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Csergeová L, Krbušek D, Janoštiak R. CIP/KIP and INK4 families as hostages of oncogenic signaling. Cell Div 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38561743 PMCID: PMC10985988 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CIP/KIP and INK4 families of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are well-established cell cycle regulatory proteins whose canonical function is binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes and altering their function. Initial experiments showed that these proteins negatively regulate cell cycle progression and thus are tumor suppressors in the context of molecular oncology. However, expanded research into the functions of these proteins showed that most of them have non-canonical functions, both cell cycle-dependent and independent, and can even act as tumor enhancers depending on their posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and cell state context. This review aims to provide an overview of canonical as well as non-canonical functions of CIP/KIP and INK4 families of CKIs, discuss the potential avenues to promote their tumor suppressor functions instead of tumor enhancing ones, and how they could be utilized to design improved treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csergeová
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Krbušek
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Atta IS. Study of the Association of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog and p27 Expressions in Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:109-116. [PMID: 31548921 PMCID: PMC6753695 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_54_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p27 are commonly mutated gene in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and their association in development of EC has not been fully understood. The Aim of the Study: The aim is to clarify the association of PTEN and p27 in EC and their correlation with the histologic grade. Material and Methods: Paraffin-embedded 20 and 50 specimens representing EH and EC were collected, cut into 4 mm thick and stained with H&E stain for histopathological examination. All EC cases were graded according to the percentage of nonsquamous solid pattern into 3 grades. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were done using a rabbit polyclonal anti-PTEN antibody and a rabbit monoclonal anti-p27 antibody. Evaluation of reactivity was categorized: 1+ (weak) = less than 10%, 2+ (moderate) = 11 to 50% and 3+ (strong) = more than 50% tumor. t-test, one way ANOVA and chi-square test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Loss of PTEN was seen in 7/20 (35%) and 29/50 (58%) of EH and EC cases with significance (P =0.01824), opposite to 17/20 (85%) and 25/50 (50%) of p27 (P = 0.00334). Both antibodies showed significance in EH cases only (P = 0.00019). No correlation with the histological grade for both antibodies. Four major categories were formulated; PTEN+/p27+ (n = 2, 14, 10%, 28%), PTEN+/p27- (n = 5, 7; 25% and 14%), PTEN-/p27+ (n = 1, 11; 5%, 22%) PTEN-/p27- (n = 12, 18; 60%, 36%) cases of EH and EC, respectively with no significant difference obtained. Conclusion: Not all cases of PTEN negative EC showing p27 loss and vice versa. Despite many studies reacted with PTEN and p27 expression in EC, none of them is confirmatory to adjust the correlation between them in EC. So, more studies must be done to correlate between the degree of PTEN loss and p27 comprising all subtypes and grading of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Shafek Atta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
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Xie W, Qin W, Kang Y, Zhou Z, Qin A. MicroRNA-340 Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Line RL 95-2. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1540-6. [PMID: 27153225 PMCID: PMC4917329 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of our study was to investigate the functional role of microRNA-340 (miR-340) in endometrial carcinoma (EC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Human EC cell line RL 95-2 was transfected with miR-340 mimics, inhibitors, or controls. After 48 h of transfection, the cell viability was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl -2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The BrdU assay and apoptosis assay were performed to determine the effects of miR-340 mimics or inhibitors on cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The underlying mechanisms involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis were explored by measuring the protein levels of cell cycle regulators (p27 kinase inhibition protein (KIP) 1 and p21) and apoptosis-related factors (B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bax, pro-Caspase 3, and active-Caspase-3). RESULTS Overexpression of miR-340 significantly inhibited the cell viability (P<0.05) and cell proliferation (P<0.01) of RL 95-2 cells compared with the control group, but increased the apoptosis (P<0.01). However, suppression of miR-340 had opposite results. Moreover, the protein levels of p27 KIP1, Bax, pro-Caspase 3, and active-Caspase-3 were significantly increased by overexpression of miR-340 but were statistically decreased by suppression of miR-340. Contrary results were found in the protein levels of Bcl-2. However, no significant differences were found in p21 expression. CONCLUSIONS MiRNA-340 acts as an anti-oncogene in EC cell line RL 95-2 by inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yalin Kang
- , Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- , Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Aiping Qin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
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Choi JP, Desai R, Zheng Y, Yao M, Dong Q, Watson G, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. Androgen actions via androgen receptor promote PTEN inactivation induced uterine cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:687-701. [PMID: 26285813 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficient inactivating phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) mutations cause Cowden syndrome, an autosomal dominant risk genotype for hormone dependent reproductive cancers. As androgen actions mediated via the androgen receptor (AR) supports uterine growth and may modify uterine cancer risk, we hypothesized that a functional AR may increase PTEN inactivation induced uterine cancer. To test the hypothesis, we compared the PTEN knockout (PTENKO) induced uterine pathology in heterozygous PTENKO and combined heterozygous PTEN and complete AR knockout (PTENARKO) female mice. PTENKO induced uterine pathology was significantly reduced by AR inactivation with severe macroscopic uterine pathology present in 21% of PTENARKO vs 46% of PTENKO at a median age of 45 weeks. This could be due to reduced stroma ERα expression in PTENARKO compared to PTENKO uterus, while AR inactivation did not modify PTEN or P-AKT levels. Unexpectedly, while progesterone (P4) is assumed protective in uterine cancers, serum P4 was significantly higher in PTENKO females compared to WT, ARKO, and PTENARKO females consistent with more corpora lutea in PTENKO ovaries. Serum testosterone and ovarian estradiol were similar between all females. Hence, our results demonstrated AR inactivation mediated protection against PTENKO induced uterine pathology and suggests a potential role for antiandrogens in uterine cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Peter Choi
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Yu Zheng
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Mu Yao
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Geoff Watson
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Ulla Simanainen
- ANZAC Research InstituteUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaDiscipline of EndocrinologyCentral Clinical School, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, AustraliaDepartment of Anatomical PathologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Estrogen and progesterone regulate p27kip1 levels via the ubiquitin-proteasome system: pathogenic and therapeutic implications for endometrial cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46072. [PMID: 23029392 PMCID: PMC3459846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of proteins that control the cell cycle are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by substrate-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27kip1 (p27), that blocks the cell cycle in G1, is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase SCF-Skp2/Cks1 for degradation by the UPS. In turn, Skp2 and Cks1 are ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase complex APC/Cdh1 for destruction thereby maintaining abundant levels of nuclear p27. We previously showed that perpetual proteasomal degradation of p27 is an early event in Type I endometrial carcinogenesis (ECA), an estrogen (E2)-induced cancer. The present studies demonstrate that E2 stimulates growth of ECA cell lines and normal primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) and induces MAPK-ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 on Thr187, a prerequisite for p27 ubiquitylation by nuclear SCF-Skp2/Cks1 and subsequent degradation. In addition, E2 decreases the E3 ligase [APC]Cdh1 leaving Skp2 and Cks1 intact to cause p27 degradation. Furthermore, knocking-down Skp2 prevents E2-induced p27 degradation and growth stimulation suggesting that the pathogenesis of E2-induced ECA is dependent on Skp2-mediated degradation of p27. Conversely, progesterone (Pg) as an inhibitor of endometrial proliferation increases nuclear p27 and Cdh1 in primary EECs and ECA cells. Pg, also increases Cdh1 binding to APC to form the active E3ligase. Knocking-down Cdh1 obviates Pg-induced stabilization of p27 and growth inhibition. Notably, neither E2 nor Pg affected transcription of Cdh1, Skp2, Cks1 nor p27. These studies provide new insights into hormone regulation of cell proliferation through the UPS. The data implicates that preventing nuclear p27 degradation by blocking Skp2/Cks1-mediated degradation of p27 or increasing Cdh1 to mediate degradation of Skp2-Cks1 are potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of ECA.
