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Voorberg AN, Niehues H, Oosterhaven JAF, Romeijn GLE, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van Erp PEJ, Ederveen THA, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schuttelaar MLA. Vesicular hand eczema transcriptome analysis provides insights into its pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1775-1786. [PMID: 34252224 PMCID: PMC8596617 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition of the hands whose pathogenesis is largely unknown. More insight and knowledge of the disease on a more fundamental level might lead to a better understanding of the biological processes involved, which could provide possible new treatment strategies. We aimed to profile the transcriptome of lesional palmar epidermal skin of patients suffering from vesicular hand eczema using RNA‐sequencing. RNA‐sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in lesional vs. non‐lesional palmar epidermal skin from a group of patients with vesicular hand eczema compared to healthy controls. Comprehensive real‐time quantitative PCR analyses and immunohistochemistry were used for validation of candidate genes and protein profiles for vesicular hand eczema. Overall, a significant and high expression of genes/proteins involved in keratinocyte host defense and inflammation was found in lesional skin. Furthermore, we detected several molecules, both up or downregulated in lesional skin, which are involved in epidermal differentiation. Immune signalling genes were found to be upregulated in lesional skin, albeit with relatively low expression levels. Non‐lesional patient skin showed no significant differences compared to healthy control skin. Lesional vesicular hand eczema skin shows a distinct expression profile compared to non‐lesional skin and healthy control skin. Notably, the overall results indicate a large overlap between vesicular hand eczema and earlier reported atopic dermatitis lesional transcriptome profiles, which suggests that treatments for atopic dermatitis could also be effective in (vesicular) hand eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique N Voorberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jart A F Oosterhaven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geertruida L E Romeijn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Evaluation of PSEN1 subunit of the γ-secretase gene in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: a pilot study. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 37:915-920. [PMID: 33603609 PMCID: PMC7874871 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, the prevalence of which is 1–3% in the Polish population. Genome testing using single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed more than 50 regions associated with the risk of psoriasis, and most of these genes are associated with the immune system. Aim To assess the presence of PSEN1 subunits of the γ-secretase gene polymorphisms in patients with psoriasis and comparison of results with a healthy control group. Material and methods We used polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR RFLP) method to assess polymorphisms. The starting material for analysis was peripheral blood obtained from the patient. Results PSEN1a-positivity was found in 2/52 (2.78%) of patients with psoriasis and 1/36 (3.85%) of healthy controls. PSEN1b positivity was seen in 3/52 (5.77%) of patients with psoriasis and 1/36 (3.85%) of control individuals. Only 3 patients with psoriasis but none of healthy volunteers had a presence of PSEN1c. Four patients were excluded from further statistical analysis. Conclusions We have not shown a relationship between PSEN1 polymorphism and the clinical occurrence of psoriasis but now we start the assessment of other subunits of the γ-secretase gene – PSENEN and NCSTN.
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de Koning HD, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van der Meer JWM, Zeeuwen PLJM, Simon A, Schalkwijk J. Mast-cell interleukin-1β, neutrophil interleukin-17 and epidermal antimicrobial proteins in the neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis in Schnitzler's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:448-56. [PMID: 25904179 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schnitzler's syndrome (SchS) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by a chronic urticarial rash, a monoclonal component and signs of systemic inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-1β is pivotal in the pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES Here we investigated the cellular source of proinflammatory mediators in the skin of patients with SchS. METHODS Skin biopsies of lesional and nonlesional skin from eight patients with SchS and healthy controls, and patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), delayed-pressure urticaria (DPU) and cold-contact urticaria (CCU) were studied. We studied in vivoIL-1β, IL-17 and antimicrobial protein (AMP) expression in resident skin cells and infiltrating cells. In addition we investigated the in vitro effect of IL-1β, IL-17 and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly:IC) stimulation on cultured epidermal keratinocytes. RESULTS Remarkably, we found