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Qing F, Xue J, Sui L, Xiao Q, Xie T, Chen Y, Huang J, Liu Z. Intestinal epithelial SNAI1 promotes the occurrence of colorectal cancer by enhancing EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Med Oncol 2023; 41:34. [PMID: 38150048 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent cause of cancer and mortality on a global scale. SNAI1, a member of the zinc finger transcription superfamily, is a significant contributor to embryonic development and carcinogenesis through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). While prior research utilizing CRC cells and clinical data has demonstrated that SNAI1 facilitates CRC progression through diverse mechanisms, the precise manner in which epithelial SNAI1 regulates CRC development in vivo remains unclear. In this study, colitis and colitis-associated CRC were induced through the use of intestinal epithelium-specific Snai1 knockout (Snai1 cKO) mice. Our findings indicate that Snai1 cKO mice exhibit a reduced susceptibility to acute colitis and colitis-associated CRC compared to control mice. Western-blot analysis of colon tissues revealed that Snai1 cKO mice exhibited a higher overall apoptosis level during tumor formation than control mice. No significant differences were observed in the activation of the classical p53 signaling pathway. However, Snai1 cKO mice exhibited weakened EMT and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. In summary, our study has provided evidence in vivo that the intestinal epithelial SNAI1 protein suppresses apoptosis, amplifies the EMT, and activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in both early and late phases of CRC formation, thus promoting the development and progression of colitis-associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qing
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Junxia Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224600, China
| | - Lina Sui
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Qiuxiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Center for Scientific Research, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yayun Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
- Center for Scientific Research, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
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2
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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Cooper PR, Abdulkareem AA, Milward MR, Abdullah BH. Pathogenesis of periodontitis - A potential role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:268-278. [PMID: 36159185 PMCID: PMC9489739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process comprising cellular and molecular events which result in cells shifting from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. Periodontitis is a destructive chronic disease of the periodontium initiated in response to a dysbiotic microbiome, and dominated by Gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival niches accompanied by an aberrant immune response in susceptible subjects. Both EMT and periodontitis share common risk factors and drivers, including Gram-negative bacteria, excess inflammatory cytokine production, smoking, oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. In addition, periodontitis is characterized by down-regulation of key epithelial markers such as E-cadherin together with up-regulation of transcriptional factors and mesenchymal proteins, including Snail1, vimentin and N-cadherin, which also occur in the EMT program. Clinically, these phenotypic changes may be reflected by increases in microulceration of the pocket epithelial lining, granulation tissue formation, and fibrosis. Both in vitro and in vivo data now support the potential involvement of EMT as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontal diseases which may facilitate bacterial invasion into the underlying gingival tissues and propagation of inflammation. This review surveys the available literature and provides evidence linking EMT to periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ali A Abdulkareem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Michael R Milward
- ŌSchool of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG Birmingham, UK
| | - Bashar H Abdullah
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
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Liu XY, Zhang XB, Zhao YF, Qu K, Yu XY. Research Progress of Chinese Herbal Medicine Intervention in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900491. [PMID: 35770077 PMCID: PMC9235922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases usually cause renal interstitial fibrosis, the prevention, delay, and treatment of which is a global research hotspot. However, no definite treatment options are available in modern medicine. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history, rich varieties, and accurate treatment effects. Hitherto, many Chinese herbal medicine studies have emerged to improve renal interstitial fibrosis. This paper reviews the mechanisms of renal interstitial fibrosis and recent studies on the disease intervention with Chinese herbal medicine through literature search, intend to reveal the importance of Chinese herbal medicine in renal interstitial fibrosis. The results show that Chinese herbal medicine can improve renal interstitial fibrosis, and the effects of Chinese herbal medicine on specific pathological mechanisms underlying renal interstitial fibrosis have been explored. Additionally, the limitations and advantages of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis, possible research directions, and new targets of Chinese herbal medicine are discussed to provide a basis for studies of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu-Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Ya-Feng Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yong Yu,
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Shin W, Wu A, Min S, Shin YC, Fleming RYD, Eckhardt SG, Kim HJ. Spatiotemporal Gradient and Instability of Wnt Induce Heterogeneous Growth and Differentiation of Human Intestinal Organoids. iScience 2020; 23:101372. [PMID: 32745985 PMCID: PMC7398973 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a conventional culture of three-dimensional human intestinal organoids, extracellular matrix hydrogel has been used to provide a physical space for the growth and morphogenesis of organoids in the presence of exogenous morphogens such as Wnt3a. We found that organoids embedded in a dome-shaped hydrogel show significant size heterogeneity in different locations inside the hydrogel. Computational simulations revealed that the instability and diffusion limitation of Wnt3a constitutively generate a concentration gradient inside the hydrogel. The location-dependent heterogeneity of organoids in a hydrogel dome substantially perturbed the transcriptome profile associated with epithelial functions, cytodifferentiation including mucin 2 expression, and morphological characteristics. This heterogeneous phenotype was significantly mitigated when the Wnt3a was frequently replenished in the culture medium. Our finding suggests that the morphological, transcriptional, translational, and functional heterogeneity in conventional organoid cultures may lead to a false interpretation of the experimental results in organoid-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alexander Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Y Declan Fleming
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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The SNAIL1 promoter contains G-quadruplex structures regulating its gene expression and DNA replication. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112158. [PMID: 32610184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SNAIL1 is a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its expression is associated with tumor progression and poor clinical prognosis of cancer patients. Compared to the studies of SNAIL1 stability and its transcriptional regulation, very limited knowledge is available regarding effective approaches to directly target SNAIL1. In this study, we revealed the potential regulation of SNAIL1 gene expression by G-quadruplex structures in its promoter. We first revealed that the negative strand of the SNAIL1 promoter contained a multi-G-tract region with high potential of forming G-quadruplex structures. In circular dichroism studies, the oligonucleotide based on this region showed characteristic molar ellipticity at specific wavelengths of G-quadruplex structures. We also utilized native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel-shift assays, immunofluorescent staining, dimethyl sulfate footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies to verify the G-quadruplex structures formed by the oligonucleotide. In reporter assays, disruption of G-quadruplex potential increased SNAIL1 promoter-mediated transcription, suggesting that G-quadruplexes played a negative role in SNAIL1 expression. In a DNA synthesis study, we detected G-quadruplex-mediated retardation in the SNAIL1 promoter replication. Consistently, we discovered that the G-quadruplex region of the SNAIL1 promoter is highly enriched for mutations, implicating the clinical relevance of G-quadruplexes to the altered SNAIL1 expression in cancer cells.
