1
|
Chemo-Sensitization of CD133+ Cancer Stem Cell Enhances the Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expressing TRAIL in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111103. [PMID: 34827096 PMCID: PMC8614666 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The anti-tumor properties of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) expressing TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) or MSC-TRAIL have been well documented by several reports. However, some tumors are resistant to TRAIL due to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Chemo-sensitization of tumors and their CSCs has been reported to enhance TRAIL-mediated inhibition. In this study, we examined the effect of pre-treatment using first-line chemotherapies on MSC-TRAIL-induced inhibition in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs)–derived CSCs. We found that these chemotherapies were able to induce a chemo-sensitization effect to the CSC, thus improving the MSC-TRAIL-induced inhibition. We also noticed that the effect of chemo-sensitization was cell type specific and selecting chemotherapies for the right NSCLC subtypes might help in inducing a more meaningful combinatory effect. As such, this study has proven that chemo-sensitization of the CSCs was able to enhance the MSC-TRAIL-induced inhibition in NSCLC cell lines. Abstract Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or MSC-TRAIL against several tumors. However, due to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), some tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), exhibit TRAIL resistance. This study was designed to evaluate the capacity of using first-line chemotherapies including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and vinorelbine to act as a chemo-sensitizer on CD133+ (prominin-1 positive) CSCs derived from NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460 and H2170) for the purpose of MSC-TRAIL-induced inhibition. We showed that MSC-TRAIL was resistant to all three chemotherapies compared to the NSCLC cell lines, suggesting that the chemotherapies had little effect on MSC-TRAIL viability. Pre-treatment using either cisplatin or 5-FU, but not with vinorelbine, was able to increase the efficacy of MSC-TRAIL to kill the TRAIL-resistant A549-derived CSCs. The study also demonstrated that both 5-FU and vinorelbine were an effective chemo-sensitizer, used to increase the anti-tumor effect of MSC-TRAIL against H460- and H2170-derived CSCs. Furthermore, pre-treatment using cisplatin was noted to enhance the effect of MSC-TRAIL in H460-derived CSCs; however, this effect was not detected in the H2170-derived CSCs. These findings suggest that a pre-treatment using certain chemotherapies in NSCLC could enhance the anti-tumor effect of MSC-TRAIL to target the CSCs, and therefore the combination of chemotherapies and MSC-TRAIL may serve as a novel approach for the treatment of NSCLC.
Collapse
|
2
|
Vangala G, Imhoff FM, Squires CM, Cridge AG, Baird SK. Mesenchymal stem cell homing towards cancer cells is increased by enzyme activity of cathepsin D. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hybrid 2D/3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship and modeling studies perspectives of pepstatin A analogs as cathepsin D inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017; 10:5-26. [PMID: 29235371 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Cathepsin D, one of the attractive targets in the treatment of breast cancer, has been implicated in HIV neuropathogenesis with potential proteolytic effects on chemokines. Methodology/result: Diverse modeling tools were used to reveal the key structural features affecting the inhibitory activities of 78 pepstatin A analogs. Analyses were performed to investigate the stability, rationality and fluctuation of the analogs. Results showed a clear correlation between the experimental and predicted activities of the analogs as well as the variation in their activities relative to structural modifications. CONCLUSION The insight gained from this study offers theoretical references for understanding the mechanism of action of cathepsin D and will aid in the design of more potent and clinically-relevant drugs. Graphical abstract [Formula: see text].