IL-1β-positive dermal mast cells in both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with SchS, but not in healthy control skin and CCU, and fewer in CAPS. IL-17-positive neutrophils were observed only in lesional SchS and DPU skin. In lesional SchS epidermis, mRNA and protein expression levels of AMPs were strongly increased compared with nonlesional skin and that of healthy controls. When exposed to IL-1β, poly:IC or IL-17, patient and control primary human keratinocytes produced AMPs in similar amounts. CONCLUSIONS Dermal mast cells of patients with SchS produce IL-1β. This presumably leads to activation of keratinocytes and neutrophil influx, and further amplification of inflammation by IL-17 (from neutrophils and mast cells) and epidermal AMP production leading to chronic histamine-independent neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - D Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Zeeuwen PLJM, Boekhorst J, van den Bogaard EH, de Koning HD, van de Kerkhof PMC, Saulnier DM, van Swam II, van Hijum SAFT, Kleerebezem M, Schalkwijk J, Timmerman HM. Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R101. [PMID: 23153041 PMCID: PMC3580493 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-11-r101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled metagenomic analyses of many human body sites. Several studies have catalogued the composition of bacterial communities of the surface of human skin, mostly under static conditions in healthy volunteers. Skin injury will disturb the cutaneous homeostasis of the host tissue and its commensal microbiota, but the dynamics of this process have not been studied before. Here we analyzed the microbiota of the surface layer and the deeper layers of the stratum corneum of normal skin, and we investigated the dynamics of recolonization of skin microbiota following skin barrier disruption by tape stripping as a model of superficial injury. RESULTS We observed gender differences in microbiota composition and showed that bacteria are not uniformly distributed in the stratum corneum. Phylogenetic distance analysis was employed to follow microbiota development during recolonization of injured skin. Surprisingly, the developing neo-microbiome at day 14 was more similar to that of the deeper stratum corneum layers than to the initial surface microbiome. In addition, we also observed variation in the host response towards superficial injury as assessed by the induction of antimicrobial protein expression in epidermal keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the microbiome of the deeper layers, rather than that of the superficial skin layer, may be regarded as the host indigenous microbiome. Characterization of the skin microbiome under dynamic conditions, and the ensuing response of the microbial community and host tissue, will shed further light on the complex interaction between resident bacteria and epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick LJM Zeeuwen
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen D de Koning
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter MC van de Kerkhof
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iris I van Swam
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha AFT van Hijum
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro M Timmerman
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
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de Koning H, van den Bogaard E, Bergboer J, Kamsteeg M, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Hitomi K, Henry J, Simon M, Takashita N, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen P. Expression profile of cornified envelope structural proteins and keratinocyte differentiation-regulating proteins during skin barrier repair. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Psoriasis risk genes of the late cornified envelope-3 group are distinctly expressed compared with genes of other LCE groups. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1470-7. [PMID: 21435436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of the late cornified envelope (LCE) genes LCE3B and LCE3C has recently been identified as a risk factor for psoriasis. Expression of 16 LCE genes of LCE groups 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 was examined in vivo and in vitro. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that moderate to high LCE expression was largely confined to skin and a few oropharyngeal tissues. Genes of the LCE3 group demonstrated increased expression in lesional psoriatic epidermis and were induced after superficial injury of normal skin, whereas expression of members of other LCE groups was down-regulated under these conditions. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that LCE2 protein expression was restricted to the uppermost granular layer and the stratum corneum. Stimulation of in vitro reconstructed skin by several psoriasis-associated cytokines resulted in induction of LCE3 members. The data suggest that LCE proteins of groups 1, 2, 5, and 6 are involved in normal skin barrier function, whereas LCE3 genes encode proteins involved in barrier repair after injury or inflammation. These findings may provide clues to the mechanistic role of LCE3B/C deletion in psoriasis.