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Tołoczko-Iwaniuk N, Dziemiańczyk-Pakieła D, Nowaszewska BK, Celińska-Janowicz K, Miltyk W. Celecoxib in Cancer Therapy and Prevention - Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:302-315. [PMID: 30073924 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180803121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is generally accepted that inflammatory cells found in the tumor microenvironment are involved in the neoplastic process, promoting cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Therefore, administering anti-inflammatory medication in cancer therapy seems to be justified. A potential pathway associated with the aforementioned issue is cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, particularly as the overexpression of this enzyme has been proven to occur in cancer tissues and is also associated with a poor prognosis in several types of human malignancies. Celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, has been utilized for over 20 years, particularly as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic medication. However, to date, its antineoplastic properties have not been sufficiently investigated. In recent years, the number of research studies on the antineoplastic effects of celecoxib has increased considerably. The vast majority of publications refers to preclinical studies attempting to elucidate its mechanisms of action. Clinical trials concerning celecoxib have focused primarily on the treatment of cancers of the colon, breast, lung, prostate, stomach, head and neck, as well as premalignant lesions such as familial adenoma polyposis. In this review article authors attempt to summarise the latest research which has elucidated celecoxib use in the treatment and prevention of cancer. CONCLUSION Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated promising results of the role of celecoxib in the treatment and prevention of cancer - the best outcome was observed in colon, breast, prostate and head and neck cancers. However, more clinical trials providing real evidence-based clinical advances of celecoxib use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tołoczko-Iwaniuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Dziemiańczyk-Pakieła
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-404 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Klaudia Nowaszewska
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-404 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Celińska-Janowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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Fan X, Jin S, Li Y, Khadaroo PA, Dai Y, He L, Zhou D, Lin H. Genetic And Epigenetic Regulation Of E-Cadherin Signaling In Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8947-8963. [PMID: 31802937 PMCID: PMC6801489 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s225606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is well known as a growth and invasion suppressor and belongs to the large cadherin family. Loss of E-cadherin is widely known as the hallmark of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with the involvement of transcription factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist and Zeb1/2. Tumor cells undergoing EMT could migrate to distant sites and become metastases. Recently, numerous studies have revealed how the expression of E-cadherin is regulated by different kinds of genetic and epigenetic alteration, which are implicated in several crucial transcription factors and pathways. E-cadherin signaling plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) initiation and progression considering the highly mutated frequency of CTNNB1 (27%). Combining the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and previous studies, we have summarized the roles of gene mutations, chromosome instability, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA in E-cadherin in HCC. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the relationship between these modifications and HCC. Perspectives on E-cadherin-related research in HCC are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengxi Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yirun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Parikshit Asutosh Khadaroo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yili Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Aghamiri S, Jafarpour A, Malekshahi ZV, Mahmoudi Gomari M, Negahdari B. Targeting siRNA in colorectal cancer therapy: Nanotechnology comes into view. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14818-14827. [PMID: 30919964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as one of the most important causes of death and mortality worldwide. Although several efforts have been made for finding new therapies, no achievements have been made in this area. Multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms are one of the key factors that could lead to the failure of chemotherapy. Moreover, it has been shown that various chemotherapy drugs are associated with several side effects. Hence, it seems that finding new drugs or new therapeutic platforms is required. Among different therapeutic approaches, utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) for targeting a variety of molecules such as siRNAs are associated with good results for the treatment of CRC. Targeting siRNA-mediated NPs could turn off the effects of oncogenes and MDR-related genes. In the current study, we summarized various siRNAs targeted by NPs which could be used for the treatment of CRC. Moreover, we highlighted other routes such as liposome for targeting siRNAs in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jafarpour
- Virology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Gomari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Li L, Zhou H, Zhu R, Liu Z. USP26 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through stabilizing Snail. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Yang G, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Wu A, Huang Y, Miao Y, Yang M. Effect of berberine on the renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by inhibition of the Notch/snail pathway in diabetic nephropathy model KKAy mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1065-1079. [PMID: 28408805 PMCID: PMC5384688 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and renal tubular interstitial fibrosis are the main pathological changes of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is a common cause of end-stage renal disease. Previous studies have suggested that berberine (BBR) has antifibrotic effects in the kidney and can reduce apoptosis and inhibit the EMT of podocytes in DN. However, the effect of BBR on the renal tubular EMT in DN and its mechanisms of action are unknown. This study was performed to explore the effects of BBR on the renal tubular EMT and the molecular mechanisms of BBR in DN model KKAy mice and on the high glucose (HG)-induced EMT in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. Our