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Mura E, Ding Y. Nucleation of melt: From fundamentals to dispersed systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 289:102361. [PMID: 33561567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most evident aspects of a first order transition of a system from an old to a new phase, are the presence of a discontinuity at the interface between both phases and the thermal effects related to the latent heat exchanged with the surrounding environment. These effects are the result of a sequence of events promoted by thermodynamic conditions persisting over the equilibrium in a metastable state. The breakdown of metastability is promoted by infinitesimal energy fluctuations resulting in the germination of clusters of the new phase that can grow to a critical size (nucleus) and then develop or vanish. Examples of these sequences are common in various technological fields such as combustion, food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, condensation, and phase change heat transfer, etc. This work aims to highlight a logical path that leads the readers from the fundamental phenomenology to the most intricated aspects of the nucleation within dispersed systems such as oil-in-water emulsions. Differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms are, under the light of the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT), presented in bulk and confined systems until defining a minimum confinement size. By collecting insights coming from a rich scientific literature mostly focused on the stability of emulsified systems, the discussion is then on the aspects related to the surface related mechanisms. Two main aspects are then considered: a) the wettability of the nucleating cluster by the surrounding melt; b) the affinity between the adsorbed layer, where a surfactant is located, and the oil melt phase (mainly n-alkanes and triacylglycerols with different moieties). In cases where nucleation is dominating over the dewetting of the nucleus, the contact angle can be considered as a constant value. The affinity in terms of molecular features between the surfactant and the oil phase can promote the template effect. Several factors seem to play a role in this interaction such as the thermal characteristics of the surfactant and comparable dimensions between the molecule (or fractions) of the dispersed compound and the tail of the surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Mura
- Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Europe GmbH, Kantstr. 162, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yulong Ding
- Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage & School of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Wang Y, Wang XG. Crystallization of interphase droplets in emulsion explosive matrices. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1255954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-guang Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Clausse D, Wardhono E, Lanoiselle JL. Formation and determination of the amount of ice formed in water dispersed in various materials. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Palberg T. Crystallization kinetics of colloidal model suspensions: recent achievements and new perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:333101. [PMID: 25035303 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/33/333101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal model systems allow studying crystallization kinetics under fairly ideal conditions, with rather well-characterized pair interactions and minimized external influences. In complementary approaches experiment, analytic theory and simulation have been employed to study colloidal solidification in great detail. These studies were based on advanced optical methods, careful system characterization and sophisticated numerical methods. Over the last decade, both the effects of the type, strength and range of the pair-interaction between the colloidal particles and those of the colloid-specific polydispersity have been addressed in a quantitative way. Key parameters of crystallization have been derived and compared to those of metal systems. These systematic investigations significantly contributed to an enhanced understanding of the crystallization processes in general. Further, new fundamental questions have arisen and (partially) been solved over the last decade: including, for example, a two-step nucleation mechanism in homogeneous nucleation, choice of the crystallization pathway, or the subtle interplay of boundary conditions in heterogeneous nucleation. On the other hand, via the application of both gradients and external fields the competition between different nucleation and growth modes can be controlled and the resulting microstructure be influenced. The present review attempts to cover the interesting developments that have occurred since the turn of the millennium and to identify important novel trends, with particular focus on experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Larsson K, Quinn P, Sato K, Tiberg F. Solid-state behaviour of polymorphic fats and fatty acids. Lipids 2012. [DOI: 10.1533/9780857097910.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Studies on nano suspensions of silver sol and redispersed nanocrystallite silver in aqueous and alcoholic media. J Mol Liq 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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Wang JT, Wang J, Han JJ. Fabrication of advanced particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1728-54. [PMID: 21618428 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fabrication of complex particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics are reviewed. Monodisperse particles with expected internal structures, morphologies, and sizes in the range of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers have received a good deal of attention in recent years. Due to the capability of generating monodisperse emulsions and of executing precise control and operations on the suspended droplets inside the microchannels, droplet-based microfluidic devices have become powerful tools for fabricating complex particles with desired properties. Emulsions and multiple-emulsions generated in the microfluidic devices can be composed of a variety of materials including aqueous solutions, gels, polymers and solutions containing functional nanoparticles. They are ideal microreactors or fine templates for synthesizing advanced particles, such as polymer particles, microcapsules, nanocrystals, and photonic crystal clusters or beads by further chemical or physical operations. These particles are promising materials that may be applicable for many fields, such as photonic materials, drug delivery systems, and bio-analysis. From simple to complex, from spherical to nonspherical, from polymerization and reaction crystallization to self-assembly, this review aims to help readers be aware of the many aspects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300072.