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Mattiuzzo NR, Toulza E, Jonca N, Serre G, Guerrin M. A large-scale multi-technique approach identifies forty-nine new players of keratinocyte terminal differentiation in human epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:113-8. [PMID: 21255089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
At the latest stage of terminal differentiation in the epidermis, granular keratinocytes (GKs) undergo cornification, a programmed cell death required for the establishment of a functional skin barrier. A complex genetic regulatory network orchestrates the underlying biochemical modifications, but very few transcription factors specific to this programme have been identified to date. Here, we describe a large-scale, multi-technique approach performed on cells purified from normal human epidermis, primarily focusing on the identification of regulators. We combined data from microarray analysis of cell fractions enriched in GKs or basal keratinocytes, from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library built from GKs and from an in silico promoter analysis of 52 differentiation-associated genes. Among 3576 genes potentially expressed in GK, 298 candidates were selected, and half were directly profiled for the first time in the different layers of the epidermis by quantitative real-time PCR. Forty-nine genes upregulated during terminal differentiation, associated with numerous function of GK including lipid synthesis and secretion, were identified. Of 94 transcription factors detected, 37 were found to be either positively or negatively regulated, suggesting their involvement as regulators of gene expression in the GKs. These results largely extend the number of genes known as involved in the latest step of the terminal differentiation of human epidermis as well as the number of transcription factors known to control the expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R Mattiuzzo
- UMR 5165 Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity, CNRS - University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Sawada R, Peterson CY, Gonzalez AM, Potenza BM, Mueller B, Coimbra R, Eliceiri BP, Baird A. A phage-targeting strategy for the design of spatiotemporal drug delivery from grafted matrices. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:7. [PMID: 21329515 PMCID: PMC3050739 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background The natural response to injury is dynamic and normally consists of complex temporal and spatial cellular changes in gene expression, which, when acting in synchrony, result in patent tissue repair and, in some instances, regeneration. However, current therapeutic regiments are static and most rely on matrices, gels and engineered skin tissue. Accordingly, there is a need to design next-generation grafting materials to enable biotherapeutic spatiotemporal targeting from clinically approved matrices. To this end, rather then focus on developing completely new grafting materials, we investigated whether phage display could be deployed onto clinically approved synthetic grafts to identify peptide motifs capable of linking pharmaceutical drugs with differential affinities and eventually, control drug delivery from matrices over both space and time. Methods To test this hypothesis, we biopanned combinatorial peptide libraries onto different formulations of a wound-healing matrix (Integra®) and eluted the bound peptides with 1) high salt, 2) collagen and glycosaminoglycan or 3) low pH. After three to six rounds of biopanning, phage recovery and phage amplification of the bound particles, any phage that had acquired a capacity to bind the matrix was sequenced. Results In this first report, we identify distinct classes of matrix-binding peptides which elute differently from the screened matrix and demonstrate that they can be applied in a spatially relevant manner. Conclusions We suggest that further applications of these combinatorial techniques to wound-healing matrices may offer a new way to improve the performance of clinically approved matrices so as to introduce temporal and spatial control over drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 W, Arbor Dr,, San Diego, CA 92103-8236 USA.
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Roupé KM, Alberius P, Schmidtchen A, Sørensen OE. Gene expression demonstrates increased resilience toward harmful inflammatory stimuli in the proliferating epidermis of human skin wounds. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e329-32. [PMID: 20653772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the epidermal gene expression during the proliferative phase of wound healing. Matrix metalloproteases were the group of proteases most prominently up-regulated in skin wounds, whereas serine protease inhibitors were the most strongly up-regulated protease inhibitors. Furthermore, we found down-regulation of genes involved in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This together with the up-regulation of inhibitors of leukocyte serine proteases likely represents a protective step to ensure survival of keratinocytes in the inflammatory wound environment. The down-regulation of proapoptotic genes in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis was not accompanied by a down-regulation of receptors indicating that the keratinocytes in skin wounds did not become less responsive to external stimuli. Examining the transcription factor binding sites in the promoters of the most differentially expressed genes between normal skin and skin wounds a significant overrepresentation of binding sites were found for STAT-5, SRY and members of the FOXO-family of transcription factors.
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Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Post-genomics and skin inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:364823. [PMID: 20886018 PMCID: PMC2945662 DOI: 10.1155/2010/364823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are two chronic skin inflammatory diseases that have so far received a greater attention within the scientific community through different post-genomic approaches; on the contrary, acne, which is undoubtedly one of the most common skin disorders involving inflammatory processes, seems to be still quite neglected under the post-genomic point of view. In this paper, we will review how post-genomic technologies have provided new fundamental tools for the analysis of these three conditions and we will cast light on their potential in addressing future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Lee JS, Kim MR, Kim NS, Kim YS, Yang JM, Cho AY, Lee Y, Kim CD, Lee JH. Expression profiling of calcium induced genes in cultured human keratinocytes. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:619-25. [PMID: 20358008 PMCID: PMC2844606 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.4.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of skin keratinocytes is a vertically directed multi-step process that is tightly controlled by the sequential expression of a variety of genes. To examine the gene expression profile in calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation, we constructed a normalized cDNA library using mRNA isolated from these calcium-treated keratinocytes. After sequencing about 10,000 clones, we were able to obtain 4,104 independent genes. They consisted of 3,699 annotated genes and 405 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Some were the genes involved in constituting epidermal structures and others were unknown genes that are probably associated with keratinocytes. In particular, we were able to identify genes located at the chromosome 1q21, the locus for the epidermal differentiation complex, and 19q13.1, another probable locus for epidermal differentiation-related gene clusters. One EST located at the chromosome 19q13.1 showed increased expression by calcium treatment, suggesting a novel candidate gene relevant to keratinocyte differentiation. These results demonstrate the complexity of the transcriptional profile of keratinocytes, providing important clues on which to base further investigations of the molecular events underlying keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Rang Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Young Cho
