An association between LSIL and the high secretor phenotype of IL-1beta

IL-1B rs2853550 polymorphism contributes to esophageal cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han population of Northwest China

BACKGROUND

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common human cancers, with a particularly aggressive behavior and increased incidence worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-1B with the risk of EC in a northwest Chinese Han population.

METHODS

In order to evaluate the correlations between IL-1B polymorphisms and EC risk, an Agena MassARRAY platform was used to determine the genotype of the candidate SNPs among 384 EC patients and 499 controls. The associations between IL-1B variants and EC risk were examined using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for gender and age. Haplotype construction and analysis were performed to detect the potential associations between haplotypes within IL-1B and EC susceptibility. Additionally, bioinformatics databases were used for gene expression analysis and SNP functional prediction.

RESULTS

A significant relationship was found between IL-1B rs2853550 and an increased risk of EC in the allele model [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.01-1.89, p = 0.041), the codominant model (A/G, OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.10-2.42, p = 0.011), and the dominant model (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.02-2.18, p = 0.041). Functional analysis revealed the potential effects of rs2853550, which further reinforced its influence on EC susceptibility. However, there were no statistically significant differences for other SNPs or haplotypes between EC cases and healthy controls. Expression analysis conducted with dataset indicated that the expression level of IL-1B was higher in EC cases than that in normal samples.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that rs2853550 in IL-1B might increase EC susceptibility in the Chinese Han population of Northwest China.

Interleukin 1β and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and cervical cancer: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Previous studies investigating the association between interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and its receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) polymorphism and cervical cancer risk have reported controversial results. Thus, we examined these associations by performing meta-analyses.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Fourteen studies testing the association between IL-1β and/or IL-1RN gene polymorphisms and cervical cancer were examined: 5 studies of IL-1β-511C/T, 3 studies of IL-1β-31T/C, and 6 studies of IL-1RN. Overall and ethnicity-specific summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cervical cancer associated with these polymorphisms were estimated using fixed- and random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis of all 6 studies showed variant genotypes of IL-1RN to be associated with an elevated cervical cancer risk (RN2/RN2 vs RN1/RN1: OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.29-5.40; recessive: OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.06-4.38; dominant: OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07-2.38). Combined analysis indicated that IL-1β-511C/T polymorphism was also associated with increased risk of cervical cancer (TT vs CC: OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.22-1.99; CT vs CC: OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.31-1.99; dominant: OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.31-1.95). No significant association of IL-1β-31T/C and cervical cancer risk was detected. There was no evidence of publication bias.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggested that the IL-1RN and IL-1β-511C/T polymorphisms may contribute to genetic susceptibility of cervical cancer. More studies are needed to further evaluate the role of the IL-1β-31T/C polymorphism in the etiology of cancer.

Post-translational control of IL-1β via the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein: a novel mechanism of innate immune escape mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53

Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of anogenital cancer. HPVs apparently evade the innate immune response of their host cells by dysregulating immunomodulatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines, thereby creating a microenvironment that favors malignancy. One central key player in the immune surveillance interactome is interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) which not only mediates inflammation, but also links innate and adaptive immunity. Because of its pleiotropic physiological effects, IL-1β production is tightly controlled on transcriptional, post-translational and secretory levels. Here, we describe a novel mechanism how the high-risk HPV16 E6 oncoprotein abrogates IL-1β processing and secretion in a NALP3 inflammasome-independent manner. We analyzed IL-1β regulation in immortalized keratinocytes that harbor the HPV16 E6 and/or E7 oncogenes as well as HPV-positive cervical tumor cells. While in primary and in E7-immortalized human keratinocytes the secretion of IL-1β was highly inducible upon inflammasome activation, E6-positive cells did not respond. Western blot analyses revealed a strong reduction of basal intracellular levels of pro-IL-1β that was independent of dysregulation of the NALP3 inflammasome, autophagy or lysosomal activity. Instead, we demonstrate that pro-IL-1β is degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner in E6-positive cells which is mediated via the ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. Conversely, in E6- and E6/E7-immortalized cells pro-IL-1β levels were restored by siRNA knock-down of E6-AP and simultaneous recovery of functional p53. In the context of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, these data suggest a novel post-translational mechanism of pro-IL-1β regulation which ultimately inhibits the secretion of IL-1β in virus-infected keratinocytes. The clinical relevance of our results was further confirmed in HPV-positive tissue samples, where a gradual decrease of IL-1β towards cervical cancer could be discerned. Hence, attenuation of IL-1β by the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein in immortalized cells is apparently a crucial step in viral immune evasion and initiation of malignancy.

