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Mazumder GA, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. Analysis of codon usage bias in mitochondrial CO gene among platyhelminthes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 245:111410. [PMID: 34487743 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of non-uniform usage of the synonymous codons, where some codons are given more preference to others, is known as codon usage bias (CUB). CUB is known to be determined by two major evolutionary forces i.e. mutation pressure and selection. We used various approaches to understand the codon usage pattern in mitochondrial CO (MT-CO) genes involved in complex IV of the respiratory chain (RC) as no work was reported yet. Our present study revealed that CUB was relatively high and the coding sequences were rich in A and T. Correspondence analysis further indicated that A/T compositional properties under mutational pressure might be affecting the codon usage pattern and was different in different classes for MT-CO gene. A highly significant correlation between A% and A3%, T% and T3%, G% and G3%, C% and C3%, GC% and GC3% in all the classes indicated that compositional constraints under mutational pressure and natural selection might affect the CUB. Neutrality plot indicated that both natural selection and mutational bias affected the CUB, where, natural selection played the major role as compared to mutational pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshana A Mazumder
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi, 788150, Assam, India
| | - Supriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Prasad BVS, Khatri V, Yadav PS, Chandra MS, Lakshmi DV, Goswami K. Immunodiagnostic potential of Wuchereria bancrofti L1 antigen-based filarial immunoglobulin G4 detection assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:36-43. [PMID: 30321407 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After mass drug administration to eliminate human lymphatic filariasis, there is a need for surveillance to detect the measurable endpoint of the program. Methods An immunodominant seroreactive clone, WbL1, was identified through immunoscreening of a Wuchereria bancrofti L3 complementary DNA expression library. Recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) was analysed with sera from W. bancrofti patients. Diagnostic evaluation was carried out by developing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the filarial-specific antibodies in various categories of filarial sera samples against recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) protein. Results Performance parameters of the test in terms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 detection displayed significant sensitivity and specificity values up to 77% and 100%, respectively. Our results showed filarial antibodies against rWbL1 to be highly reactive with microfilaremic and clinical filarial sera samples compared with the endemic and non-endemic control sera samples. Reasonably satisfactory performance of the test was also confirmed from the multicentric evaluation of an anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection ELISA. This test was found to be minimally reactive with other nematode parasites and protozoan infections. Conclusions The anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection test can be considered as a field test for initial screening and epidemiological monitoring of filarial infections in filariasis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Siva Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - P Suresh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Subhosh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Vijaya Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
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Expression levels and codon usage patterns in nuclear genes of the filarial nematode Wucheraria bancrofti and the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium. J Helminthol 2016; 91:72-79. [PMID: 27048929 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a phenomenon known as codon bias, which exists in many genomes and is mainly resolute by mutation and selection. To elucidate the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationship of Wucheraria bancrofti and Schistosoma haematobium we examined the pattern of synonymous codon usage in nuclear genes of both the species. The mean overall GC contents of W. bancrofti and S. haematobium were 43.41 and 36.37%, respectively, which suggests that genes in both the species were AT rich. The value of the High Effective Number of Codons in both species suggests that codon usage bias was weak. Both species had a wide range of P3 distribution in the neutrality plot, with a significant correlation between P12 and P3. The codons were closer to the axes in correspondence analysis, suggesting that mutation pressure influenced the codon usage pattern in these species. We have identified the more frequently used codons in these species, most codons ending with an A or T. The nucleotides A/T and C/G were not proportionally used at the third position of codons, which reveals that natural selection might influence the codon usage patterns. The regression equation of P12 on P3 suggests that natural selection might have played a major role, while mutational pressure played a minor role in codon usage pattern in both species. These results form the basis of exploring the evolutionary mechanisms and the heterologous expression of medically important proteins of W. bancrofti and S. haematobium.