results showed that, relative to the model mice, the mice in the treatment group had an improved general state and reduced blood glucose and 24-h urinary protein levels. Degradation of renal function was ameliorated by BBR. We also observed the protective effects of BBR on renal structural changes, including normalization of an index of renal interstitial fibrosis and kidney weight/body weight. Moreover, BBR suppressed the activation of the Notch/snail pathway and upregulated the α-SMA and E-cadherin levels in DN model KKAy mice. BBR was further found to prevent HG-induced EMT events and to inhibit the HG-induced expression of Notch pathway members and snail1 in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. Our findings indicate that BBR has a therapeutic effect on DN, including its inhibition of the renal tubular EMT and renal interstitial fibrosis. Furthermore, the BBR-mediated EMT inhibition occurs through Notch/snail pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongjiang Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Amin Wu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Huang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Miao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kühnöl CD, Würfel C, Staege MS, Kramm C. Snail homolog 1 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like processes in human glioblastoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3882-3888. [PMID: 28529599 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in neurosurgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the outcome of patients with glioblastoma remains poor. The migration of tumor cells from the primary tumor site with subsequent invasion of these cells into the surrounding normal brain tissue is frequently responsible for relapse and treatment failure. The present study hypothesized that snail homolog 1 (SNAI1), a factor critically involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human carcinoma cells, may also contribute to an invasive EMT-like phenotype of glioblastoma cells. The majority of glioblastoma cell lines investigated in the present study expressed SNAI1 at basal levels. The present study overexpressed SNAI1 in glioblastoma cell lines by lentiviral transfer of human SNAI1 complementary DNA. In addition, the inhibition of SNAI1 expression was achieved by lentiviral transfer of a short hairpin RNA specific for SNAI1. SNAI1 overexpression increased proliferation of one of the cell lines, U251MG, but exhibited only a weak effect on the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. However, downregulation of SNAI1 significantly decreased the invasive capacity of all investigated cell lines. In parallel, regained expression of E-cadherin, a marker that is usually lost during EMT, was observed subsequent to SNAI1 knockdown in the glioblastoma cell lines U87MG and U251MG. The data of the present study suggest that certain key genes of the EMT in carcinoma are also involved in the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar D Kühnöl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Carina Würfel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christof Kramm
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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miR-34a inhibits pancreatic cancer progression through Snail1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the Notch signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:38232. [PMID: 28145431 PMCID: PMC5286431 DOI: 10.1038/srep38232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Notch signaling are important for the growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. miR-34a has been shown to play pivotal roles in the progression of several types of cancer. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of miR-34a in pancreatic cancer processes. The aim of this study was to determine whether miR-34a has negative effects on pancreatic cancer and whether these effects are related to EMT and Notch signaling. In vitro, we demonstrated that miR-34a inhibited, while miR-34a inhibitors enhanced, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 and SW-1990).These effects were reversed by Snail1 overexpression or Snail1 shRNA. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effects of the miR-34a inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells were abrogated by Notch1 shRNA. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the Snail1 and Notch1 genes were direct targets of miR-34a. In vivo, we also demonstrated that miR-34a inhibited pancreatic cancer growth by decreasing Snail1 and Notch1 expression. Therefore, our results indicate that miR-34a inhibits pancreatic cancer progression by post-transcriptionally regulating Snail1 and Notch1 expression.
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13
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Yabe S, Alexenko AP, Amita M, Yang Y, Schust DJ, Sadovsky Y, Ezashi T, Roberts RM. Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2598-607. [PMID: 27051068 PMCID: PMC4868474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601630113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily commit to the trophoblast lineage after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and two small compounds, an activin A signaling inhibitor and a FGF2 signaling inhibitor (BMP4/A83-01/PD173074; BAP treatment). During differentiation, areas emerge within the colonies with the biochemical and morphological features of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Relatively pure fractions of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) and larger syncytial sheets displaying the expected markers of STB can be obtained by differential filtration of dispersed colonies through nylon strainers. RNA-seq analysis of these fractions has allowed them to be compared with cytotrophoblasts isolated from term placentas before and after such cells had formed syncytia. Although it is clear from extensive gene marker analysis that both ESC- and placenta-derived syncytial cells are trophoblast, each with the potential to transport a wide range of solutes and synthesize placental hormones, their transcriptome profiles are sufficiently dissimilar to suggest that the two cell types have distinct pedigrees and represent functionally different kinds of STB. We propose that the STB generated from human ESCs represents the primitive syncytium encountered in early pregnancy soon after the human trophoblast invades into the uterine wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yabe
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Andrei P Alexenko
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Mitsuyoshi Amita
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ying Yang