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8
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Wang J, Zhang J, Han J. Synthesis of crystals and particles by crystallization and polymerization in droplet-based microfluidic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-009-0292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Thermal behavior of concentrated oil-in-water emulsions based on soybean oil and palm kernel olein blends. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ibarretxe J, Groeninckx G, Bremer L, Mathot V. Quantitative evaluation of fractionated and homogeneous nucleation of polydisperse distributions of water-dispersed maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene micro- and nano-sized droplets. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Edd JF, Humphry KJ, Irimia D, Weitz DA, Toner M. Nucleation and solidification in static arrays of monodisperse drops. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1859-65. [PMID: 19532960 PMCID: PMC4476639 DOI: 10.1039/b821785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The precise measurement of nucleation and non-equilibrium solidification are vital to fields as diverse as atmospheric science, food processing, cryopreservation and metallurgy. The emulsion technique, where the phase under study is partitioned into many droplets suspended within an immiscible continuous phase, is a powerful method for uncovering rates of nucleation and dynamics of phase changes as it isolates nucleation events to single droplets. However, averaging the behavior of many drops in a bulk emulsion leads to the loss of any drop-specific information, and drop polydispersity clouds the analysis. Here we adapt a microfluidic technique for trapping monodisperse drops in planar arrays to characterize solidification of highly supercooled aqueous solutions of glycerol. This system measured rates of nucleation between 10(-5) and 10(-2) pL(-1) s(-1), yielded an ice-water interfacial energy of 33.4 mJ m(-2) between -38 and -35 degrees C, and enabled the specific dynamics of solidification to be observed for over a hundred drops in parallel without any loss of specificity. In addition to the physical insights gained, the ability to observe the time and temperature of nucleation and subsequent growth of the solid phase in static arrays of uniform drops provides a powerful tool to discover thermodynamic protocols that generate desirable crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Weitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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Laval P, Crombez A, Salmon JB. Microfluidic droplet method for nucleation kinetics measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1836-41. [PMID: 19105719 DOI: 10.1021/la802695r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a microfluidic equivalent of the classical droplet method for investigating nucleation kinetics. Our microfluidic device allows us to store hundreds of droplets of small volume ( approximately 100 nL) and to accurately control their temperature. We also monitor directly all the stored droplets, and thus perform statistical measurements on a large number of nucleation events. In the case of aqueous solutions of potassium nitrate, we manage to investigate nucleation kinetics and polymorphs and quantify the influence of impurities. The use of small droplets is crucial in such experiments, since it allows the sample to reach high supersaturations and to separate all the nucleation events. Moreover, we compare our results to the classical nucleation theory, and we demonstrate unambiguously using direct observations of the droplets that nucleation in aqueous solutions of potassium nitrate always occurs using heterogeneous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Laval
- LOF, unite mixte Rhodia-CNRS-Bordeaux 1, 178 avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, F-33608 Pessac cedex - FRANCE
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13
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Abstract
Microfluidics offers a wide range of new tools that permit one to revisit the formation of crystals in solution and yield insights into crystallization processes. We review such recent microfluidic devices and particularly emphasize lab-on-chips dedicated to the high-throughput screening of crystallization conditions of proteins with nanolitre consumption. We also thoroughly discuss the possibilities offered by the microfluidic tools to acquire thermodynamic and kinetic data that may improve industrial processes and shed a new light on nucleation and growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Leng
- Université Bordeaux-1, Laboratoire du Futur, Pessac cedex, France
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14