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Bacterial genomes lacking long-range correlations may not be modeled by low-order Markov chains: The role of mixing statistics and frame shift of neighboring genes. Comput Biol Chem 2014; 53 Pt A:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen L, Yang D, Liu T, Nong X, Huang X, Xie Y, Fu Y, Zheng W, Zhang R, Wu X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Yang G. Synonymous codon usage patterns in different parasitic platyhelminth mitochondrial genomes. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:587-96. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.february.27.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Greenbaum BD, Levine AJ, Bhanot G, Rabadan R. Patterns of evolution and host gene mimicry in influenza and other RNA viruses. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000079. [PMID: 18535658 PMCID: PMC2390760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the dinucleotide CpG is under-represented in the genomic DNA of many vertebrates. This is commonly thought to be due to the methylation of cytosine residues in this dinucleotide and the corresponding high rate of deamination of 5-methycytosine, which lowers the frequency of this dinucleotide in DNA. Surprisingly, many single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate in these vertebrate hosts also have a very low presence of CpG dinucleotides in their genomes. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and the evolution of a virus is inexorably linked to the nature and fate of its host. One therefore expects that virus and host genomes should have common features. In this work, we compare evolutionary patterns in the genomes of ssRNA viruses and their hosts. In particular, we have analyzed dinucleotide patterns and found that the same patterns are pervasively over- or under-represented in many RNA viruses and their hosts suggesting that many RNA viruses evolve by mimicking some of the features of their host's genes (DNA) and likely also their corresponding mRNAs. When a virus crosses a species barrier into a different host, the pressure to replicate, survive and adapt, leaves a footprint in dinucleotide frequencies. For instance, since human genes seem to be under higher pressure to eliminate CpG dinucleotide motifs than avian genes, this pressure might be reflected in the genomes of human viruses (DNA and RNA viruses) when compared to those of the same viruses replicating in avian hosts. To test this idea we have analyzed the evolution of the influenza virus since 1918. We find that the influenza A virus, which originated from an avian reservoir and has been replicating in humans over many generations, evolves in a direction strongly selected to reduce the frequency of CpG dinucleotides in its genome. Consistent with this observation, we find that the influenza B virus, which has spent much more time in the human population, has adapted to its human host and exhibits an extremely low CpG dinucleotide content. We believe that these observations directly show that the evolution of RNA viral genomes can be shaped by pressures observed in the host genome. As a possible explanation, we suggest that the strong selection pressures acting on these RNA viruses are most likely related to the innate immune response and to nucleotide motifs in the host DNA and RNAs. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that use different strategies to sequester host cell machinery and avoid the host immune system. In this paper we explore the genomes of viruses that encode their genetic information in single-stranded RNA, a different material than the one used by their hosts (double-stranded DNA). It is interesting to observe that these viruses share some of the host's characteristics. For instance, one of the most underrepresented motifs in the DNA of vertebrates is the dinucleotide CpG. This is commonly thought to be due to methylation and deamination of cytosine residues in this dinucleotide. Surprisingly, the same CpG suppression is observed in vertebrate RNA viruses but not in RNA phages. We show that RNA viruses present similar dinucleotide pressures as their host genes. We find that the influenza A virus, which originated from an avian reservoir and replicated in humans over many generations, evolves to reduce the frequency of CpG dinucleotides mimicking the human genes. Influenza B, which has been in humans longer, exhibits an extremely low CpG dinucleotide content. These observations suggest that the evolution of RNA viruses is shaped by pressures observed in the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Greenbaum
- BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arnold J. Levine
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gyan Bhanot
- BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mitreva M, Wendl MC, Martin J, Wylie T, Yin Y, Larson A, Parkinson J, Waterston RH, McCarter JP. Codon usage patterns in Nematoda: analysis based on over 25 million codons in thirty-two species. Genome Biol 2006; 7:R75. [PMID: 26271136 PMCID: PMC1779591 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-r75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Codon usage has direct utility in molecular characterization of species and is also a arker for molecular evolution. To understand codon usage within the diverse phylum Nematoda,we analyzed a total of 265,494 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from 30 nematode species. The full genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and C. briggsae were also examined. A total of 25,871,325 codons ere analyzed and a comprehensive codon usage table for all species was generated. This is the first codon usage table available for 24 of these organisms. RESULTS Codon usage similarity in Nematoda usually persists over the breadth of a genus but thenrapidly diminishes even within each clade. Globodera, Meloidogyne, Pristionchus, and Strongyloides have the most highly derived patterns of codon usage. The major factor affecting differences in codon usage between species is the coding sequence GC content, which varies in nematodes from 32%to 51%. Coding GC content (measured as GC3) also explains much of the observed variation in the effective number of codons (R = 0.70), which is a measure of codon bias, and it even accounts for differences in amino acid frequency. Codon usage is also affected by neighboring nucleotides(N1 context). Coding GC content correlates strongly with estimated noncoding genomic GC content (R = 0.92). On examining abundant clusters in five species, candidate optimal codons were identified that may be preferred in highly expressed transcripts. CONCLUSION Evolutionary models indicate that total genomic GC content, probably the product of directional mutation pressure, drives codon usage rather than the converse, a conclusion that is supported by examination of nematode genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makedonka Mitreva
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - John Martin
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Todd Wylie
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Yong Yin
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Allan Larson
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - John Parkinson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and Departments of Biochemistry/Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Robert H Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - James P McCarter
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
- Divergence Inc., St Louis, Missouri 63141, USA
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Fadiel A, Eichenbaum KD, Hamza A. 'Genomemark': detecting word periodicity in biological sequences. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2005; 23:457-64. [PMID: 16363880 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2006.10507071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and predicting the structural characteristics of novel repeats throughout the genome can lend insight into biological function. Specific repeats are believed to have biological significance as a function of their distribution patterns. We have developed 'GenomeMark,' a computer program that detects and statistically analyzes candidate repeats. Specifically, 'GenomeMark' identifies the periodic distribution of unique words, calculating their chi2 and Z-score values. Using 'GenomeMark,' we identified novel sequence words present in tandem throughout genomes. We found that these sequences have remarkable spacer sequence distributions and many were genome specific, validating the genome signature theory. Further analysis confirmed that many of these sequences have a specific biological function. The program is available from the authors upon request and is freely available for non-commercial and academic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fadiel
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center for Research On Reproductive Biology, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Kovaleva ES, Subbotin SA, Masler EP, Chitwood DJ. Molecular Characterization of the Actin Gene from Cyst Nematodes in Comparison with Those from Other Nematodes. COMP PARASITOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1654/4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fadiel A, Lithwick S, Naftolin F. The influence of environmental adaptation on bacterial genome structure. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:12-8. [PMID: 15612996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Researchers have long been puzzled by the diversity of life. Now that the complete genomic sequence of many organisms has been determined, it is possible to evaluate the impact of organismal variation on sequence structure or vice versa. The aim of this investigation was to explore genomic changes mandated by organismal adaptation to its ecological niches. METHODS AND RESULTS Coding sequences from three phylogenetically related bacterial species namely Mycoplasma genitalium, M. pneumoniae and Ureaplasma urealyticum were subject to in depth sequence analyses. M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae both belong to the genus Mycoplasma while U. urealyticum is a member of the genus Ureaplasma. However, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum are urogenital pathogens while M. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen. Complete transcriptomes were downloaded from NCBI for each species, and were subject to in silico investigation using in-house software, and public sequence analysis tools. Clear similarities in transcriptome structure were identified among the functionally similar species M. genitalium and U. urealyticum while no such relationship was identified among the phylogenetically related species M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS It is plausible to conclude that, in these bacterial species, environmental stimuli might be more influential in shaping sequence signatures than phylogenetic relationships. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study suggests that molecular signatures within the transcriptomes of the species examined are likely to be a product of evolutionary adaptation to diverse environmental ecological stimuli, and not a result of common phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fadiel