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Singh M, Darcy KM, Brady WE, Clubwala R, Weber Z, Rittenbach JV, Akalin A, Whitney CW, Zaino R, Ramirez NC, Leslie KK. Cadherins, catenins and cell cycle regulators: impact on survival in a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II endometrial cancer trial. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:320-8. [PMID: 21813170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the clinical relevance of catenins, cadherins and cell cycle regulators in stage IV or recurrent endometrial carcinoma in a multi-center phase II trial (GOG protocol #119). METHODS Tissue microarrays of metastatic or recurrent (n=42) tumor were developed and immunohistochemistry was performed. Average expression (percent staining x intensity) was assessed in tumor epithelium ((E)) and stroma ((S)) and categorized into tertiles (T1, T2, T3) for E-cadherin(E), N-cadherin(E), alpha-catenin(E), beta-catenin(E), gamma-catenin(E), p120-catenin(E) and Ki-67(E); as negative, below median or above median for p16(E), p27(E) and CD44(S); or as negative or positive for p53(E), Ki-67(S) and APC(S) (adenomatous polyposis coli). End points included response and survival. RESULTS E-cadherin(E), p16(E), and p53(E) varied by race (p=0.003, p=0.024, p=0.002,) and N-cadherin(E), Ki-67(E), p16(E) and p27(E) by tumor type (p=0.015, p=0.011, p=0.005, p=0.021). Correlations were observed among E-cadherin(E) with p120(E) (r=0.66), p53(E) (r=-0.32), alpha-catenin(E) (r=0.52), beta-catenin(E) (r=0.58), and gamma-catenin(E) (r=0.58). High E-cadherin(E) (T2 or T3) versus low (T1) expression was associated with better survival in unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR]=0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.06-0.37 or HR=0.17, 95% CI=0.07-0.42) and adjusted models (HR=0.18, 95% CI=0.05-0.59 or HR=0.22, 95% CI=0.07-0.70). High p16(E) versus negative expression was associated with worse survival in unadjusted (HR=3.87, 95% CI=1.74-8.61) and adjusted (HR=4.18, 95% CI=1.28-13.6) models. Positive versus negative expression of p53(E) was associated with worse survival in unadjusted (HR=2.31, 95% CI=1.16-4.60) but not adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin(E) and p16(E) appear to be clinically relevant, independent prognostic factors in stage IV or recurrent endometrial cancers treated with Tamoxifen and Medroxyprogesterone acetate, and merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Singh
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Seeber LMS, Horrée N, van der Groep P, van der Wall E, Verheijen RHM, van Diest PJ. Necrosis related HIF-1alpha expression predicts prognosis in patients with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:307. [PMID: 20565904 PMCID: PMC2909981 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) plays an essential role in the adaptive response of cells to hypoxia and is associated with aggressive tumour behaviour. We have shown p27kip1, which is generally reduced in endometrial cancer, to be re-expressed in hypoxic regions. This possibly contributes to survival of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of HIF-1alpha and p27kip expression in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. METHODS Expression levels of HIF-1alpha, CAIX, Glut-1, and p27kip1 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Percentage of positive cells, staining pattern (perinecrotic, diffuse, or mixed) and presence of necrosis were noted. RESULTS Necrosis was correlated with shortened disease free survival (DFS) (p = 0.008) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.045). For DFS, perinecrotic HIF-1alpha expression was also prognostic (p = 0.044). Moreover, high p27kip1 expression was an additional prognostic factor for these patients with perinecrotic HIF-1alpha expression. In multivariate Cox regression, perinecrotic HIF-expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor. Perinecrotic HIF-1alpha expression was significantly associated with CAIX and Glut-1 expression, pointing towards functional HIF-1. CONCLUSIONS In patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer, necrosis and necrosis-related expression of HIF-1alpha are important prognostic factors. More aggressive adjuvant treatment might be necessary to improve the outcome of patients with these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M S Seeber
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Dysregulation of the cell cycle is an important prerequisite for cancer development. p27 has an established role in cell cycle control and hence may be disrupted during carcinogenesis. The influence of p27 expression, including its subcellular location, on tumor behavior in ovarian cancer has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of p27 in a large population of patients with ovarian cancer and correlate this to clinicopathologic variables including overall survival. Using a tissue microarray of 339 primary ovarian cancers, the expression of p27 was assessed immunohistochemically. Coupled to a comprehensive database of clinicopathologic variables, its effect on these factors and survival was studied. Cytoplasmic p27 showed a progressively negative impact on overall survival (P=0.004). Tumors displaying nuclear p27 also had poorer prognosis (P=0.014). Factors shown to predict prognosis independently of each other were age, stage, and the absence of macroscopic disease after surgery. Cytoplasmic p27 expression, but not nuclear, was independently predictive of prognosis on multivariate analysis (P=0.042). Both subcellular locations of p27 expression were more frequently observed in serous compared with mucinous subtypes. Cytoplasmic p27 independently predicts poorer prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. These results seem counterintuitive, when considering the antiproliferative role of p27, but may reflect a more complex function of p27 within cell cycle regulation. These data support a novel role for p27 within the cytoplasm, possibly through effects on apoptosis, cellular motility, and drug resistance.