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Chen CK, Ng CS, Wu SM, Chen JJ, Cheng PL, Wu P, Lu MYJ, Chen DR, Chuong CM, Cheng HC, Ting CT, Li WH. Regulatory Differences in Natal Down Development between Altricial Zebra Finch and Precocial Chicken. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2030-43. [PMID: 27189543 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds can be classified into altricial and precocial. The hatchlings of altricial birds are almost naked, whereas those of precocial birds are covered with natal down. This regulatory divergence is thought to reflect environmental adaptation, but the molecular basis of the divergence is unclear. To address this issue, we chose the altricial zebra finch and the precocial chicken as the model animals. We noted that zebra finch hatchlings show natal down growth suppressed anterior dorsal (AD) skin but partially down-covered posterior dorsal (PD) skin. Comparing the transcriptomes of AD and PD skins, we found that the feather growth promoter SHH (sonic hedgehog) was expressed higher in PD skin than in AD skin. Moreover, the data suggested that the FGF (fibroblast growth factor)/Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved in natal down growth suppression and that FGF16 is a candidate upstream signaling suppressor. Ectopic expression of FGF16 on chicken leg skin showed downregulation of SHH, upregulation of the feather growth suppressor FGF10, and suppression of feather bud elongation, similar to the phenotype found in zebra finch embryonic AD skin. Therefore, we propose that FGF16-related signals suppress natal down elongation and cause the naked AD skin in zebra finch. Our study provides insights into the regulatory divergence in natal down formation between precocial and altricial birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Siang Ng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Man Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Di-Rong Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ti Ting
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago
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Habibi L, Pedram M, AmirPhirozy A, Bonyadi K. Mobile DNA Elements: The Seeds of Organic Complexity on Earth. DNA Cell Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Habibi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Pedram
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Akbar AmirPhirozy
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Bonyadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kaufhold S, Bonavida B. Central role of Snail1 in the regulation of EMT and resistance in cancer: a target for therapeutic intervention. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:62. [PMID: 25084828 PMCID: PMC4237825 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Snail1 is the founding member of the Snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors, which also includes Snail2 (Slug) and Snail3 (Smuc). The superfamily is involved in cell differentiation and survival, two processes central in cancer research. Encoded by the SNAI1 gene located on human chromosome 20q13.2, Snail1 is composed of 264 amino acids and usually acts as a transcriptional repressor. Phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Snail1, governed by PI3K and Wnt signaling pathways crosstalk, are critical in Snail1’s regulation. Snail1 has a pivotal role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process by which epithelial cells acquire a migratory, mesenchymal phenotype, as a result of its repression of E-cadherin. Snail1-induced EMT involves the loss of E-cadherin and claudins with concomitant upregulation of vimentin and fibronectin, among other biomarkers. While essential to normal developmental processes such as gastrulation, EMT is associated with metastasis, the cancer stem cell phenotype, and the regulation of chemo and immune resistance in cancer. Snail1 expression is a common sign of poor prognosis in metastatic cancer, and tumors with elevated Snail1 expression are disproportionately difficult to eradicate by current therapeutic treatments. The significance of Snail1 as a prognostic indicator, its involvement in the regulation of EMT and metastasis, and its roles in both drug and immune resistance point out that Snail1 is an attractive target for tumor growth inhibition and a target for sensitization to cytotoxic drugs.
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Deng H, Yang F, Xu H, Sun Y, Xue X, Du S, Wang X, Li S, Liu Y, Wang R. Ac-SDKP suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition in A549 cells via HSP27 signaling. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Palena C, Roselli M, Litzinger MT, Ferroni P, Costarelli L, Spila A, Cavaliere F, Huang B, Fernando RI, Hamilton DH, Jochems C, Tsang KY, Cheng Q, Lyerly HK, Schlom J, Guadagni F. Overexpression of the EMT driver brachyury in breast carcinomas: association with poor prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju054. [PMID: 24815864 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated as an important process in tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The transcription factor brachyury has recently been described as a driver of EMT of human carcinoma cells. METHODS Brachyury mRNA and protein expression was analyzed in human breast carcinomas and benign tissues. The role of brachyury in breast tumor prognosis and drug resistance and the ability of brachyury-specific T cells to lyse human breast carcinoma cells were also evaluated. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate the association between brachyury expression and survival. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The level of brachyury expression in breast cancer cells was positively associated with their ability to invade the extracellular matrix, efficiently form mammospheres in vitro, and resist the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel. A comparison of survival among breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting who had tumors with high vs low brachyury mRNA expression demonstrated that high expression of brachyury is associated as an independent variable with higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.4 to 23.5; P = 5.14×10(-4)) and distant metastasis (HR = 15.2; 95% CI = 3.5 to 66.3; P = 3.01×10(-4)). We also demonstrated that brachyury-specific T cells can lyse human breast carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS The studies reported here provide the rationale for the use of a vaccine targeting brachyury for the therapy of human breast cancer, either as a monotherapy or in combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Mario Roselli
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Mary T Litzinger
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Patrizia Ferroni
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Leopoldo Costarelli
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Antonella Spila
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Francesco Cavaliere
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Bruce Huang
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Romaine I Fernando
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Kwong-Yok Tsang
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Qing Cheng
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL).