Collapse
|
5
|
Arodola OA, Soliman MES. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ligand-Induced Flap Conformational Changes in Cathepsin-D-A Comparative Study. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2643-57. [PMID: 27038253 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The flap region in aspartic proteases is a unique structural feature to this class of enzymes, and found to have a profound impact on protein overall structure, function, and dynamics. Understanding the structure and dynamic behavior of the flap regions is crucial in the design of selective inhibitors against aspartic proteases. Cathepsin-D, an aspartic protease enzyme, has been implicated in a long list of degenerative diseases as well as breast cancer progression. Presented herein, for the first time, is a comprehensive description of the conformational flap dynamics of cathepsin-D using a comparative 50 ns "multiple" molecular dynamics simulations. Diverse collective metrics were proposed to accurately define flap dynamics. These are distance d1 between the flap tips residues (Gly79 and Met301); dihedral angle ϕ; in addition to TriCα angles Gly79-Asp33-Asp223, θ1 , and Gly79-Asp223-Met301, θ2 . The maximum distance attained throughout the simulation was 17.42 and 11.47 Å for apo and bound cathepsin-D, respectively, while the minimum distance observed was 8.75 and 6.32 Å for apo and bound cathepsin-D, respectively. The movement of the flap as well as the twist of the active pocket can properly be explained by measuring the angle, θ1 , between Gly79-Asp33-Met301 and correlating it with the distance Cα of the flap tip residues. The asymmetrical opening of the binding cavity was best described by the large shift of -6.26° to +20.94° in the dihedral angle, ϕ, corresponding to the full opening of the flap at a range of 31-33 ns. A wide-range of post-dynamic analyses was also applied in this report to supplement our findings. We believe that this report would augment current efforts in designing potent structure-based inhibitors against cathepsin-D in the treatment of breast cancer and other degenerative diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2643-2657, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olayide A Arodola
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pereira H, Oliveira CSF, Castro L, Preto A, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Yeast as a tool to explore cathepsin D function. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:225-234. [PMID: 28357298 PMCID: PMC5349170 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D has garnered increased attention in recent years, mainly since it has been associated with several human pathologies. In particular, cathepsin D is often overexpressed and hypersecreted in cancer cells, implying it may constitute a therapeutic target. However, cathepsin D can have both anti- and pro-survival functions depending on its proteolytic activity, cellular context and stress stimulus. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of cathepsin D regulation and how to modulate its apoptotic functions is clearly needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of cathepsin D in physiological and pathological scenarios. We then focus on the opposing functions of cathepsin D in apoptosis, particularly relevant in cancer research. Emphasis is given to the role of the yeast protease Pep4p, the vacuolar counterpart of cathepsin D, in life and death. Finally, we discuss how insights from yeast cathepsin D and its role in regulated cell death can unveil novel functions of mammalian cathepsin D in apoptosis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Pereira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - C S F Oliveira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. ; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Castro
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Preto
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S R Chaves
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Côrte-Real
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Demidyuk IV, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV, Kostrov SV. Propeptides as modulators of functional activity of proteases. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:305-22. [PMID: 25962005 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteases are synthesized in the cell as precursor-containing propeptides. These structural elements can determine the folding of the cognate protein, function as an inhibitor/activator peptide, mediate enzyme sorting, and mediate the protease interaction with other molecules and supramolecular structures. The data presented in this review demonstrate modulatory activity of propeptides irrespective of the specific mechanism of action. Changes in propeptide structure, sometimes minor, can crucially alter protein function in the living organism. Modulatory activity coupled with high variation allows us to consider propeptides as specific evolutionary modules that can transform biological properties of proteases without significant changes in the highly conserved catalytic domains. As the considered properties of propeptides are not unique to proteases, propeptide-mediated evolution seems to be a universal biological mechanism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6 contributes to primary effusion lymphoma cell viability via suppression of proapoptotic cathepsin D, a cointeraction partner of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 variant 2. J Virol 2013; 88:1025-38. [PMID: 24198402 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02830-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) interleukin-6 (vIL-6) promotes cell proliferation and survival and is proangiogenic, implicating it as a contributor to virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. Although predominantly lytically expressed, vIL-6 is also produced at low, functional levels during latency in PEL cells. Unlike other IL-6 cytokines, vIL-6 is secreted very inefficiently and localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER-localized vIL-6 supports PEL cell proliferation and survival, mediated in part through its interaction with the largely uncharacterized ER-resident protein vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 variant 2 (VKORC1v2). Here, we report that the ER-transiting and functionally mitogenic secreted