Persistently high-risk HPV-infected individuals have an increased risk to develop anogenital cancer. HPV encodes the viral proteins E6 and E7 that interact with and induce the degradation of the cell cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively, priming immortalized keratinocytes towards malignant transformation. In early antiviral immune response, IL-1β is an important factor for the initiation of inflammation and activation of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells. Our study describes a post-translationally controlled pathway where E6 mediates proteasomal degradation of IL-1β in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes. This process depends on the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53 highlighting a novel molecular mechanism of a virus-host interaction that is critical for evading innate immune defense. IL-1β dysregulation is also found in tissue sections which represent different stages of virus-induced carcinogenesis, underlining the clinical relevance of our findings.

Polymorphisms in interleukin-1B (IL-1B) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) genes associate with gastric cancer risk in the Chinese population

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies afflicting the Chinese population. Polymorphisms in interleukin-1B (IL-1B) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) genes have been associated with increased gastric cancer risk.

AIMS

A case-control study enrolled 392 gastric cancer patients and 508 healthy were carried out to investigate the association between polymorphisms in IL-1B and IL-1RN and gastric cancer risk.

METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for detection of two potentially functional polymorphisms (IL-1B-31 and IL-1B-511) in the IL-1B gene promoter and PCR was used for detection of the variable tandem repeat in the second intron of IL-1RN.

RESULTS

The data showed that the IL-1B-31CC genotype increased gastric cancer risk to an adjusted odd of 2.27 (95% CI, 1.49-3.46), IL-1B-31CT to 1.48 (95% CI, 1.01-2.16) and IL-1B-31CT/CC to 1.68 (95% CI, 1.17-2.40), while IL-1B-51TT genotype associated with increased gastric cancer risk to an adjusted odd of 2.53 (95% CI, 1.67-3.84), IL-1B-511TC to 1.45 (95% CI, 1.02-2.06), and IL-1B-511TC TT/TC to 1.72 (95% CI, 1.23, 2.39). Furthermore, IL-1RN heterogeneity genotype (IL-1RN2L) was associated with gastric cancer risk to an adjusted odd of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.05-2.74) compared to the wild-type homozygote (IL-1RNLL). In addition, H. pylori infection enhanced gastric cancer risk through these SNPs.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the current study demonstrated that the genotype CC or CT of IL-1B-31, TT or CT of IL-1B-511, and 2L of IL-1RN increased risk of gastric cancer in this Chinese population and the risk was further enhanced by H. pylori.

Association between circulating interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels and IL-1β C-511T polymorphism with cervical cancer risk in Egyptian women

Cancer cervix is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. It is believed that the host genetic factors such as inflammation-induced cytokines may play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. The interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene contains several single nucleotide polymorphisms. One of them, C-511T, which in the promoter region has been associated with increased IL-1β production and with increased risk of developing cancers. We assessed the association between the IL-1β C-511T polymorphism and cervical cancer risk in a case-control study among 100 histopathologically confirmed Egyptian women with cervical cancer and 50 age-matched, cervical cytology negative, healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Plasma levels of IL-1β were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was significant increase in the mean plasma IL-1β level in cervical cancer cases (43.40 ± 25.95 pg/ml) when compared with controls (30.51 ± 18.28 pg/ml, P = 0.002). The plasma levels above the 75th percentile of controls (IL-1β ≥ 45.74 pg/ml) were significantly associated with a 2.49-fold increased risk of cervical cancer. The significant increase in IL-1β concentration in cervical cancer cases was observed only among cervical cancer cases carrying C-511T variant genotypes. T/T genotype of IL-1β polymorphism was significantly higher in cervical cancer cases compared with controls (57 vs. 38%; OR = 2.16; P = 0.028) and the T allele carriage was significantly associated with cervical cancer risk (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.19-3.38, and P = 0.008). In conclusion, plasma IL-1β level and IL-1β C-511T polymorphism may be considered as candidate biomarkers for cervical cancer in Egyptian women.

