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Ibrahim AO, Wan Daud WMA, Abdul Patah MF, Halilu A, Juan JC, Tanimu G. A microkinetic study of CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol on Pd 1-Cu(111) and Pd 1-Ag(111) catalysts: a DFT analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10622-10632. [PMID: 38506646 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The thermochemical conversion of CO2 into methanol, a process known for its selectivity, often encounters a significant obstacle: the reverse water gas reaction. This problem emerges due to the demanding high temperatures and pressures, causing instability in catalytic performance. Recent endeavours have focused on innovatively designing catalysts capable of withstanding such conditions. Given the costliness of experimental approaches, a theoretical framework has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing the challenges in methanol production. It has been reported that transition metals, especially Pd, provide ideal binding sites for CO2 molecules and hydrogen atoms, facilitating their interactions and subsequent conversion to methanol. In the geometric single-atom form, their surface enables precise control over the reaction pathways and enhances the selectivity towards methanol. In our study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to explore the conversion of CO2 to CH3OH on Pd1-Cu(111) and Pd1-Ag(111) single-atom alloy (SAA) catalysts. Our investigation involved mapping out the complex reaction pathways of CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH using microkinetic reaction modelling and mechanisms. We examined three distinct pathways: the COOH* formation pathway, the HCOO* formation pathway, and the dissociation of CO2* to CO* pathway. This comprehensive analysis encompassed the determination of adsorption energies for all reactants, transition states, and resultant products. Additionally, we investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic profiles of individual reaction steps. Our findings emphasised the essential role of the Pd single atom in enhancing the activation of CO2, highlighting the key mechanism underlying this catalytic process. The favoured route for methanol generation on the Pd1-Ag(111) single-atom alloy (SAA) surface unfolds as follows: CO2* progresses through a series of transformations, transitioning successively into HCOO*, HCOOH*, H2COOH*, CH2O*, and CH2OH*, terminating in the formation of CH3OH*, due to lower activation energies and higher rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrauf Onimisi Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810222, Nigeria.
| | - Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Halilu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joon Ching Juan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gazali Tanimu
- Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Takeyasu K, Sawaki Y, Imabayashi T, Putra SEM, Halim HH, Quan J, Hamamoto Y, Hamada I, Morikawa Y, Kondo T, Fujitani T, Nakamura J. Hydrogenation of Formate Species Using Atomic Hydrogen on a Cu(111) Model Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12158-12166. [PMID: 35762507 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the CH3OH synthesis by the hydrogenation of CO2 on Cu catalysts is unclear because of the challenge in experimentally detecting reaction intermediates formed by the hydrogenation of adsorbed formate (HCOOa). Thus, the objective of this study is to clarify the reaction mechanism of the CH3OH synthesis by establishing the kinetic natures of intermediates formed by the hydrogenation of adsorbed HCOOa on Cu(111). We exposed HCOOa on Cu(111) to atomic hydrogen at low temperatures of 200-250 K and observed the species using infrared reflection absorption (IRA) spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies. In the IRA spectra, a new peak was observed upon the exposure of HCOOa on Cu(111) to atomic hydrogen at 200 K and was assigned to the adsorbed dioxymethylene (H2COOa) species. The intensity of the new peak gradually decreased with heating from 200 to 290 K, whereas the IR peaks representing HCOOa species increased correspondingly. In addition, small amounts of formaldehyde (HCHO), which were formed by the exposure of HCOOa species to atomic hydrogen, were detected in the TPD studies. Therefore, H2COOa is formed via hydrogenation by atomic hydrogen, which thermally decomposes at ∼250 K on Cu(111). We propose a potential diagram of the CH3OH synthesis via H2COOa from CO2 on Cu surfaces, with the aid of density functional theory calculations and literature data, in which the hydrogenation of bidentate HCOOa to H2COOa is potentially the rate-determining step and accounts for the apparent activation energy of the methanol synthesis from CO2 on Cu surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takeyasu
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Tsukuba Research Centre for Energy and Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,R&D Center for Zero CO2 Emission with Functional Materials, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sawaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takumi Imabayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Septia Eka Marsha Putra
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Harry Handoko Halim
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jiamei Quan
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Yuji Hamamoto
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Research Center for Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Tsukuba Research Centre for Energy and Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,R&D Center for Zero CO2 Emission with Functional Materials, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Azuma, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0046, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Tsukuba Research Centre for Energy and Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,R&D Center for Zero CO2 Emission with Functional Materials, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. - Carbon Neutral Energy Research Center (MCI-CNRC), International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Gómez D, Candia C, Jiménez R, Karelovic A. Isotopic transient kinetic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on Cu/SiO2 promoted by Ga and Zn. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Cao A, Wang Z, Li H, Elnabawy AO, Nørskov JK. New insights on CO and CO2 hydrogenation for methanol synthesis: The key role of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions on Cu and the highly active MgO-Cu interface. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Karelovic A, Galdames G, Medina JC, Yévenes C, Barra Y, Jiménez R. Mechanism and structure sensitivity of methanol synthesis from CO2 over SiO2-supported Cu nanoparticles. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Li MMJ, Tsang SCE. Bimetallic catalysts for green methanol production via CO2 and renewable hydrogen: a mini-review and prospects. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This mini review discusses the recent advancements in the use of bimetallic catalysts for green methanol production via CO2 hydrogenation.