proenzyme (pCatD) form of cathepsin D (mature CatD), a proapoptotic lysosomal aspartate protease, is an interaction partner of VKORC1v2 and that vIL-6 promotes this interaction. Depletion of vIL-6 in PEL cells increased levels of the catalytically active, proteolytically cleaved form of CatD, corresponding with decreased PEL cell viability. Ectopic expression of CatD in PEL cells induced apoptosis, suggesting that CatD suppression by vIL-6 is biologically significant. In the context of high-density culture or reactivation of HHV-8 lytic replication in PEL cells, CatD depletion substantially reduced stress-induced apoptosis and increased virus production. In contrast, CatD overexpression, vIL-6 depletion, and peptide-mediated disruption of vIL-6-VKORC1v2 interaction inhibited replication and cell survival. Combined, our data identify pCatD as an interaction partner of VKORC1v2, demonstrate a role of vIL-6 in CatD suppression via VKORC1v2 in PEL cells, and identify a biologically significant mechanism of vIL-6 prosurvival and proreplication activities via VKORC1v2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yi P, Xia W, Wu RC, Lonard DM, Hung MC, O'Malley BW. SRC-3 coactivator regulates cell resistance to cytotoxic stress via TRAF4-mediated p53 destabilization. Genes Dev 2013; 27:274-87. [PMID: 23388826 DOI: 10.1101/gad.203760.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is an oncogenic nuclear receptor coactivator that plays a significant role in drug resistance. Using a lentiviral cDNA library rescue screening approach, we identified a SRC-3 downstream gene-TRAF4 (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] receptor associated-factor 4)-that functions in cell resistance to cytotoxic stress. TRAF4 expression is positively correlated with SRC-3 expression in human breast cancers. Similar to that observed for SRC-3 overexpression, breast cancer cells overexpressing TRAF4 are more resistant to stress-induced death. Here, we further dissected the underlying molecular mechanism for SRC-3 and TRAF4-mediated resistance to cytotoxic agents. We observed that SRC-3 expression is inversely correlated with the expression of p53-regulated proapoptotic genes in breast cancers and further found that SRC-3 and TRAF4 overexpression diminished cytotoxic stress-induced up-regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 protein. To determine the mechanism, we showed that the TRAF domain of TRAF4 bound to the N-terminal TRAF-like region of the deubiquitinase HAUSP (herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease; also named USP7) and blocked the access of p53 to the same region of HAUSP. This TRAF4-mediated inhibition of HAUSP then led to the loss of p53 deubiquitination and its stabilization in response to cellular stress. Consistent with this cellular function, we also found that TRAF4 overexpression in breast cancer patients was associated significantly with poor prognosis. Because of SRC-3's ability to abrogate p53 function, our results suggest that SRC-3 overexpression may be especially important in tumors in which p53 is not mutated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saraswat-Ohri S, Vetvicka V. New insights into procathepsin D in pathological and physiological conditions. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:222-6. [PMID: 22558598 PMCID: PMC3337741 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Procathepsin D is a major glycoprotein that is secreted from numerous types of cancer cells including breast, lung and prostrate carcinomas. It affects multiple stages of tumorigenesis that include proliferation, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis. Previous studies showed that the mitogenic effect of procathepsin D on cancer cells was mediated through its propeptide or activation peptide. Recent studies have also implicated the possible use of procathepsin D/activation peptide as a marker of cancer progression. Considering the broad range of functions of procathepsin D, the present review summarizes the three major potentials of procathepsin D-cancer progression, tumor marker and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vetvicka V, Vashishta A, Saraswat-Ohri S, Vetvickova J. Procathepsin D and cancer: From molecular biology to clinical applications. World J Clin Oncol 2010; 1:35-40. [PMID: 21603309 PMCID: PMC3095452 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v1.i1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is overexpressed and secreted by cells of various tumor types including breast and lung carcinomas. pCD affects multiple features of tumor cells including proliferation, invasion, metastases and apoptosis. Several laboratories have previously shown that the mitogenic effect of pCD on cancer cells is mediated via its propeptide part (APpCD). However, the exact mechanism of how pCD affects cancer cells has not been identified. Recent observations have also revealed the possible use of pCD/APpcD as a marker of cancer progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the three major potentials of pCD-tumor marker, potential drug, and screening agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Vaclav Vetvicka, Jana Vetvickova, Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benes P, Vetvicka V, Fusek M. Cathepsin D--many functions of one aspartic protease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 68:12-28. [PMID: 18396408 PMCID: PMC2635020 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, it has been held that cathepsin D (CD) is involved in rather non-specific protein degradation in a strongly acidic milieu of lysosomes. Studies with CD knock-out mice revealed that CD is not necessary for embryonal development, but it is indispensable for postnatal tissue homeostasis. Mutation that abolishes CD enzymatic activity causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) characterized by severe neurodegeneration, developmental regression, visual loss and epilepsy in both animals and humans. In the last decade, however, an increasing number of studies demonstrated that enzymatic function of CD is not restricted solely to acidic milieu of lysosomes with important consequences in regulation of apoptosis. In addition to CD enzymatic activity, it has been shown that apoptosis is also regulated by catalytically inactive mutants of CD which suggests that CD interacts with other important molecules and influences cell signaling. Moreover, procathepsin D (pCD), secreted from cancer cells, acts as a mitogen on both cancer and stromal cells and stimulates their pro-invasive and pro-metastatic properties. Numerous studies found that pCD/CD level represents an independent prognostic factor in a variety of cancers and is therefore considered to be a potential target of anti-cancer therapy. Studies dealing with functions of cathepsin D are complicated by the fact that there are several simultaneous forms of CD in a cell-pCD, intermediate enzymatically active CD and mature heavy and light chain CD. It became evident that these forms may differently regulate the above-mentioned processes. In this article, we review the possible functions of CD and its various forms in cells and organisms during physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Benes