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Kamsteeg M, Jansen P, Van Vlijmen-Willems I, Van Erp P, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Van Der Valk P, Feuth T, Zeeuwen P, Schalkwijk J. Molecular diagnostics of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:568-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Cheng T, Tjabringa GS, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Hitomi K, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. The cystatin M/E-controlled pathway of skin barrier formation: expression of its key components in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:253-64. [PMID: 19438477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiprotease activity of cystatin M/E regulates skin barrier formation, as it inhibits the activity of cathepsin V, cathepsin L and legumain, thereby controlling the processing of transglutaminase 3. Misregulation of this pathway by unrestrained protease activity, as seen in cystatin M/E-deficient mice, leads to abnormal stratum corneum and hair follicle formation, and severe disturbance of skin barrier function. OBJECTIVES Our major aim was to make a quantitative analysis of the expression of all players of this pathway in the epidermis of patients with inflammatory skin diseases. A second aim was to determine if reconstructed human skin could be used as an in vitro model system to investigate this pathway. METHODS Autopsy material from normal human tissues, biopsies from normal skin of healthy volunteers, and lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis were used to study the expression of the above-mentioned molecules at the mRNA level by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Localization of the protein was performed by immunofluorescence microscopy, and expression was quantitated by image analysis. RESULTS In skin, cystatin M/E is expressed at relatively higher levels than its target proteases, when compared with other tissues, which emphasizes its prominent role in cutaneous biology. We found decreased expression of cystatin M/E and cathepsin V in lesional atopic dermatitis and psoriasis epidermis at the mRNA level as well as the protein level. Cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 were increased at the transcriptional level; however, this was not reflected by higher protein levels. Interestingly, the expression of all these molecules in reconstructed skin was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the in vivo situation. CONCLUSIONS Disturbance of the cystatin M/E-cathepsin pathway could contribute to the dysregulated skin barrier function observed in inflammatory dermatoses. Human reconstructed skin appears to be a valuable model to study this novel biochemical pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zeeuwen PLJM, Cheng T, Schalkwijk J. The biology of cystatin M/E and its cognate target proteases. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1327-38. [PMID: 19262604 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin M/E is a member of a superfamily of evolutionarily-related cysteine protease inhibitors that provide regulatory and protective functions against uncontrolled proteolysis by cysteine proteases. Although most cystatins are ubiquitously expressed, high levels of cystatin M/E expression are mainly restricted to the epithelia of the skin (epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands) and to a few extracutaneous tissues. The identification of its physiological targets and the localization of these proteases in skin have suggested a regulatory role for cystatin M/E in epidermal differentiation. In vitro biochemical approaches as well as the use of in vivo mouse models have revealed that cystatin M/E is a key molecule in a biochemical pathway that controls skin barrier formation by the regulation of both crosslinking and desquamation of the stratum corneum. Cystatin M/E directly controls the activity of cathepsin V, cathepsin L, and legumain, thereby regulating the processing of transglutaminases. Misregulation of this pathway by unrestrained protease activity, as seen in cystatin M/E-deficient mice, leads to abnormal stratum corneum and hair follicle formation, as well as to severe disturbance of skin barrier function. Here, we review the current knowledge on cystatin M/E in skin barrier formation and its potential role as a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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van Lingen R, van de Kerkhof P, Seyger M, de Jong E, van Rens D, Poll M, Zeeuwen P, van Erp P. CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV in psoriatic skin: upregulation and topographical changes. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1264-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Zuyderduyn SD. Statistical analysis and significance testing of serial analysis of gene expression data using a Poisson mixture model. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8:282. [PMID: 17683533 PMCID: PMC2147036 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is used to obtain quantitative snapshots of the transcriptome. These profiles are count-based and are assumed to follow a Binomial or Poisson distribution. However, tag counts observed across multiple libraries (for example, one or more groups of biological replicates) have additional variance that cannot be accommodated by this assumption alone. Several models have been proposed to account for this effect, all of which utilize a continuous prior distribution to explain the excess variance. Here, a Poisson mixture model, which assumes excess variability arises from sampling a mixture of distinct components, is proposed and the merits of this model are discussed and evaluated. Results The goodness of fit of the Poisson mixture model on 15 sets of biological SAGE replicates is compared to the previously proposed hierarchical gamma-Poisson (negative binomial) model, and a substantial improvement is seen. In further support of the mixture model, there is observed: 1) an increase in the number of mixture components needed to fit the expression of tags representing more than one transcript; and 2) a tendency for components to cluster libraries into the same groups. A confidence score is presented that can identify tags that are differentially expressed between groups of SAGE libraries. Several examples where this test outperforms those previously proposed are highlighted. Conclusion The Poisson mixture model performs well as a) a method to represent SAGE data from biological replicates, and b) a basis to assign significance when testing for differential expression between multiple groups of replicates. Code for the R statistical software package is included to assist investigators in applying this model to their own data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zuyderduyn
- Victor Ling Laboratory, Department of Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave,, Vancouver, Canada.
