disorders, such as encephalomyelitis, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, subacute sensory neuronopathy, retinal paraneoplastic syndrome, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and stiff-person syndrome. Several antibodies to malignant tumor cells and neurons are detected in sera and cerebrospinal fluids of patients with this syndrome, however, there is no direct evidence of antiYo or antiHu antibodies' causative roles in neuronal loss. Recent studies showed cytotoxic T-cell activities against peptides of an antigen protein recognized by antibodies in the peripheral blood of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and antiYo antibodies, as well as in patients with antiHu syndrome. Treatment of paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome with plasmapheresis, immunosuppresive drugs, or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy has been attempted. Here, we discuss previous reports and theoretical treatments based on recent etiological hypothesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center, Nishi-Niigata Central Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
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8
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O'Donovan KJ, Diedler J, Couture GC, Fak JJ, Darnell RB. The onconeural antigen cdr2 is a novel APC/C target that acts in mitosis to regulate c-myc target genes in mammalian tumor cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10045. [PMID: 20383333 PMCID: PMC2850929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdr2 is a tumor antigen expressed in a high percentage of breast and ovarian tumors and is the target of a naturally occurring tumor immune response in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, but little is known of its regulation or function in cancer cells. Here we find that cdr2 is cell cycle regulated in tumor cells with protein levels peaking in mitosis. As cells exit mitosis, cdr2 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Previously we showed that cdr2 binds to the oncogene c-myc, and here we extend this observation to show that cdr2 and c-myc interact to synergistically regulate c-myc-dependent transcription during passage through mitosis. Loss of cdr2 leads to functional consequences for dividing cells, as they show aberrant mitotic spindle formation and impaired proliferation. Conversely, cdr2 overexpression is able to drive cell proliferation in tumors. Together, these data indicate that the onconeural antigen cdr2 acts during mitosis in cycling cells, at least in part through interactions with c-myc, to regulate a cascade of actions that may present new targeting opportunities in gynecologic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. O'Donovan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Diedler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Graeme C. Couture
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Fak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Effect of ovarian steroids on gene expression profile in human uterine microvascular endothelial cells. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:709-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Sørensen AB, Lund AH, Ethelberg S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Pedersen FS. Sint1, a common integration site in SL3-3-induced T-cell lymphomas, harbors a putative proto-oncogene with homology to the septin gene family. J Virol 2000; 74:2161-8. [PMID: 10666245 PMCID: PMC111696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2161-2168.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine retrovirus SL3-3 is a potent inducer of T-cell lymphomas when inoculated into susceptible newborn mice. Previously, DNAs from twenty SL3-3-induced tumors were screened by PCR for provirus integration sites. Two out of 20 tumors demonstrated clonal provirus insertion into a common region. This region has now been isolated and characterized. The region, named SL3-3 integration site 1 (Sint1), maps to the distal end of mouse chromosome 11, corresponding to human chromosome 17q25, and may be identical to a mouse mammary tumor virus integration site in a T-cell lymphoma, Pad3. Two overlapping genomic lambda clones spanning about 35 kb were isolated and used as a starting point for a search for genes in the neighborhood of the virus integration sites. A genomic fragment was used as a hybridization probe to isolate a 3-kb cDNA clone, the expression of which was upregulated in one of two tumors harboring a provirus in Sint1. The cDNA clone is predicted to encode a protein which shows 97.0% identity to a human septin-like protein encoded by a gene which has been found as a fusion partner gene of MLL in an acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;17)(q23;q25). Together these findings raise the possibility that a proto-oncogene belonging to the septin family, and located about 15 kb upstream of the provirus integration sites, is involved in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Synthetic
- Humans
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Proviruses/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- RNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/etiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Virus Infections/etiology
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Sørensen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Mouri T, Kittaka N, Horio Y, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Kurachi Y. Assignment of mouse inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kcnj16 to the distal region of mouse chromosome 11. Genomics 1998; 54:181-2. [PMID: 9806850 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Mouri
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Yang YY, Yin GL, Darnell RB. The neuronal RNA-binding protein Nova-2 is implicated as the autoantigen targeted in POMA patients with dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13254-9. [PMID: 9789075 PMCID: PMC23773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia (POMA) is a neurologic disorder thought to be mediated by an autoimmune attack against onconeural disease antigens that are expressed by gynecologic or lung tumors and by neurons. One POMA disease antigen, termed Nova-1, has been identified as a neuron-specific KH-type RNA-binding protein. Nova-1 expression is restricted to specific regions of the central nervous system, primarily the hindbrain and ventral spinal cord, which correlate with the predominantly motor symptoms in POMA. However, POMA antisera recognize antigens that are widely expressed in both caudal and rostral regions of the central nervous system, and some patients develop cognitive symptoms. We have used POMA antisera to clone a cDNA encoding a second POMA disease antigen termed Nova-2. Nova-2 is closely related to Nova-1, and is expressed at high levels in neurons during development and in adulthood, and at lower levels in the adult lung. In the postnatal mouse brain, Nova-2 is expressed in a pattern that is largely reciprocal with Nova-1, including high levels of Nova-2 expression in the neocortex and hippocampus. Functional characterization of Nova-2 in RNA selection and nitrocellulose filter-binding assays reveals that Nova-2 binds RNA with high affinity and with sequence specificity that differs from Nova-1. Our results demonstrate that the immune response in POMA targets a family of highly related sequence-specific neuronal RNA-binding proteins. The expression pattern of the Nova-2 protein is likely to underlie the development of cognitive deficits in some POMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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13
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Jacobs S, Schürmann A, Becker W, Böckers TM, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Joost HG. The mouse ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4 gene: two separate promoters direct specific transcription in tissues and testicular germ cell. Biochem J 1998; 335 ( Pt 2):259-65. [PMID: 9761722 PMCID: PMC1219777 DOI: 10.1042/bj3350259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4 (ARL4) is a Ras-related GTPase that has been cloned from the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line as an adipocyte-specific cDNA [Schürmann, Breiner, Becker, Huppertz, Kainulainen, Kentrup and Joost (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15683-15688]. The Arl4 gene maps to the proximal region of mouse chromosome 12 linked to Lamb1-1, Hfhbf1 and Sos2. Compared with all other known genes of Ras-related GTPases, the genomic organization of Arl4 is unusual in that its entire coding region, the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and most of the 5' UTR are located on a single exon. This structure suggests that Arl4 has evolved by retroposition of an Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor) or Arf-like gene. Isolation of the 5' UTR by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR revealed heterogeneous transcription initiation sites in alternative exons 1. Both 5'-flanking regions exhibited promoter activity when expressed in COS-7 cells, indicating that the expression of Arl4 is directed by two separate promoters. mRNA transcribed under the control of the downstream promoter was isolated by RACE-PCR from all investigated tissues. In contrast, the upstream promoter seems to drive specifically the expression of Arl4 in adult testis. Hybridization of rat testis in situ indicated that Arl4 is expressed in germ cells of puberal and adult testis, but not in prepuberal testis, suggesting that Arl4 is involved in sperm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jacobs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, D-52057 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Stanley E, Gilbert DG, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Harvey RP. Murine cerberus homologue Cer1 maps to chromosome 4. Genomics 1998; 49:337-8. [PMID: 9598328 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Stanley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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