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (CP, MTL, BH, RIF, DHH, CJ, K-YT, JS); Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy (MR); Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy (PF, AS, FG); Department of Pathology (LC) and Department of Surgery (FC), San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (QC, HKL)
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Miller SF, Weinberg SM, Nidey NL, Defay DK, Marazita ML, Wehby GL, Moreno Uribe LM. Exploratory genotype-phenotype correlations of facial form and asymmetry in unaffected relatives of children with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate. J Anat 2014; 224:688-709. [PMID: 24738728 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Family relatives of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) who presumably carry a genetic risk yet do not manifest overt oral clefts, often present with distinct facial morphology of unknown genetic etiology. This study investigates distinct facial morphology among unaffected relatives and examines whether candidate genes previously associated with overt NSCL/P and left-right body patterning are correlated with such facial morphology. Cases were unaffected relatives of individuals with NSCL/P (n = 188) and controls (n = 194) were individuals without family history of NSCL/P. Cases and controls were genotyped for 20 SNPs across 13 candidate genes for NSCL/P (PAX7, ABCA4-ARHGAP29, IRF6, MSX1, PITX2, 8q24, FOXE1, TGFB3 and MAFB) and left-right body patterning (LEFTY1, LEFTY2, ISL1 and SNAI1). Facial shape and asymmetry phenotypes were obtained via principal component analyses and Procrustes analysis of variance from 32 coordinate landmarks, digitized on 3D facial images. Case-control comparisons of phenotypes obtained were performed via multivariate regression adjusting for age and gender. Phenotypes that differed significantly (P < 0.05) between cases and controls were regressed on the SNPs one at a time. Cases had significantly (P < 0.05) more profile concavity with upper face retrusion, upturned noses with obtuse nasolabial angles, more protrusive chins, increased lower facial heights, thinner and more retrusive lips and more protrusive foreheads. Furthermore, cases showed significantly more directional asymmetry compared to controls. Several of these phenotypes were significantly associated with genetic variants (P < 0.05). Facial height and width were associated with SNAI1. Midface antero-posterior (AP) projection was associated with LEFTY1. The AP position of the chin was related to SNAI1, IRF6, MSX1 and MAFB. The AP position of the forehead and the width of the mouth were associated with ABCA4-ARHGAP29 and MAFB. Lastly, facial asymmetry was related to LEFTY1, LEFTY2 and SNAI1. This study demonstrates that, genes underlying lip and palate formation and left-right patterning also contribute to facial features characteristic of the NSCL/P spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Miller
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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RNA Interference Targeting Snail Inhibits the Transforming Growth Factor β 2-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Lens Epithelial Cells. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:869101. [PMID: 24163761 PMCID: PMC3791800 DOI: 10.1155/2013/869101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-msenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to posterior capsule opacification (PCO) type of cataract. Transcription factors Snail is a key trigger of EMT activated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). This study was done to investigate the effect of Snail targeting siRNA on TGFβ2-induced EMT in human lens epithelial cells. TGFβ2 treatment of cultured human epithelial cell line (HLEB3) upregulated the expression of Snail and the EMT relevant molecules such as vimentin and α-SMA but downregulated the expression of keratin and E-cadherin. After the stimulation of TGFβ2, the HLEB3 cells became fibroblast-like in morphology, and the junctions of cell-cell disappeared. TGFβ2 treatment also enhanced migration ability of HLEB3 cells. TGFβ2-induced Snail expression and EMT were significantly inhibited by Snail siRNA. By analyzing the response characteristics of HLEB3 in TGFβ2-induced EMT model with/without Snail-specific siRNA, we concluded that Snail is an element in the EMT of HLEB3 cells induced by TGFβ2. Snail siRNA targeting can block the induced EMT and therefore has the potential to suppress the development of PCO.
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Hamilton DH, Litzinger MT, Fernando RI, Huang B, Palena C. Cancer vaccines targeting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition: tissue distribution of brachyury and other drivers of the mesenchymal-like phenotype of carcinomas. Semin Oncol 2012; 39:358-66. [PMID: 22595058 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be a critical step along the metastasis of carcinomas. In addition to gaining motility and invasiveness, tumor cells that undergo EMT also acquire increased resistance to many traditional cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and radiation. As such, EMT has become an attractive, potentially targetable process for therapeutic interventions against tumor metastasis. The process of EMT is driven by a group of transcription factors designated as EMT transcription factors, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and the recently identified T-box family member, Brachyury. In an attempt to determine which of these drivers of EMT is more amenable to targeted therapies and, in particular, T-cell-mediated immunotherapeutic approaches, we have examined their relative expression levels in a range of human and murine normal tissues, cancer cell lines, and human tumor biopsies. Our results demonstrated that Brachyury is a molecule with a highly restricted human tumor expression pattern. We also demonstrated that Brachyury is immunogenic and that Brachyury-specific CD8(+) T cells expanded in vitro are able to lyse Brachyury-positive tumor cells. We thus propose Brachyury as an attractive target for vaccination strategies designed to specifically target tumor cells undergoing EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Barrallo-Gimeno A, Nieto MA. Evolutionary history of the Snail/Scratch superfamily. Trends Genet 2009; 25:248-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mittal MK, Myers JN, Bailey CK, Misra S, Chaudhuri G. Mode of action of the retrogene product SNAI1P, a SNAIL homolog, in human breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1221-7. [PMID: 19277896 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SNAI1P, a protein coded by a retrogene, is a member of the SNAI family of E2-box binding transcriptional repressors. To evaluate whether the mode of action of SNAI1P is similar to those of the other predominant members of the SNAI family, we studied its action on human claudin 7 (CLDN7) gene promoter which has seven E2-boxes. We over-expressed FLAG-tagged SNAI1P in MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. SNAI1P inhibited the expression of CLDN7 in these recombinant cells. SNAI1P also inhibited cloned CLDN7 gene promoter activity in human breast cancer cells. ChIP assays revealed that SNAI1P is recruited on the CLDN7 gene promoter along with the co-repressor CtBP1 and the effector HDAC1. Treatment of the cells with trichostatin A, an inhibitor of HDAC1, abrogated the repressor activity of SNAI1P. These data suggest that SNAI1P inhibits CLDN7 gene promoter epigenetically in breast cancer cells through chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul K Mittal