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17
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Paz A, Mester D, Nevo E, Korol A. Looking for organization patterns of highly expressed genes: purine-pyrimidine composition of precursor mRNAs. J Mol Evol 2007; 64:248-60. [PMID: 17211550 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-006-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) of 12 eukaryotic species. In each species, three groups of highly expressed genes, ribosomal proteins, heat shock proteins, and amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, were compared with a control group (randomly selected genes). The purine-pyrimidine (R-Y) composition of pre-mRNAs of the three targeted gene groups proved to differ significantly from the control. The exons of the three groups tested have higher purine contents and R-tract abundance and lower abundance of Y-tracts compared to the control (R-tract-tract of sequential purines with Rn>or=5; Y-tract-tract of sequential pyrimidines with Yn>or=5). In species widely employing "intron definition" in the splicing process, the Y content of introns of the three targeted groups appeared to be higher compared to the control group. Furthermore, in all examined species, the introns of the targeted genes have a lower abundance of R-tracts compared to the control. We hypothesized that the R-Y composition of the targeted gene groups contributes to high rate and efficiency of both splicing and translation, in addition to the mRNA coding role. This is presumably achieved by (1) reducing the possibility of the formation of secondary structures in the mRNA, (2) using the R-tracts and R-biased sequences as exonic splicing enhancers, (3) lowering the amount of targets for pyrimidine tract binding protein in the exons, and (4) reducing the amount of target sequences for binding of serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins in the introns, thereby allowing SR proteins to bind to proper (exonic) targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paz
- Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
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18
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Abstract
During wound healing, cells recreate functional structures to regenerate the injured tissue. Understanding the healing process is essential for the development of new concepts and the design of novel biomimetic approaches for delivery of cells, genes and growth factors to accelerate tissue regeneration. To this end, realistic experimental models and high-throughput diagnostics are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of healing and reveal the genetic networks that determine tissue repair versus regeneration. Following a brief overview of the biology of wound healing, this review covers the in vitro and in vivo models that are employed at present to study the healing process. Discussion then covers the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in epithelial development, living skin substitutes and wound healing. Finally, this review provides a perspective on novel technologies that should be developed to facilitate the understanding of wound healing complications and the design of therapeutics that target the underlying deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios T Andreadis
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 908 Furnas Hall, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
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April CS, Barsh GS. Skin layer-specific transcriptional profiles in normal and recessive yellow (Mc1re/Mc1re) mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:194-205. [PMID: 16704453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) plays a central role in cutaneous biology, but is expressed at very low levels by a small fraction of cells in the skin. In humans, loss-of-function MC1R mutations cause fair skin, freckling, red hair, and increased predisposition to melanoma; in mice, Mc1r loss-of-function is responsible for the recessive yellow mutation, associated with pheomelanic hair and a decreased number of epidermal melanocytes. To better understand how Mc1r signaling affects different cutaneous phenotypes, we examined large-scale patterns of gene expression in different skin components (whole epidermal sheets, basal epidermal cells and whole skins) of neonatal (P2.5) normal and recessive yellow mice, starting with a 26K mouse cDNA microarray. From c. 17 000 genes whose levels could be accurately measured in neonatal skin, we identified 883, 2097 and 552 genes that were uniquely expressed in the suprabasal epidermis, basal epidermis and dermis, respectively; specific biologic roles could be assigned for each class. Comparison of normal and recessive yellow mice revealed 69 differentially expressed genes, of which the majority had not been previously implicated in Mc1r signaling. Surprisingly, many of the Mc1r-dependent genes are expressed in cells other than melanocytes, even though Mc1r expression in the skin is confined almost exclusively to epidermal melanocytes. These results reveal new targets for Mc1r signaling, and point to a previously unappreciated role for a Mc1r-dependent paracrine effect of melanocytes on other components of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S April
- Department of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5323, USA
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20