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Lecanda J, Parekh TV, Gama P, Lin K, Liarski V, Uretsky S, Mittal K, Gold LI. Transforming growth factor-beta, estrogen, and progesterone converge on the regulation of p27Kip1 in the normal and malignant endometrium. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1007-18. [PMID: 17283133 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormones and growth factors regulate endometrial cell growth. Disrupted transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in primary endometrial carcinoma (ECA) cells leads to loss of TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition, which we show herein results in lack of up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) to arrest cells in G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Conversely, in normal primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), TGF-beta induces a dose-dependent increase in p27 protein, with a total 3.6-fold maximal increase at 100 pmol/L TGF-beta, which was 2-fold higher in the nuclear fraction; mRNA levels were unaffected. In addition, ECA tissue lysates show a high rate of ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27 compared with normal secretory-phase endometrial tissue (SE) such that 4% and 89% of recombinant p27 added to the lysates remains after 3 and 20 h, respectively. These results are reflected in vivo as ECA tissue lacks p27 compared with high expression of p27 in SE (P < or = 0.001). Furthermore, we show that estrogen treatment of EECs causes mitogen-activated protein kinase-driven proteasomal degradation of p27 whereas progesterone induces a marked increase in p27 in both normal EECs and ECA cells. Therefore, these data suggest that TGF-beta induces accumulation of p27 for normal growth regulation of EECs. However, in ECA, in addition to enhanced proteasomal degradation of p27, TGF-beta cannot induce p27 levels due to dysregulated TGF-beta signaling, thereby causing 17beta-estradiol-driven p27 degradation to proceed unchecked for cell cycle progression. Thus, p27 may be a central target for growth regulation of normal endometrium and in the pathogenesis of ECA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Lecanda
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Erkanli S, Kayaselcuk F, Kuscu E, Bagis T, Bolat F, Haberal A, Demirhan B. Expression of survivin, PTEN and p27 in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous endometrium. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1412-8. [PMID: 16803539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate if expressions of survivin and p27 proteins are involved in the development of endometrioid carcinoma, along with whether there are any correlations between these proteins and loss of wild-type PTEN that is found in up to 80% of endometrial carcinomas. We also studied their correlations with classical prognostic factors and survival in endometrial carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first time survivin expression is investigated in endometrial hyperplasia along with endometrioid adenocarcinoma. For immunohistochemical analysis, 29 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 38 endometrial hyperplasia, and 10 proliferative endometrium tissue samples were selected in the pathology archives. Staining of cells was scored as +2 if >50%, +1 if <50%, and negative if none were stained positive. Survivin expression increased from proliferative to hyperplasia to carcinoma cases. PTEN and p27 expressions decreased in hyperplasia and carcinoma cases with respect to proliferative endometrium. All these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). PTEN positively correlated to p27 (P < 0.05); however, neither was correlated with survivin. None of these genes were correlated with classical prognostic factors such as grade and myometrial invasion in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. However, mean survival was statistically significantly higher in PTEN-positive cases (46.6 vs 16.4 months) (P < 0.05). Survivin overexpression might be one of the important mechanisms in the development of endometrioid adenocarcinoma along with lost or decreased activity of PTEN and p27. However, survivin seems to exert its role in ways different from those of PTEN or p27 in the development of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. These findings on the role of survivin in endometrioid adenocarcinoma should be confirmed and the pathways through which survivin acts in endometrioid adenocarcinoma studied further with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erkanli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Seyhan, Adana 01250, Turkey.