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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Du F, Yang R, Ma HL, Wang QY, Wei SL. Expression of transcriptional repressor Slug gene in mouse endometrium and its effect during embryo implantation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 157:346-55. [PMID: 19172233 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Slug, a member of the Snail family of zinc-finger transcription factors, is involved in regulating embryonic development and tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Slug in mouse endometrium during early pregnancy and its possible role during embryo implantation. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were applied to detect Slug mRNA and Slug protein expression in endometrium of nonpregnant and early pregnant mice, respectively. The expressions of Slug mRNA and its protein in pregnant group were higher than that in nonpregnant group and gradually increased from pregnancy day 1, reaching its maximum level on day 4 and then declining on days 5, 6, and 7. Immunohistochemistry showed that Slug protein was mainly present in luminal epithelium from pregnancy days 2 to 5 and in glandular epithelium from days 2 to 6 and enhanced significantly in stromal cells on days 4, 5, and 6. The number of embryos implanted was greatly decreased after Slug function in mouse endometrium was blocked by the intrauterine injection with anti-Slug polyclonal antibody on day 3 of pregnancy before implantation. These results suggested that up-regulation of Slug expression may play a key role in the embryo implantation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of the Reproductive Physiology, College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Usami Y, Satake S, Nakayama F, Matsumoto M, Ohnuma K, Komori T, Semba S, Ito A, Yokozaki H. Snail-associated epithelial–mesenchymal transition promotes oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma motility and progression. J Pathol 2008; 215:330-9. [PMID: 18491351 DOI: 10.1002/path.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Usami
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Cobaleda C, Pérez-Caro M, Vicente-Dueñas C, Sánchez-García I. Function of the Zinc-Finger Transcription FactorSNAI2in Cancer and Development. Annu Rev Genet 2007; 41:41-61. [PMID: 17550342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that underlie disease development is still a tremendous challenge for basic science, and a prerequisite to the development of new and disease-specific targeted therapies. This review focuses on the function of SNAI2, a member of the Snail family of zinc-finger transcription factors, and discusses its possible role in disease development. SNAI2 has been implicated in diseases of melanocyte development and cancer in humans. Many malignancies arise from a rare population of cells that alone have the ability to self-renew and sustain the tumor (i.e., cancer stem cells). SNAI2 controls key aspects of stem cell function in mouse and human, suggesting that similar mechanisms control normal development and cancer stem cell properties. These insights are expected to contribute significantly to the genetics of cancer and to the development of both cancer therapy and new methods for assessing treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Cobaleda
- Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Ma XH, Hu SJ, Yu H, Xu LB, Yang ZM. Differential expression of transcriptional repressor snail gene at implantation site in mouse uterus. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:133-41. [PMID: 16261611 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors is involved in pronounced cell movements during both embryonic development and tumor progression. This study was to examine snail expression in mouse uterus during early pregnancy and its regulation under pseudopregnancy, delayed implantation, steroid hormone treatment, and artificial decidualization by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. There was a low level of snail mRNA signal and immunostaining in mouse uteri on day 1-4 of pregnancy. When embryo implanted on day 5, both snail mRNA signal and immunostaining were strongly detected in the subluminal stroma immediately surrounding the implanting blastocyst, but not detected in the inter-implantation sites. Under delayed implantation, there was no detectable snail expression. After delayed implantation was terminated by estrogen treatment and embryo implanted, there was a strong level of snail mRNA and immunostaining in the subluminal stroma surrounding the implanting blastocyst, which was similar to that on day 5 of pregnancy. Furthermore, there was no detectable snail expression in mouse uterus on day 5 of pseudopregnancy. From day 6-8 of pregnancy, both snail mRNA signal and immunostaining were detected in the decidua. Our data suggest that snail may play an important role during mouse embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hong Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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28
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Rosivatz E, Becker KF, Kremmer E, Schott C, Blechschmidt K, Höfler H, Sarbia M. Expression and nuclear localization of Snail, an E-cadherin repressor, in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Virchows Arch 2005; 448:277-87. [PMID: 16328348 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-0118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional E-cadherin down-regulation can be mediated by Snail, a zinc finger transcription factor. To be able to examine nuclear Snail immunoreactivity in archival human cancers, we established a monoclonal antibody against the purified human Snail protein. The specificity of the selected rat antibody Sn9H2 was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using extracts from different cell lines and by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry of primary tissues. Subsequently, a series of 340 adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including tumours from the oesophagus (n=154), cardia (n=102) and stomach (n=84), arranged in tissue microarrays, were examined for Snail expression and were correlated to E-cadherin expression and clinico-pathological parameters. Nuclear Snail immunoreactivity was seen in 27 tumours (7.9%) and tended to be more frequent in oesophageal adenocarcinomas (11.1%) than in cardiac (6.9%) or gastric (3.6%) carcinomas (p=0.0428). In 35% of the Snail-positive cases, E-cadherin immunoreactivity was lost. No correlation was found for nuclear Snail expression and tumour grade, Lauren's classification, WHO classification, tumour stage and tumour size. The pattern of Snail expression observed with our new hybridoma, Sn9H2, which is currently the only antibody that reacts with endogenous nuclear (active) Snail, suggests only a minor role of Snail in tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rosivatz
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, München, Germany
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29
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De Craene B, van Roy F, Berx G. Unraveling signalling cascades for the Snail family of transcription factors. Cell Signal 2005; 17:535-47. [PMID: 15683729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During development and carcinogenesis, the gradient of different molecular factors, the availability of corresponding receptors and the interplay between different signalling cascades combine to orchestrate the different stages. A good understanding of both developmental processes and oncogenesis leads to new insights into normal and aberrant regulation, processes that share some mutual key players. In this review, we will focus on the Snail family of transcription factors. These proteins, which share an evolutionarily conserved role in invertebrates and vertebrates, are implicated in several developmental processes, but are involved in carcinogenesis as well. We will highlight the different signalling cascades leading to the expression of Snail and Slug and how these factors are regulated on the transcriptional level. Then we will focus on how these factors execute their functions by repression of the numerous target genes that have been described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram De Craene
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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Oram KF, Gridley T. Mutations in snail family genes enhance craniosynostosis of Twist1 haplo-insufficient mice: implications for Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome. Genetics 2005; 170:971-4. [PMID: 15802514 PMCID: PMC1450388 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, mutations in the Twist gene interact with mutations in the Snail gene. We show that the mouse Twist1 mutation interacts with Snai1 and Snai2 mutations to enhance aberrant cranial suture fusion, demonstrating that genetic interactions between genes of the Twist and Snail families have been conserved during evolution.