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Ozbas-Gerçeker F, Redeker S, Boer K, Ozgüç M, Saygi S, Dalkara T, Soylemezoglu F, Akalan N, Baayen JC, Gorter JA, Aronica E. Serial analysis of gene expression in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2006; 138:457-74. [PMID: 16413123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis constitutes the most frequent neuropathological finding in patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Serial analysis of gene expression was used to get a global view of the gene profile in human hippocampus in control condition and in epileptic condition associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Libraries were generated from control hippocampus, obtained by rapid autopsy, and from hippocampal surgical specimens of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and the classical pattern of hippocampal sclerosis. More than 50,000 tags were analyzed (28,282, control hippocampus; 25,953, hippocampal sclerosis) resulting in 9206 (control hippocampus) and 9599 (hippocampal sclerosis) unique tags (genes), each representing a specific mRNA transcript. Comparison of the two libraries resulted in the identification of 143 transcripts that were differentially expressed. These genes belong to a variety of functional classes, including basic metabolism, transcription regulation, protein synthesis and degradation, signal transduction, structural proteins, regeneration and synaptic plasticity and genes of unknown identity of function. The database generated by this study provides an extensive inventory of genes expressed in human control hippocampus, identifies new high-abundant genes associated with altered hippocampal morphology in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and serves as a reference for future studies aimed at detecting hippocampal transcriptional responses under various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ozbas-Gerçeker
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Itoh K, Kawasaki S, Kawamoto S, Seishima M, Chiba H, Michibata H, Wakimoto K, Imai Y, Minesaki Y, Otsuji M, Okubo K. Identification of differentially expressed genes in psoriasis using expression profiling approaches. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:667-74. [PMID: 16098126 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify differentially expressed genes which play causal roles in pathogenesis and maintenance for psoriasis, we used BodyMapping and introduced amplified fragment length polymorphism approaches. From the BodyMap database, we selected 2007 genes which specifically expressed in epithelial tissues. Among 2007 genes, we surveyed genes which differentially expressed in involved or uninvolved psoriatic lesional skin samples compared with atopic dermatitis, mycosis fungoides, and normal skin samples. As a result of surveying 2007 genes, 241 genes were differentially expressed only in involved psoriatic skin but not in the other samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of gene expression profiles showed that 13 independent psoriatic-involved skin samples clustered tightly together, reflecting highly similar expression profiles. Using the same 2007 gene set, we examined gene expression levels in five serial lesions from distal uninvolved psoriatic skin to involved psoriatic plaque. We identified seven genes such as alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor, calnexin, claudin 1, leucine zipper down-regulated in cancer 1, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Yes-associated protein 1, and unc-13-like protein (Coleonyx elegans) which show high-expression levels only in uninvolved psoriatic lesions. These seven genes, which were reported to be related to apoptosis or antiproliferation, might have causal roles in pathophysiology in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Laboratory for Gene-Expression Analysis, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
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22
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Pérez-Plasencia C, Riggins G, Vázquez-Ortiz G, Moreno J, Arreola H, Hidalgo A, Piña-Sanchez P, Salcedo M. Characterization of the global profile of genes expressed in cervical epithelium by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE). BMC Genomics 2005; 6:130. [PMID: 16171524 PMCID: PMC1261262 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a new technique that allows a detailed and profound quantitative and qualitative knowledge of gene expression profile, without previous knowledge of sequence of analyzed genes. We carried out a modification of SAGE methodology (microSAGE), useful for the analysis of limited quantities of tissue samples, on normal human cervical tissue obtained from a donor without histopathological lesions. Cervical epithelium is constituted mainly by cervical keratinocytes which are the targets of human papilloma virus (HPV), where persistent HPV infection of cervical epithelium is associated with an increase risk for developing cervical carcinomas (CC). RESULTS We report here a transcriptome analysis of cervical tissue by SAGE, derived from 30,418 sequenced tags that provide a wealth of information about the gene products involved in normal cervical epithelium physiology, as well as genes not previously found in uterine cervix tissue involved in the process of epidermal differentiation. CONCLUSION This first comprehensive and profound analysis of uterine cervix transcriptome, should be useful for the identification of genes involved in normal cervix uterine function, and candidate genes associated with cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Gregory Riggins
- John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guelaguetza Vázquez-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - José Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS México
| | - Hugo Arreola
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Patricia Piña-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN Siglo XXI-IMSS, Mexico
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23
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Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease. Genetic events including mutations, chromosomal gains, losses and rearrangements, along with epigenetic alterations, lead to significant transcriptional changes in cancer cells. Changes in the expression of many genes associated with the onset and progression of cancer likely contribute to the cancerous phenotype. SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) is an expression profiling method that allows for global, unbiased and quantitative characterisation of transcriptomes. The expression of thousands of genes can be analysed simultaneously without prior knowledge of their sequence, thus leading to the discovery of novel transcripts. In addition to characterising normal and malignant gene expression patterns, SAGE can be used to identify downstream targets of tumour suppressors and oncogenes and further annotate genomes. Comprehensive analyses of expression profiles using SAGE will yield many new diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Porter