Interleukin 1 beta gene polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether a polymorphism at position +3953 in exon 5 of the lL-1beta gene (IL-1beta +3953), a condition associated with an increased risk for a number of inflammatory diseases, is also involved in the development of cervical cancer.

METHOD

We isolated DNA from peripheral blood in 150 women with cervical cancer and 200 healthy controls, and IL-1beta +3953 allele polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Genotypes A1/A2 and A2/A2+A1/A2 were associated with increased risk of cervical cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-4.67; P<0.001 and OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.77-4.6; P<0.001, respectively). The risk in a passive smoker with A2/A2 or A1/A2 genotype was increased more than 5-fold (OR, 5.69; 95% CI, 2.61-12.50; P<0.001) compared with a nonsmoker with the A1/A1 genotype.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence of an association between lL-1beta +3953 polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer.

Systematic Evaluation of Genetic Variants in the Inflammation Pathway and Risk of Lung Cancer

Inflammatory responses to environmental exposures, such as tobacco smoke, may play a role in lung carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we studied genetic polymorphisms in the inflammation pathway in relation to lung cancer risk. We evaluated a panel of 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 37 inflammation-related genes among non-Hispanic Caucasian lung cancer cases (N=1,553) and controls (N=1,730) from Houston, Texas. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with lung cancer under a dominant genetic model adjusted for sex, age, and smoking. Haplotypes were estimated with the expectation-maximization algorithm. False-positive report probabilities (FPRP) were calculated for significant associations. Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) C3954T was associated with lung cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10-1.47; FPRP 0.148]. Two IL1A SNPs (C-889T and Ala(114)Ser) were also related to lung cancer (OR, 1.18-1.22), although FPRPs were higher. One IL1A-IL1B haplotype, containing only the IL1B 3954T allele, was associated with elevated lung cancer risk (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.24-2.61). These associations were stronger in heavy smokers, particularly for IL1B C3954T (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.28-1.97; FPRP 0.004). Lung cancer risk was unrelated to polymorphisms in IL1 receptor or antagonist genes. Associations with lung cancer were also seen for SNPs in granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and peroxisome proliferator-activated factor-delta, but FPRPs were high. IL1A and IL1B polymorphisms are associated with increased lung cancer risk, especially among heavy smokers. IL1A and IL1B are critical signals in initiating inflammation. Our results suggest that a dysregulated inflammatory response to tobacco-induced lung damage promotes carcinogenesis.

Interleukin-1 beta-511 polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is almost invariably associated with infection by human papillomavirus. It is believed that the host genetic factors such as inflammation-induced cytokines may play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. The IL1B gene, encoding IL-1beta cytokine, contains several single nucleotide polymorphisms. One of them which is in the positions -511 (C-T) related with promoter region has been associated with increased IL-1beta production and with increased risk of developing a number of inflammatory diseases and gastric carcinoma. We assessed the association between the IL1B -511 polymorphism and cervical cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study among 546 Korean women (182 cases; 364 age-matched controls). The allele frequencies of the case subjects (C, 0.42; T, 0.58) were not significantly different from those of control subjects (C, 0.43; T, 0.57). Control subjects were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The carriers with -511 C/T or T/T genotypes were at higher risk of cervical cancer with odds ratio of 2.42 (95% CI 1.31-4.46, p<0.005). However, there was no difference of cervical cancer risk between C/T heterologous genotypes and T/T homologous genotypes. In conclusion, in Korean population, IL1B -511 C/C genotypes were significantly associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer.