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Strizzi L, Bianco C, Normanno N, Seno M, Wechselberger C, Wallace-Jones B, Khan NI, Hirota M, Sun Y, Sanicola M, Salomon DS. Epithelial mesenchymal transition is a characteristic of hyperplasias and tumors in mammary gland from MMTV-Cripto-1 transgenic mice. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:266-76. [PMID: 15334661 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitates migration and invasion of epithelial tumor cells. Cripto-1 (CR-1), a member of the epidermal growth factor-CFC protein family increases migration of cells in vitro. Here the expression of molecular markers and signaling molecules characteristic of EMT were assessed in mammary gland hyperplasias and tumors from mice expressing the human CR-1 transgene by the MMTV promoter (MMTV-CR-1) and in mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC-11 overexpressing CR-1 (HC-11/CR-1). Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of E-cadherin in MMTV-CR-1 tumors and in HC-11/CR-1 cells. The expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, cyclin-D1, and of the zinc-finger transcription factor, snail, was increased in MMTV-CR-1 tumors. Increased snail mRNA was also found in HC-11/CR-1 cells. Expression of phosphorylated (P)-c-Src, P-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), P-Akt, P-glycogen synthease kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), dephosphorylated (DP)-beta-catenin, and various integrins such as, alpha 3, alpha v, beta 1, beta 3, and beta 4 was also increased in MMTV-CR-1 tumors. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for vimentin, N-cadherin, cyclin-D1, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, snail, and beta-catenin in MMTV-CR-1 tumor sections. HC-11/CR-1 cells treated with the c-Src inhibitor PP2 reduced the expression of P-c-Src and of P-FAK, P-Akt, P-GSK-3beta, DP-beta-catenin all known to be activated by c-Src. Migration of HC-11/CR-1 cells was also reduced by PP2 treatment. These results suggest that CR-1 may play a significant role in promoting the increased expression of markers and signaling molecules associated with EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Strizzi
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Barberà MJ, Puig I, Domínguez D, Julien-Grille S, Guaita-Esteruelas S, Peiró S, Baulida J, Francí C, Dedhar S, Larue L, García de Herreros A. Regulation of Snail transcription during epithelial to mesenchymal transition of tumor cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7345-54. [PMID: 15286702 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Snail transcriptional factor is a determinant in the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype by epithelial tumor cells. However, the regulation of the transcription of this gene is still unknown. We describe here the characterization of a human SNAIL promoter that contains the initiation of transcription and regulates the expression of this gene in tumor cells. This promoter was activated in cell lines in response to agents that induce Snail transcription and the mesenchymal phenotype, as addition of the phorbol ester PMA or overexpression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) or oncogenes such as Ha-ras or v-Akt. Although other regions of the promoter were required for a complete stimulation by Akt or ILK, a minimal fragment (-78/+59) was sufficient to maintain the mesenchymal specificity. Activity of this minimal promoter and SNAIL RNA levels were dependent on ERK signaling pathway. NFkappaB/p65 also stimulated SNAIL transcription through a region located immediately upstream the minimal promoter, between -194 and -78. These results indicate that Snail transcription is driven by signaling pathways known to induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition, reinforcing the role of Snail in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Barberà
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Locascio A, Vega S, de Frutos CA, Manzanares M, Nieto MA. Biological potential of a functional human SNAIL retrogene. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:38803-9. [PMID: 12151403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail genes encode zinc finger transcription factors required for the development of vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. They trigger epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), thereby allowing epithelial cells to emigrate from their place of origin and form tissues such as the mesoderm and the neural crest. Snail genes are also involved in the EMTs responsible for the acquisition of invasiveness during tumor progression. This aspect of their activity is associated with their ability to directly repress E-cadherin transcription. Here we describe the existence of an active human Snail retrogene, inserted within an intron of a novel evolutionarily conserved gene and expressed in different human tissues and cell lines. Functional analyses in cell culture show that this retrogene maintains the potential to induce EMTs, conferring migratory and invasive properties to epithelial cells. In light of this data, we have renamed it SNAIL-like, a new player that must be considered in both physiological and pathological studies of SNAIL function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Locascio
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Av. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The Snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors is involved in processes that imply pronounced cell movements, both during embryonic development and in the acquisition of invasive and migratory properties during tumour progression. Different family members have also been implicated in the signalling cascade that confers left right identity, as well as in the formation of appendages, neural differentiation, cell division and cell survival.
