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Lawford KG, Land MA, Goodwin E, Robertson KN, Barry ST. Synthesis, Characterization, and Single-Crystal X-ray Structures of Refractory Metal Compounds as Precursors for the Single-Source Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Nitrides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21061-21073. [PMID: 38064637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemical vapor deposition of refractory metal nitrides requires volatile precursors and has previously been achieved by using metal complexes containing a variety of imide ligands. Recently, the 1,4-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diazabutadiene (DAD) adduct of bis(tert-butylimide)dichloridemolybdenum(VI) was shown to be an excellent precursor for the single-source CVD of Mo2N thin films. Leveraging the success of this work, we prepared chromium and tungsten compounds with the same framework. Additionally, the framework has been modified slightly to allow the isolation of mono(tert-butylimide)trichloride complexes of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and molybdenum(V) to extend the search for new vapor-phase precursors. These compounds were all fully characterized using the standard methods of multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, combustion analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their thermal properties were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning colorimetry to assess their utility as vapor-phase precursors. Finally, preliminary deposition studies were carried out to investigate their potential as single-source CVD precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Lawford
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Michael A Land
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Eden Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Katherine N Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Seán T Barry
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Jaf ZN, Miran HA, Jiang ZT, Altarawneh M. Molybdenum nitrides from structures to industrial applications. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Owing to their remarkable characteristics, refractory molybdenum nitride (MoN
x
)-based compounds have been deployed in a wide range of strategic industrial applications. This review reports the electronic and structural properties that render MoN
x
materials as potent catalytic surfaces for numerous chemical reactions and surveys the syntheses, procedures, and catalytic applications in pertinent industries such as the petroleum industry. In particular, hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodeoxygenation are essential processes in the refinement of oil segments and their conversions into commodity fuels and platform chemicals. N-vacant sites over a catalyst’s surface are a significant driver of diverse chemical phenomena. Studies on various reaction routes have emphasized that the transfer of adsorbed hydrogen atoms from the N-vacant sites reduces the activation barriers for bond breaking at key structural linkages. Density functional theory has recently provided an atomic-level understanding of Mo–N systems as active ingredients in hydrotreating processes. These Mo–N systems are potentially extendible to the hydrogenation of more complex molecules, most notably, oxygenated aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab N. Jaf
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences – Ibn Al-Haitham , University of Baghdad , Baghdad 10071 , Iraq
| | - Hussein A. Miran
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences – Ibn Al-Haitham , University of Baghdad , Baghdad 10071 , Iraq
| | - Zhong-Tao Jiang
- Surface Analysis and Materials Engineering Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education , Murdoch University , Murdoch , WA 6150 , Australia
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , United Arab Emirates University , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Street , Al-Ain 15551 , United Arab Emirates
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Bachrach M, Morlanes-Sanchez N, Canlas CP, Miller JT, Marks TJ, Notestein JM. Increasing the Aromatic Selectivity of Quinoline Hydrogenolysis Using Pd/MOx–Al2O3. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maya crude oil hydrotreating reaction in a batch reactor using alumina-supported NiMo carbide and nitride as catalysts. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Veen JARV, Minderhoud JK, Buglass JG, Lednor PW, Thompson LT. On the Stability of Mo2N During First-Stage Hydrocracking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-368-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAn unsupported sample of Mo2N has been subjected to a first-stage hydrocracking test. The evolution of the HDS and HDN performance indicated a transformation of Mo2N into MoS2. This was substantiated by XPS and TEM, the latter technique showing that the transformation is limited to only a few surface layers.
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Kim HS, Sayag C, Bugli G, Djega-Mariadassou G, Boudart M. Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Niobium Oxynitride and Oxycarbide in Hydrotreatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTOxynitride and oxycarbide of niobium present metallic and acidic catalytic functions as evidenced by molecular probe reactions: isomerization of cyclohexane and hydrodenitrogenation of 1–4 tetrahydroquinoline. The proximity of the two functions leads to the concept of “dual site” by selective inhibition of the metallic and acid sites. Substitution of nitrogen of the oxynitride by carbon to form the oxycarbide produces a large enhancement of the metallic character of the surface. The oxynitride was shown to present a more acidic and a less hydrogenating activity as compared to the activity of the oxycarbide. Both compounds of niobium have been compared to molybdenum oxynitride.