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Psyrri A, Bamias A, Yu Z, Weinberger PM, Kassar M, Markakis S, Kowalski D, Efstathiou E, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Dimopoulos MA. Subcellular localization and protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 independently predict for survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:8384-90. [PMID: 16322299 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE p27 protein is regarded as a valuable prognostic biomarker in cancer with a potential use as a molecular target. However, different methods of immunohistochemical assessment have yielded conflicting results. Here, we sought to determine the prognostic value of p27 in ovarian cancer using a novel method of compartmentalized in situ protein analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A tissue array composed of 150 advanced stage ovarian cancers uniformly treated, with surgical debulking followed by platinum-paclitaxel combination chemotherapy, was constructed. For evaluation of p27 protein expression, we used an immunofluorescence-based method of automated in situ quantitative measurement of protein analysis [automated quantitative analysis (AQUA)]. RESULTS The mean follow-up time of the patients was 34.3 months. Patients with low Fédération Internationale des Gynaecologistes et Obstetristes stage were more likely to have low nuclear p27 expression (P = 0.008). Low nuclear p27 expression was associated with improved 3-year overall survival (66% versus 20%, P = 0.0047) and disease-free survival (27% versus 12%, P = 0.022). In multivariable analysis, adjusting for well-characterized prognostic variables, low nuclear p27 expression level was the most significant prognostic factor for both disease-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that quantitative assessment of nuclear p27 expression level by automated in situ quantitative analysis is a strong predictor for outcome in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Psyrri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Ivan D, Diwan AH, Esteva FJ, Prieto VG. Expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and its inactivator Jab1 in melanocytic lesions. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:811-8. [PMID: 15154004 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decreased expression of p27 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) is an adverse prognostic marker in a diverse array of human cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of p27 and Jab1 (a protein involved in p27 degradation) in melanocytic lesions, and to identify their possible participation in melanoma progression. A tissue microarray was constructed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue blocks of 94 melanocytic lesions including 19 benign nevi, 21 dysplastic nevi, 23 melanomas, and 31 metastatic melanomas. The expression of p27 and Jab1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The association between p27, Jab1, and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed using chi2 and Fisher's exact tests. Nonparametric Pearson's rank correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship between p27 and Jab1 expression. p27 was expressed in 15 (88%) nevi, 18 (95%) dysplastic nevi, 11 (50%) melanomas, and only in four (13%) of the metastatic melanomas (P<0.001). Jab1 was expressed in 14 (82%) standard nevi, 18 (95%) dysplastic nevi, 17 (77%) melanomas, and 16 (53%) of the metastatic melanomas (P<0.01). In metastatic melanomas, there was a negative correlation between p27 and Jab1 expression (r=-0.166). The low levels of p27 in primary and metastatic melanoma cases may explain the high proliferation rate of such lesions. Also, the relative high expression of Jab1 in metastatic melanoma, associated with low levels of p27, suggests that Jab1 may be involved in survival and proliferation of metastatic melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Abargel A, Avinoach I, Kravtsov V, Boaz M, Glezerman M, Menczer J. Expression of p27 and p53: comparative analysis of uterine carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14:354-9. [PMID: 15086737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1048-891x.2004.014221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess both p27 and p53 expression in the stromal and epithelial component of carcinosarcoma and to assess if their expression in the latter is different than in endometrial carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for p27 and p53 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 18 uterine specimens with carcinosarcoma and their expression assessed. Their expression in the epithelial element was also compared to that in 35 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma. Reduced p27 expression was observed in a similarly high proportion of the stromal (77.8%) as well as of the epithelial component (66.7%) of carcinosarcoma. Although statistically not significant, the proportion of reduced p27 expression in endometrial carcinoma (85.7%) was higher than in the epithelial element of carcinosarcoma. The percentage of p53 overexpression in both elements of carcinosarcomas and in endometrial carcinomas was low and also similar (27.8 and 20.0%, respectively). Our results indicate that reduced p27 expression is common and p53 overexpression is infrequent in carcinosarcoma. Their similar rates of expression in the stromal and epithelial elements of the tumor support the contention of a monoclonal origin of carcinosarcoma. Unexpectedly, reduced p27 expression is more common in endometrial carcinoma than in the epithelial element of carcinosarcoma, in spite of the less favorable prognosticators and outcome in the latter. Further studies of p27 expression in carcinosarcoma are indicated to establish its clinical value in this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abargel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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14
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Milde-Langosch K, Riethdorf S. Role of cell-cycle regulatory proteins in gynecological cancer. J Cell Physiol 2003; 196:224-44. [PMID: 12811815 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant tumors are characterized by abnormal proliferation resulting from alterations in cell-cycle regulatory mechanisms. This review summarizes the current knowledge about these aberrations in malignant tumors of the ovary, endometrium, cervix uteri, and vulva. The data indicate that analysis of single cell cycle stimulating or inhibiting proteins partly produces unexpected, apparently paradoxical results, and cell-cycle regulatory pathways should be regarded as a whole in order to identify the molecular mechanisms leading to abnormal tumor cell proliferation. For the papillomavirus (HPV)- associated cervical and vulvar carcinomas, the manifold effects of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 on cell-cycle control are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Milde-Langosch