- The Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Yates DM, Wolstenholme AJ. An ivermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit from Dirofilaria immitis. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:1075-81. [PMID: 15313134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode that infects dogs and causes cardiopulmonary disease. The most effective way of controlling the infection is by chemoprophylaxis, using members of the avermectin/milbemycin (A/M) class of anthelmintics, which includes ivermectin; these drugs act at invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl). We have cloned two cDNAs encoding D. immitis GluCl subunits and demonstrated that at least one may be an important molecular target for the A/Ms in vivo. The subunits are orthologues of the alternatively spliced GluClalpha3A and alpha3B subunits (encoded by the avr-14 gene) previously identified in Caenorhabditis elegans and in Haemonchus contortus. Although the alternative splicing of avr-14 is conserved across the species, the processing of the mature GluClalpha3A mRNA differs in D. immitis compared to C. elegans and H. contortus. Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings were made from Xenopus oocytes injected with subunit-specific cRNAs. The DiGluClalpha3B subunit formed channels that were gated by L-glutamate (1-100 mM) and ivermectin (1 microM). Oocytes injected with DiGluClalpha3A cRNA failed to respond to L-glutamate. The qualitative responses obtained were consistent with the pharmacology observed for the GluClalpha3 subunits from C. elegans and H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darran M Yates
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Kovaleva ES, Yakovlev AG, Masler EP, Chitwood DJ. Human proprotein convertase 2 homologue from a plant nematode: cloning, characterization, and comparison with other species. FASEB J 2002; 16:1099-101. [PMID: 12039853 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0940fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes responsible for processing the precursors of many bioactive peptides in mammals. The invertebrate homologues of PC2 play important roles during development that makes the enzyme a good target for practical applications in pest management. Screening of a plant nematode Heterodera glycines cDNA library resulted in isolation of a full-length clone encoding a PC2-like precursor. The deduced protein (74.2 kD) exhibits strong amino acid homology to all known PC2s, including human, and shares the main structural characteristics: signal peptide; prosegment; catalytic domain, with D/H/S catalytic triad, PC2-specific residues, and 7B2 binding sites; P domain (with RRGDT pentapeptide); and carboxyl terminus. Comparative analysis of PC2s from 15 species discloses the presence of an insert in the catalytic domain unique to nematodes. Expression of PC2-like mRNA found in eggs and juveniles was undetectable in adult stages of H. glycines. Nucleotide analysis reveals distinctive differences in base composition and codon usage between H. glycines and Caenorhabditis elegans PC2s. The H. glycines cDNA clone encoding PC2 is the first one isolated from plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Kovaleva
- Nematology Laboratory, USDA, ARS/PSI, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.
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Abstract
Filarial infections remain significant causes of disability in tropical areas worldwide. However, insights into the developmental and molecular biology of the parasite and the immunobiology of the host response to infection have advanced our understanding, even as progress is being made towards implementing eradication programs. This article summarizes some of the recent advances in the understanding of filarial biology and parasite immune evasion mechanisms, and reviews those newer aspects of diagnosis and treatment most relevant to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Keiser
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Building 4, Room B1-05, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. pkeise
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Abstract
Although lymphatic filariasis remains among the major causes of disability among the tropical infectious diseases, dramatic advances have been made in the approach to its diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment, in our understanding of the molecular composition of the parasites that cause these infections, and in the factors underlying the pathology seen. Superimposing the tools of modern epidemiology, immunology, and molecular biology on field-based clinical trials has allowed the emergence of the concept of elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Much of the important new research emphasizes parasite development in the context of the host response, the importance of both the adult worm and other factors in the pathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease, the role the Wolbachia endosymbiont holds as both a target for drug treatment and in inducing post-treatment reactions, and the various principles underlying the implementation of control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA.
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