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7
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Ranaweera SA, Henry WP, White MG. Methanol Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Catalyzed by a Model Catalyst Developed from Bis(1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrionato)dicopper(II)/Silica. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5949-5961. [PMID: 31457849 PMCID: PMC6644588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica-supported model copper catalysts were prepared by supporting bis(1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrionato)dicopper(II), Cu2(dba)2, on Cab-O-Sil by a batch impregnation technique. This metal complex showed a strong affinity for the silica support, developing monolayer coverages near the value predicted from a consideration of the size and shape of the planar metal complex (2.6 wt % Cu). The supported catalysts were subsequently activated by decomposing the organic ligands at 400 °C in air followed by reduction with 2% H2/He at 250 °C. One sample was prepared having a loading of 3.70 wt % Cu2(dba)2/silica catalyst, and it was examined for the methanol synthesis reaction under the following conditions: 250 °C with an equimolar gas mixture of CO and H2 in a high-pressure batch reactor. Kinetic data over the model catalyst were fit to a rate equation, second order in the limiting reactant (H2), with a pseudo-second-order rate constant k 2[CO]o[H2]o = 0.0957 [h-g total Cu]-1. A control experiment using a commercial catalyst, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 with a copper loading of 41.20 wt %, showed a value of k 2[CO]o[H2]o = 0.793 [h-g total Cu]-1. A fresh sample of Cu2(dba)2/silica was examined for methanol decomposition reaction at 220 °C. The model catalyst shows a methanol decomposition first-order rate constant greater than that of the commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3catalyst: 1.59 × 10-1 [min-g total Cu]-1 versus 9.6 × 10-3 [min-g total Cu]-1. X-ray diffraction analyzes confirm the presence of CuO particles in both catalysts after calcinations. Copper metal particles were found in both catalysts (fractional Cu dispersions were 0.11 and 0.16 on commercial and model catalysts, respectively) after the reduced catalysts were used in both the methanol synthesis and decomposition reactions. Using the values of copper dispersion found in these samples, we recalculated the rate constants for the two reactions per unit surface copper. These refined rate constants showed the same trends as those reported per total amount of Cu. One role of the promoter(s) in the commercial catalyst is the inhibition of the methanol decomposition reaction, thus allowing higher MeOH synthesis reaction rates in those regimes not controlled by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William P. Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical
Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mark G. White
- Department of Chemistry and Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical
Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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8
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Song J, Yang Y, Yao G, Zhong H, He R, Jin B, Jing Z, Jin F. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Hydrogen Storage Material of Formate from Bicarbonate and Water with General Zn Powder. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Song
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping
Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix
Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guodong Yao
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix
Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Heng Zhong
- Research
Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sendai, 983-8551, Japan
| | - Runtian He
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix
Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Binbin Jin
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix
Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenzi Jing
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping
Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fangming Jin
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix
Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Yang Y, Mei D, Peden CHF, Campbell CT, Mims CA. Surface-Bound Intermediates in Low-Temperature Methanol Synthesis on Copper: Participants and Spectators. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Donghai Mei
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Charles H. F. Peden
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Charles T. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Charles A. Mims
- Departments of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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10
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On the Kinetic Interpretation of DFT-Derived Energy Profiles: Cu-Catalyzed Methanol Synthesis. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Grabow LC, Mavrikakis M. Mechanism of Methanol Synthesis on Cu through CO2 and CO Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Grabow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Simultaneous MS-IR Studies of Surface Formate Reactivity Under Methanol Synthesis Conditions on Cu/SiO2. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Isotope Effects in Methanol Synthesis and the Reactivity of Copper Formates on a Cu/SiO2 Catalyst. Catal Letters 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Collins SE, Baltanás MA, Bonivardi AL. Heats of adsorption and activation energies of surface processes measured by infrared spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Gokhale AA, Dumesic JA, Mavrikakis M. On the mechanism of low-temperature water gas shift reaction on copper. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1402-14. [PMID: 18181624 DOI: 10.1021/ja0768237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodic, self-consistent density functional theory (DFT-GGA) calculations are used to investigate the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) mechanism on Cu(111). The thermochemistry and activation energy barriers for all the elementary steps of the commonly accepted redox mechanism, involving complete water activation to atomic oxygen, are presented. Through our calculations, we identify carboxyl, a new reactive intermediate, which plays a central role in WGSR on Cu(111). The thermochemistry and activation energy barriers of the elementary steps of a new reaction path, involving carboxyl, are studied. A detailed DFT-based microkinetic model of experimental reaction rates, accounting for both the previous and the new WGSR mechanism show that, under relevant experimental conditions, (1) the carboxyl-mediated route is the dominant path, and (2) the initial hydrogen abstraction from water is the rate-limiting step. Formate is a stable "spectator" species, formed predominantly through CO2 hydrogenation. In addition, the microkinetic model allows for predictions of (i) surface coverage of intermediates, (ii) WGSR apparent activation energy, and (iii) reaction orders with respect to CO, H2O, CO2, and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Gokhale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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16
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Ying-min YU, Jin-hua FEI, Yi-ping ZHANG, Xiao-ming ZHENG. Carbon dioxide hydrogenation catalyzed by ruthenium complexes immobilized on MCM-41. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-5813(07)60005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Espinós JP, Morales J, Barranco A, Caballero A, Holgado JP, González-Elipe AR. Interface Effects for Cu, CuO, and Cu2O Deposited on SiO2 and ZrO2. XPS Determination of the Valence State of Copper in Cu/SiO2 and Cu/ZrO2 Catalysts. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014618m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Espinós
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A. Barranco
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A. Caballero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. P. Holgado
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A. R. González-Elipe
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Isla de la Cartuja, Avda, Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Nakano H, Nakamura I, Fujitani T, Nakamura J. Structure-Dependent Kinetics for Synthesis and Decomposition of Formate Species over Cu(111) and Cu(110) Model Catalysts. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002644z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Nakano
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, and National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Isao Nakamura
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, and National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, and National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, and National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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