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Dermatological diseases range from minor cosmetic problems to life-threatening conditions, as seen in some severe disorders of keratinization and cornification. These disorders are commonly due to abnormal epidermal differentiation processes, which result in disturbed barrier function of human skin. Elucidation of the cellular differentiation programs that regulate the formation and homeostasis of the epidermis is therefore of great importance for the understanding and therapy of these disorders. Much of the barrier function of human epidermis against the environment is provided by the cornified cell envelope (CE), which is assembled by transglutaminase (TGase)-mediated cross-linking of several structural proteins and lipids during the terminal stages of normal keratinocyte differentiation. The major constituents of the stratum corneum and the current knowledge on the formation of the stratum corneum will be briefly reviewed here. The discovery of mutations that underlie several human diseases caused by genetic defects in the protein or lipid components of the CE, and recent analyses of mouse mutants with defects in the structural components of the CE, catalyzing enzymes, and lipid processing, have highlighted their essential function in establishing the epidermal barrier. In addition, recent findings have provided evidence that a disturbed protease-antiprotease balance could cause faulty differentiation processes in the epidermis and hair follicle. The importance of regulated proteolysis in epithelia is well demonstrated by the recent identification of the SPINK5 serine proteinase inhibitor as the defective gene in Netherton syndrome, cathepsin C mutations in Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cathepsin L deficiency infurless mice, targeted ablation of the serine protease Matriptase/MTSP1, targeted ablation of the aspartate protease cathepsin D, and the phenotype of targeted epidermal overexpression of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in mice. Notably, our recent findings on the role of cystatin M/E and legumain as a functional dyad in skin and hair follicle cornification, a paradigm example of the regulatory functions exerted by epidermal proteases, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Lemaître G, Lamartine J, Pitaval A, Vaigot P, Garin J, Bouet S, Petat C, Soularue P, Gidrol X, Martin MT, Waksman G. Expression profiling of genes and proteins in HaCaT keratinocytes: Proliferating versus differentiated state. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:1048-62. [PMID: 15389883 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the mechanism of keratinocyte differentiation in culture is still uncompleted. The emergence of new technologies, such as cDNA microarrays or 2D electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis, has allowed the identification of genes and proteins expressed in biological processes in keratinocytes. Here, we report a genome wide analysis of proliferating versus differentiated human HaCaT keratinocytes. We found that genes and proteins which take part in the cell cycle control, carbohydrate metabolism, cell auto-immunity, adhesion and cytokine signal transduction pathways were regulated in differentiated HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, we identified seven proteins and 33 transcripts that had not been previously described as differentially expressed in proliferating versus differentiated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, some of these transcripts or proteins were similarly regulated in human primary keratinocytes and in human epidermis. The present study opens new areas of investigation in the comprehension of keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lemaître
- Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CEA, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Evry, France
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26
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Weeraratna AT, Becker D, Carr KM, Duray PH, Rosenblatt KP, Yang S, Chen Y, Bittner M, Strausberg RL, Riggins GJ, Wagner U, Kallioniemi OP, Trent JM, Morin PJ, Meltzer PS. Generation and analysis of melanoma SAGE libraries: SAGE advice on the melanoma transcriptome. Oncogene 2004; 23:2264-74. [PMID: 14755246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we generated three SAGE libraries from melanoma tissues. Using bioinformatics tools usually applied to microarray data, we identified several genes, including novel transcripts, which are preferentially expressed in melanoma. SAGE results converged with previous microarray analysis on the importance of intracellular calcium and G-protein signaling, and the Wnt/Frizzled family. We also examined the expression of CD74, which was specifically, albeit not abundantly, expressed in the melanoma libraries using a melanoma progression tissue microarray, and demonstrate that this protein is expressed by melanoma cells but not by benign melanocytes. Many genes involved in intracellular calcium and G-protein signaling were highly expressed in melanoma, results we had observed earlier from microarray studies (Bittner et al., 2000). One of the genes most highly expressed in our melanoma SAGE libraries was a calcium-regulated gene, calpain 3 (p94). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that calpain 3 moves from the nuclei of non-neoplastic cells to the cytoplasm of malignant cells, suggesting activation of this intracellular proteinase. Our SAGE results and the clinical validation data demonstrate how SAGE profiles can highlight specific links between signaling pathways as well as associations with tumor progression. This may provide insights into new genes that may be useful for the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani T Weeraratna