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, ILBIT A3, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lou X, Xiao T, Zhao K, Wang H, Zheng H, Lin D, Lu Y, Gao Y, Cheng S, Liu S, Xu N. Cathepsin D Is Secreted from M-BE Cells: Its Potential Role as a Biomarker of Lung Cancer. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1083-92. [PMID: 17284061 DOI: 10.1021/pr060422t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of lung cancer is an effective approach to reduce the mortality caused by malignancy. To explore serum biomarkers of lung cancer at early stage, M-BE, a SV40T-transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line with the phenotypic features of early tumorigenesis at high passage, was cultured in the conditioned media to collect its secretory proteins. The proteins secreted from different passage M-BE cells were extracted and then separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was adopted to identify the passage-dependent 2-DE spots. Totally, 47 proteins were identified, including 23 that were up-regulated and 24 that were down-regulated. Of these proteins, cathepsin D was a typical secretory protein that exhibited the increased abundance either in culture media or in cells during passaging. Furthermore, the proteomic conclusions were validated in the clinical samples of lung cancer patients. When sandwich ELISA was used, the concentrations of cathepsin D in plasma showed significant differences between lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC, 104 cases) and normal donors (36 cases, p <or= 0.015). When tissue microarray (TMA) was used, cathepsin D expression levels in SCC tissues (178 cases) were significantly higher than those in normal donors (40 cases, p < 0.001). The present study has revealed that M-BE cells at different passages could secrete or release some proteins into the living environment, which might serve as the potential resource for exploring the biomarkers of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Lou
- Division of Proteomics, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101318, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vashishta A, Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Possible role of procathepsin D in human cancer. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:71-6. [PMID: 15954536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For the past ten years, our research has been focused on elucidating the mechanism by which procathepsin D (pCD) impacts cancer development. Various studies have shown that pCD is overexpressed and secreted by numerous cancer cell lines. After secretion, it exhibits "growth hormone-like" activity on cancerous cells but the exact mechanism of this mitogenic activity is not yet understood. The activation peptide of pCD (APpCD) (which is cleaved off upon activation of the zymogen) is responsible for the mitogenic function of pCD. Various in vitro and in vivo studies support our theory that the APpCD interacts with both parent and neighborhood cancer cells and thus functions as an autocrine mitogen. We propose a model of pCD mitogenic function and also some possible approaches for treatment and prevention of certain types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vashishta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lösch A, Schindl M, Kohlberger P, Lahodny J, Breitenecker G, Horvat R, Birner P. Cathepsin D in ovarian cancer: prognostic value and correlation with p53 expression and microvessel density. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92:545-52. [PMID: 14766246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of ubiquitous lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D (CD) is involved in the progression of cancer. This study investigates the prognostic value and the association of cathepsin D expression with clinicopathological parameters, p53 expression, and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. METHODS Cathepsin D was determined immunohistochemically in 43 ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (LMP) and 80 invasive tumors FIGO stage I-IV. Results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, p53, and microvessel density (MVD). Survival analysis of cathepsin D expression and MVD was performed in invasive tumors. RESULTS Epithelial tumor cathepsin D expression was more common in LMP tumors (65.1%) compared to invasive tumors (43.7%; P = 0.02). In LMP tumors, stromal cathepsin D was associated with mucinous tumors (P = 0.01), whereas in invasive tumors, epithelial cathepsin D expression was associated with clear cell tumors (P = 0.003). Invasive tumor cathepsin D had a negative relation to p53 expression. In LMP tumors, stromal cathepsin D correlated with microvessel density (P = 0.03). Stromal cathepsin D expression was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with invasive cancer (P = 0.03, Cox regression), while cathepsin D expression missed to be of prognostic value for overall survival (OS) in invasive ovarian cancer. MVD had no influence on survival in invasive ovarian cancer (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a prognostic value of cathepsin D expression in invasive ovarian cancer, while cathepsin D expression in LMP tumors seems to be linked to angiogenesis. The relation among cathepsin D, p53 expression, and angiogenesis demonstrates biological differences between invasive ovarian cancer and LMP tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lösch