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynecopathology, University Clinics Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Günther K, Dimmler A, Rödel F, Reulbach U, Merkel S, Bittorf BR, Matzel KE, Papadopoulos T, Hohenberger W, Sauer R, Rödel C. P27 does not predict histopathological response to radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer. J Surg Res 2003; 113:179-88. [PMID: 12957127 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor response to radiochemotherapy (RCT) varies considerably, even among patients treated in accordance with the same protocol. The aim of the present study was to test the predictive value of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1 with regard to neoadjuvant RCT response in rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS P27kip1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in pretreatment biopsy material obtained from 42 patients with rectal cancer treated uniformly in accordance with an identical prospective neoadjuvant RCT protocol (CAO/AIO/ARO-94). Four expression patterns (staining intensity [-,+,++,+++] and the percentage of positive cells, evaluated separately for nuclei and cytoplasm) of p27kip1 were investigated for correlation with tumor response, which was assessed in the resected surgical specimen using a histopathological five-point grading system. Additionally, p27(kip1) expression was investigated for correlation with several pathological features, overall survival, and disease-free survival. RESULTS p27kip1 expression was as follows: nuclear intensity: -: 8, +: 19, ++: 11, +++: 4 cases, median percentage of positive cells: 18.75%; cytoplasmic intensity: -: 0, +: 25, ++: 12, +++: 3 cases, median percentage of positive cells: 70%. Histopathological tumor regression was acceptable in 30 patients (3 complete; 27 good) and inadequate in 12 patients (7 moderate; 5 minimal). No tumor failed to show some regression. No significant correlation was found between any of the p27kip1 expression patterns and RCT response, tumor differentiation (low grade versus high grade), cT- and ypT-category, UICC stage, overall survival, and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS p27kip1 cannot aid the individualization of multimodal treatment strategies in rectal cancer, nor can it serve as a predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Günther
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Kato N, Watanabe J, Jobo T, Nishimura Y, Fujisawa T, Kamata Y, Kuramoto H. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclin E in endometrial adenocarcinoma (endometrioid type) and its clinicopathological significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:222-6. [PMID: 12684894 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclin E is known as a G1-S phase regulatory protein and its abnormal expression has been implicated in cellular proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of cyclin E expression with tumorigenesis of the endometrium, proliferative activity, and clinicopathological features of endometrial adenocarcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for cyclin E in addition to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), Ki67, p27, and p53 was performed by the labeled streptavidin-biotin method on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of normal endometria (20 cases), endometrial hyperplasias (20 cases), and endometrial adenocarcinomas (endometrioid type) (127 cases). Positive staining was expressed as a labeling index (LI) based on percentages of positive nuclei in tumor cells. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that the nuclei of the cells were positive for cyclin E. Both proliferative and secretory endometria, and endometrial hyperplasia regardless of type were negligible for cyclin E expression. The expression in normal endometrium and hyperplasia was significantly less than that in endometrial adenocarcinomas (P<0.0001). LIs of cyclin E in well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas were 31.5+/-33.3%, 37.8+/-31.9%, and 51.1+/-30.8%, respectively. Cyclin E expression increased significantly more in histological grades. The LI of cyclin E in carcinoma was positively correlated with that of cdk2, Ki67, and p53 but not with p27. The cyclin E expression was correlated with myometrial invasion and lymph-vascular space involvement, but not with FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, coexisting endometrial hyperplasia, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and menopause. CONCLUSION Cyclin E as a complex with cdk2 is associated with carcinogenesis and disease progression in endometrial adenocarcinoma, and might be a prognostic indicator of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kato
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Watanabe J, Sato H, Kanai T, Kamata Y, Jobo T, Hata H, Fujisawa T, Ohno E, Kameya T, Kuramoto H. Paradoxical expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus - correlation with proliferation and clinicopathological parameters. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:81-5. [PMID: 12085261 PMCID: PMC2364278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2002] [Revised: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 05/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
p27 is regarded as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor of the G1-to-S cell cycle progression by suppressing the kinase activity of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complex. This study aimed to investigate p27 expression in the normal endometrium and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus and the correlation of its expression with cell proliferation and clinicopathological parameters. Tissue samples of 127 endometrioid adenocarcinomas and 15 normal endometria were used in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for detecting p27 and Ki-67 was performed by the labelled streptavidin-biotin method on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The expression was given as the labelling index, which indicates the percentage of positive nuclei. p27 staining was observed in the nuclei of the glandular cells in the functional layer of the secretory phase endometrium, whereas it was negative in those of the proliferative phase. In endometrioid adenocarcinomas, the labelling index of p27 expression paradoxically increased more significantly in the higher histological grades and was correlated with that of Ki-67. The high level of p27 expression was associated with clinicopathological parameters such as FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular space involvement and myometrial invasion. High p27 expression was linked to higher grades of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, cell proliferation and some clinical prognostic factors. These results indicate that p27 might be an indicator of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 228-8555, Japan.
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