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35
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Choo KB, Chen HH, Cheng WT, Chang HS, Wang M. In silico mining of EST databases for novel pre-implantation embryo-specific zinc finger protein genes. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 59:249-55. [PMID: 11424210 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the understanding of early mammalian embryo development has been severely hampered by scarcity of study materials. To circumvent such a constraint, we have developed a strategy that involves a combination of in silico mining of new genes from expressed sequence tags (EST) databases and rapid determination of expression profiles of the dbEST-derived genes using a PCR-based assay and a panel of cDNA libraries derived from different developmental stages and somatic tissues. We demonstrate that in a random sample of 49 independent dbEST-derived zinc finger protein genes mined from a mouse embryonic 2-cell cDNA library, more than three-quarters of these genes are novel. Examination of characteristics of the human orthologues derived from these mouse genes reveals that many of them are associated with human malignancies. Expression studies have further led to the identification of three novel genes that are exclusively expressed in mouse embryos before or up to the 8-cell stage. Two of the genes, designated 2czf45 and 2czf48 (2czf for 2-cell zinc finger), are zinc finger protein genes coding for a RBCC protein with a RFP domain and a protein with three C2H2 fingers, respectively. The third gene, designated 2cpoz56, codes for a protein with a POZ domain that is often associated with zinc finger proteins. These three genes are candidate genes for regulatory or other functions in early embryogenesis. The strategy described in this report should generally be applicable to rapid and large-scale mining of other classes of rare genes involved in other biological and pathological processes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:249-255, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Choo
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan.
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36
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Smith SF, Metcalfe JA, Elgar G. Characterisation of two topoisomerase 1 genes in the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes). Gene 2001; 265:195-204. [PMID: 11255022 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I manipulates the higher order structures of DNA. Only one functional topoisomerase 1 (top1) gene has previously been identified in any individual eukaryotic species. Here we report the identification and characterisation of two top1 genes in the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. This shows that the copy number of top1, like that of other topoisomerases, may vary between eukaryotes. Both Fugu genes have 21 exons; a gene structure similar to that of human TOP1. Despite this conservation of structure, and some non-coding elements, both genes are less than a tenth of the size of the human gene. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses have shown that this duplication is ancient and also affects other species in the fish lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Smith
- Fugu Genomics Group, UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton Hall, Hinxton, CB10 1SB, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The human SNAIL is an important developmental protein involved in the formation of mesoderm and neural crest. The protein contains three classic and one atypical zinc-finger motif. The SNAI1 gene is composed of three exons. We have identified three SNPs in non-coding regions, two in the 5'UTR and one in intron 1, which can be detected by PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion. We also identified a GGG/GGGG polymorphism in intron 1. We screened CEPH DNAs for these polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-3914, USA
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Hemavathy K, Ashraf SI, Ip YT. Snail/slug family of repressors: slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer. Gene 2000; 257:1-12. [PMID: 11054563 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of homologous genes in diverse species is intriguing. A detailed comparison of the structure and function of gene families may provide important insights into gene regulation and evolution. An unproven assumption is that homologous genes have a common ancestor. During evolution, the original function of the ancestral gene might be retained in the different species which evolved along separate courses. In addition, new functions could have developed as the sequence began to diverge. This may also explain partly the presence of multipurpose genes, which have multiple functions at different stages of development and in different tissues. The Drosophila gene snail is a multipurpose gene; it has been demonstrated that snail is critical for mesoderm formation, for CNS development, and for wing cell fate determination. The related vertebrate Snail and Slug genes have also been proposed to participate in mesoderm formation, neural crest cell migration, carcinogenesis, and apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss the Snail/Slug family of regulators in species ranging from insect to human. We will present the protein structures, expression patterns, and functions based on molecular genetic analyses. We will also include the studies that helped to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of repression and the relationship between the conserved and divergent functions of these genes. Moreover, the studies may enable us to trace the evolution of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemavathy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Smith S, Metcalfe JA, Elgar G. Identification and analysis of two snail genes in the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) and mapping of human SNA to 20q. Gene 2000; 247:119-28. [PMID: 10773451 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
All members of the snail gene family are zinc-finger transcription factors expressed early in embryonic development and are involved in the formation of tissues such as mesoderm and presumptive neural crest. Here, we report the identification and structural organisation of two snail genes in the compact genome of the pufferfish Fugu rubripes, and examine the phylogenetic relationships between these and other members of the snail gene family. Both genes have a three exon, two intron structure similar to that previously reported for human SLUG. While human SLUG has been mapped to 8q (Cohen, M.E., Yin, M., Paznekas, W.A., Schertzer, M., Wood, S., Jabs, E.W., 1998. Human SLUG organisation, expression and chromosome map location on 8q. Genomics 51, 468-471), the human sna gene SNA, was previously unmapped. We have used sequence similarity to the Fugu genes to identify a human SNA EST and mapped this by radiation hybrid and physical mapping to the distal end of human 20q. This is likely to be the mapping location of the human sna gene (SNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smith
- UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton Hall, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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