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rakoczy PE, Zhang D, Robertson T, Barnett NL, Papadimitriou J, Constable IJ, Lai CM. Progressive age-related changes similar to age-related macular degeneration in a transgenic mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1515-24. [PMID: 12368224 PMCID: PMC1867306 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of blindness in the developed world. Its pathomechanism is unknown and its late onset, complex genetics and strong environmental components have all hampered investigations. Here we demonstrate the development of an animal model for AMD that reproduces features associated with geographic atrophy; a transgenic mouse line (mcd/mcd) expressing a mutated form of cathepsin D that is enzymatically inactive thus impairing processing of phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Pigmentary changes indicating RPE cell atrophy and a decreased response to flash electroretinograms were observed in 11- to 12-month-old mcd/mcd mice. Histological studies showed RPE cell proliferation, photoreceptor degeneration, shortening of photoreceptor outer segments, and accumulation of immunoreactive photoreceptor breakdown products in the RPE cells. An accelerated photoreceptor cell death was detected in 12-month-old mcd/mcd mice. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated presence of basal laminar and linear deposits that are considered to be the hallmarks of AMD. Small hard drusen associated with human age-related maculopathy were absent in the mcd/mcd mouse model at the ages analyzed. In summary, this model presents several features of AMD, thus providing a valuable tool for investigating the underlying biological processes and pathomechanism of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piroska Elizabeth Rakoczy
- Center for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vetvicka V, Benes P, Fusek M. Procathepsin D in breast cancer: what do we know? Effects of ribozymes and other inhibitors. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:854-63. [PMID: 12224027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2002] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is a major secreted glycoprotein in some human breast and other cancer cell lines. Several groups proposed that pCD served as a growth factor for these cell lines. Secreted pCD has been demonstrated in tissue section, tissue culture supernatants, carcinoma cytosols, and nipple aspirates. Moreover, several clinical studies suggested a potential role for this molecule in metastasis because its concentration in primary tumors correlated with an increased incidence of tumor metastases. In this paper, the effects of pCD were evaluated by proliferation in vitro and by mouse studies in vivo. Subsequent flow cytometry experiments showed the specificity of pCD binding to cancer cells. Cell cultivation showed that addition of either pCD or its activation peptide stimulates growth of cancer cells. These effects can be inhibited both in vitro and in vivo by anti-pCD antibodies. In addition, production of pCD can be inhibited by specifically designed ribozymes. This paper is focused on mitogenic effects of pCD, which seem to involve interaction of the activation peptide with as yet unidentified receptor. Different mechanisms by which pCD could promote development and spread of cancer cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Benes P, Koelsch G, Dvorak B, Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Detection of procathepsin D in rat milk. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:113-8. [PMID: 12223218 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of procathepsin D, a zymogen of the soluble lysosomal aspartic proteinase cathepsin D, was detected in rat milk using Western blot analysis and assay of proteolytic activity in acidic buffers. No other forms of cathepsin D were found. Two different polyclonal anti-procathepsin D antibodies were used for immunochemical detection of procathepsin D. Both antibodies we found to recognize rat procathepsin D. Proteolytic activity in acidic buffers was detected using a fluorogenic substrate specific for cathepsin D and was abolished by pepstatin A, a specific inhibitor of aspartic proteinases. This study represents third demonstration of presence of procathepsin D in mammal breast milk. Potential sources and physiological functions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Benes
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bosscher JR, Gerçel-Taylor C, Watkins CS, Taylor DD. Epitope recognition by anti-cathepsin D autoantibodies in endometrial cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 81:138-43. [PMID: 11330940 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed a model for the identification of specific epitopes recognized by autologous tumor-reactive humoral responses of endometrial cancer patients as potential markers for the monitoring of cancer. METHODS The presence of circulating pro- and mature forms of cathepsin D and antibodies reactive with this enzyme were identified by Western immunoblot and quantitated by an enzyme immunoassay. Specific immunoreactivities with 34- and 52-kDa cathepsin D forms were analyzed by Western immunoblot using sera from endometrial cancer patients (n = 40) and normal volunteers (n = 15). Subsequently, reactivities with specific cathepsin D epitopes were defined by a peptide-specific ELISA. RESULTS Circulating pro-forms of cathepsin D were detected in 31 of 40 endometrial cancer patients tested and none of the control volunteers. Circulating IgG reactive with cathepsin D could be demonstrated in 29/31 patients with circulating procathepsin D, while an anti-cathepsin D response was not detectable in normal controls. This response appeared to be directed against the pro-peptide portion of cathepsin D. Using a peptide-specific ELISA, the frequencies of antibody production against specific epitopes within the pro-peptide were defined. CONCLUSION There is a demonstrable tumor-reactive immune response elicited in endometrial cancer patients, directed against specific antigenic epitopes, some of which are conserved among these patients. Since these proteins are recognized as non-self, due at least in part to posttranslational processing errors, defining these epitopes will be useful as a means of diagnosis, assessment of therapeutic success, and, ultimately, identification of immunotherapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Bosscher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|