Markers of local immunity in cervico-vaginal secretions of HIV infected women: implications for HIV shedding

OBJECTIVES

To link local proinflammatory cytokines with HIV related nucleic acids in cervico-vaginal secretions and the factors associated with them.

METHODS

An observational study on 60 HIV positive women attending the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, University of Pavia, Italy. HIV-1 RNA in plasma, proviral HIV-1-DNA, cell associated and cell free HIV-1 RNA in cervico-vaginal secretions were evaluated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (c-PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (cRT-PCR). IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were measured by ELISA in cervico-vaginal lavages. Multiple regression analysis on ordinal categorical variables was used to test for the simultaneous associations of clinical and microbiological variables on quartiles of cytokine concentrations in lavage samples.

RESULTS

Proviral HIV-1 DNA, cell associated and cell free HIV-1 RNA were detected in 76.7% (46/60), 70% (42/60), and 71.7% (43/60) of the patients, respectively. IL-1beta concentration was directly correlated with proviral HIV-DNA (Spearman rho = 0.35, p = 0.01) and cell associated HIV-RNA levels (Spearman rho = 0.263, p = 0.05). IL-1beta concentration (153.9 pg/ml) was higher (p<0.05) among women with cytological squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) than negative controls (73.4 pg/ml). In women with vaginal infection both IL-1beta (41.7 pg/ml) and IL-6 (10.2 pg/ml) were lower (p<0.05) in comparison to negative controls (144.9 pg/ml and 23.7 pg/ml, respectively). Women receiving stable antiretroviral therapy had significantly lower TNF-alpha (34.4 pg/ml versus 44.4 pg/ml, p = 0.04) and higher IL-6 (24.0 pg/ml versus 1.4 pg/ml, p = 0.004) levels in lavage samples compared to untreated women. The associations between the presence of SIL, antiretroviral treatment, vaginal infection and cytokine concentrations in cervico-vaginal secretions were confirmed in multiple regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Local immune activation may modulate HIV-1 shedding in cervico-vaginal secretion with possible influence on vaginal physiology and host defence. Pharmacological agents lowering HIV-1 replication cause a shift to a pattern of cytokine production which seems less favourable to the transmission of the disease.

Role of the vaginal microbiological ecosystem and cytokine profile in the promotion of cervical dysplasia: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE

To identify alterations in the cytokine profile and microbial ecosystem of the vagina in association with cervical dysplasia.

METHODS

Demographics, lifestyle variables and Papanicolau (Pap) smear results of subjects presenting to the same site for gynecologic complaints, obstetric visits or colposcopy were prospectively recorded. Vaginal smear for Gram stain, aerobic and anaerobic culture, pH, and wet mount and KOH examination for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis and yeast organisms were performed. Vaginal lavage specimens were centrifuged, and the pellets and supernatants were assayed for human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction and for cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Subjects with abnormal Pap smears underwent colposcopy and biopsy as indicated.

RESULTS

Of 51 patients, 32 were referred for colposcopy, 12 presented with gynecologic needs, and seven presented for obstetric visits. Median age was 24 years. Demographics did not differ significantly between the dysplasia and control groups except for a trend towards more sexual partners in the dysplasia group. Biopsies were performed in 81% (26/32) of patients presenting for colposcopy and 17 revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 levels were elevated in 63% (20/32), 38% (15/39), 4% (2/49), and 0% of samples respectively. Elevated vaginal lavage IL-1beta was associated with a 6.1 odds ratio (95% confidence interval 1.06-35) of cervical dysplasia. Alterations in other variables studied were not associated with cervical dysplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated IL-1beta, possibly representing a complex host inflammatory response to multiple pathogens, was demonstrated in patients with cervical dysplasia.