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Ishii H, Kiyoshi M, Nagai M. Surface Properties and Active Sites of Nitrided Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts for the Hydrodenitrogenation of Carbazole. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Furimsky E, Massoth FE. Hydrodenitrogenation of Petroleum. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-200057492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Al-Megren HA, Xiao T, Gonzalez-Cortes SL, Al-Khowaiter SH, Green ML. Comparison of bulk CoMo bimetallic carbide, oxide, nitride and sulfide catalysts for pyridine hydrodenitrogenation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang X, Li C, Wang Y, Cai TX. n-Heptane isomerization over mesoporous MoOx and Ni–MoOx catalysts. Catal Today 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oyama ST, Lee YK. Mechanism of Hydrodenitrogenation on Phosphides and Sulfides. J Phys Chem B 2004; 109:2109-19. [PMID: 16851202 DOI: 10.1021/jp049194l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of 2-methylpiperidine was studied over a silica-supported nickel phosphide catalyst (Ni2P/SiO2, Ni/P = 1/2) and a commercial Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3 catalyst in a three-phase trickle-bed reactor operated at 3.1 MPa and 450-600 K. Analysis of the product distribution as a function of contact time indicated that the reaction proceeded in both cases predominantly by a substitution mechanism, with a smaller contribution of an elimination mechanism. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the 2-methylpiperidine indicated that at reaction conditions a piperidinium ion intermediate was formed on both the sulfide and the phosphide. It is concluded that the mechanism of HDN on nickel phosphide is very similar to that on sulfides. The mechanism on the nickel phosphide was also probed by comparing the reactivity of piperidine and several of its derivatives in the presence of 3000 ppm S. The relative elimination rates depended on the structure of the molecules, and followed the sequence: 4-methylpiperidine approximately piperidine > 3-methylpiperidine > 2,6-dimethylpiperidine > 2-methylpiperidine. [Chemical structure: see text] This order of reactivity was not dependent on the number of alpha-H or beta-H atoms in the molecules, ruling out their reaction through a single, simple mechanism. It is likely that the unhindered piperidine molecules reacted by an S(N)2 substitution process and the more hindered 2,6-dimethylpiperidine reacted by an E2 elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ted Oyama
- Environmental Catalysis and Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering (0211), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Hada K, Nagai M, Omi S. Characterization and HDS Activity of Cobalt Molybdenum Nitrides. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Hada
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagai
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shinzo Omi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Catalytic Activity and Surface Properties of Nitrided Molybdena–Alumina for Carbazole Hydrodenitrogenation. J Catal 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1999.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Hada
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24, Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagai
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24, Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shinzo Omi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24, Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Temperature-Programmed Reduction and XRD Studies of Ammonia-Treated Molybdenum Oxide and Its Activity for Carbazole Hydrodenitrogenation. J Catal 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1998.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over supported and unsupported molybdenum carbide catalysts. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02698989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang S, Li C, Xu J, Xin Q. Surface Sites of Alumina-Supported Molybdenum Nitride Characterized by FTIR, TPD-MS, and Volumetric Chemisorption. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980660e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 110, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 110, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 110, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 110, Dalian 116023, China
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23
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Performance and Postreaction Characterization of γ-Mo2N Catalysts in Simultaneous Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation Reactions. J Catal 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1997.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization over Alumina-Supported Molybdenum Carbide and Nitride Catalysts: Effect of Mo Loading and Phase. J Catal 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1997.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Yan W, Ying P, Xin Q. Synthesis and hydrodesulfurization of zirconium binary nitrides. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02882758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Choi JG, Jung MK, Choi S, Park TK, Kuk IH, Yoo JH, Park HS, Lee HS, Ahn DH, Chung H. Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Vanadium Nitrides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.70.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yu CC, Ramanathan S, Dhandapani B, Chen JG, Oyama ST. Bimetallic Nb−Mo Carbide Hydroprocessing Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity Studies. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9624966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Charles Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - S. Ramanathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - B. Dhandapani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - J. G. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - S. Ted Oyama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
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Li XS, Zhang YJ, Xin Q, Ji CX, Miao YF, Wang L. Irreversible hydrogen uptake on Mo2N catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02076137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Reaction Kinetics of the hydrodenitrogenation of decahydroquinoline over NiMo(P)/Al2O3 catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(96)80218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Abe H, Cheung TK, Bell AT. The activity of transition metal nitrides for hydrotreating quinoline and thiophene. Catal Letters 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00767365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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