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, The National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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27
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Pedersen TX, Leethanakul C, Patel V, Mitola D, Lund LR, Danø K, Johnsen M, Gutkind JS, Bugge TH. Laser capture microdissection-based in vivo genomic profiling of wound keratinocytes identifies similarities and differences to squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:3964-76. [PMID: 12813470 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes undergo a dramatic phenotypic conversion during reepithelialization of skin wounds to become hyperproliferative, migratory, and invasive. This transient healing response phenotypically resembles malignant transformation of keratinocytes during squamous cell carcinoma progression. Here we present the first analysis of global changes in keratinocyte gene expression during skin wound healing in vivo, and compare these changes to changes in gene expression during malignant conversion of keratinized epithelium. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate RNA from wound keratinocytes from incisional mouse skin wounds and adjacent normal skin keratinocytes. Changes in gene expression were determined by comparative cDNA array analyses, and the approach was validated by in situ hybridization. The analyses identified 48 candidate genes not previously associated with wound reepithelialization. Furthermore, the analyses revealed that the phenotypic resemblance of wound keratinocytes to squamous cell carcinoma is mimicked at the level of gene expression, but notable differences between the two tissue-remodeling processes were also observed. The combination of laser capture microdissection and cDNA array analysis provides a powerful new tool to unravel the complex changes in gene expression that underlie physiological and pathological remodeling of keratinized epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Xenia Pedersen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 211, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Weeraratna AT. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE): advances, analysis and applications to pigment cell research. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2003; 16:183-9. [PMID: 12753384 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As cells progress from normal to diseased states, they may undergo a series of gene expression changes. Advances in molecular biology allow us to examine a host of these changes at once, in a high throughput fashion. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) allows for the expression profiling of the complete transcriptome of a given cell, and has the potential for identifying novel genes as well as those in low abundance. In this review, we will outline the technique, how one analyzes the massive amounts of data generated, and describe pigment cell libraries currently in the making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani T Weeraratna
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Cornelissen M, van der Kuyl AC, van den Burg R, Zorgdrager F, van Noesel CJM, Goudsmit J. Gene expression profile of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. BMC Cancer 2003; 3:7. [PMID: 12697073 PMCID: PMC155676 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2002] [Accepted: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a proliferation of aberrant vascular structures lined by spindle cells, and is caused by a gammaherpes virus (HHV8/KSHV). Its course is aggravated by co-infection with HIV-1, where the timing of infection with HIV-1 and HHV8 is important for the clinical outcome. METHODS In order to better understand the pathogenesis of KS, we have analysed tissue from two AIDS-KS lesions, and from normal skin by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was then used to validate the results. RESULTS The expression profile of AIDS-related KS (AIDS-KS) reflects an active process in the skin. Transcripts of HHV8 were found to be very low, and HIV-1 mRNA was not detected by SAGE, although it could be found using RT-PCR. Comparing the expression profile of AIDS-KS tissue with publicly available SAGE libraries suggested that AIDS-KS mRNA levels are most similar to those in an artificially mixed library of endothelial cells and leukocytes, in line with the description of KS lesions as containing spindle cells with endothelial characteristics, and an inflammatory infiltrate. At least 64 transcripts were found to be significantly elevated, and 28 were statistically downregulated in AIDS-KS compared to normal skin. Five of the upregulated mRNAs, including Tie 1 and sialoadhesin/CD169, were confirmed by semi-quantitative PCR to be elevated in additional AIDS-KS biopsies. Antibodies to sialoadhesin/CD169, a known marker of activated macrophages, were shown to specifically label tumour macrophages. CONCLUSION The expression profile of AIDS-KS showed 64 genes to be significantly upregulated, and 28 genes downregulated, compared with normal skin. One of the genes with increased expression was sialoadhesin (CD169). Antibodies to sialoadhesin/CD169 specifically labelled tumour-associated macrophages, suggesting that macrophages present in AIDS-KS lesions belong to a subset of human CD169+ macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/metabolism
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Galectins/biosynthesis
- Galectins/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratins/biosynthesis
- Keratins/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 1
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cornelissen
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van den Burg
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fokla Zorgdrager
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel JM van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Present address: Crucell N.V., Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2002. [PMCID: PMC2448418 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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