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Dombrowski RD, Litster JD, Wagner NJ, He Y. Modeling the crystallization of proteins and small organic molecules in nanoliter drops. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Gong T, Shen J, Hu Z, Marquez M, Cheng Z. Nucleation rate measurement of colloidal crystallization using microfluidic emulsion droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:2919-23. [PMID: 17305378 DOI: 10.1021/la063070d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An emulsion crystallization method has been demonstrated to measure the nucleation rate of a thermoresponsive colloidal poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) system. The colloidal PNIPAM suspension was injected into a microfluidic flow-focusing device to generate monodispersed droplets in oil. The temperature was controlled to fine tune the volume fraction of the PNIPAM particles, and the microfluidic flow rate was varied to change the droplet sizes, thus altering the nucleation volume. Using independent droplets, we can isolate the nucleation events to eliminate the interactions among crystallites that existed in bulk or large droplet systems. Therefore, we were able to carry out accurate nucleation rate measurements of colloidal crystals. This emulsion crystallization method is promising for bridging the gap among theories, simulations, and experiments for nucleation kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieying Gong
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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16
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Kozísek Z, Demo P. Influence of initial conditions on homogeneous nucleation kinetics in a closed system. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144502. [PMID: 16238402 DOI: 10.1063/1.2056547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of nuclei of a new phase from the supersaturated mother phase in a closed system is studied. The depletion of the mother phase due to phase transition is taken into account. Basic kinetic equations describing such process are solved numerically to determine the number density of nuclei of newly forming phase and nucleation rate. It is shown that in contrary to the standard nucleation model, when the depletion of the mother phase is not taken into account, the initial size distribution of the clusters affects considerably the nucleation process at higher supersaturations. Our model starts with the equilibrium size distribution of clusters up to various cluster sizes in the undercritical region. At lower supersaturation the formation of nuclei is similar to the standard model because of the low depletion of the mother phase. At higher supersaturation, the depletion of the mother phase plays an important role and some extremal value appears at the size distribution of nuclei, which is not observed in the standard model. The extremum in the size distribution is not a consequence of the coalescence process itself, but it is caused rather by the depletion of the mother phase during the phase transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Kozísek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 53 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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17
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Awad TS. Ultrasonic studies of the crystallization behavior of two palm fats O/W emulsions and its modification. Food Res Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Modeling the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of a palm stearin/canola oil blend and lard in bulk and emulsified form. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-004-0884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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20
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Katsuragi T, Kaneko N, Sato K. Effects of addition of hydrophobic sucrose fatty acid oligoesters on crystallization rates of n-hexadecane in oil-in-water emulsions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2001; 20:229-237. [PMID: 11172978 DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(00)00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic velocity measurements were made on crystallization rates of n-hexadecane dispersed in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion (20 wt.% oil and 80 wt.% water) in which Tween 20 was employed for emulsification. Highly hydrophobic emulsifiers, sucrose fatty acid oligoesters involving stearic acid (S-170), lauric acid (L-195) and oleic acid (O-170) moieties, were added to n-hexadecane in an attempt to modify the crystallization rate of n-hexadecane. The crystallization process of n-hexadecane was monitored by variations in the ultrasonic velocity values, which increase with increasing amount of crystal fractions in the oil phase of the emulsion. In comparison with the results of the O/W emulsion systems with the additive P-170 (a sucrose palmitate) (N.Kaneko et al., J. Crystal Growth 197 (1999) 263), the following results were obtained: (a) the addition of S-170 accelerated the nucleation in the emulsion system in the same manner as P-170, no acceleration was revealed with the additive O-170, and L-195 showed moderate effects; (b) the rate of crystal growth was retarded by S-170 and L-195, but not by O-170; (c) the effects of acceleration of nucleation occurred singly in the emulsion system, but not in the bulk system; and (d) the acceleration of nucleation was exhibited through two stages with increasing concentrations of the additives. These results showed the remarkable influence of the fatty acid chain structures of sucrose oligoesters on the acceleration of heterogeneous nucleation of n-hexadecane in the O/W emulsions. The heterogeneous nucleation effected by the addition of S-170 and P-170 was discussed taking into account the adsorption at the oil-water interface and the formation of reversed micelles of the sucrose oligoesters added in the oil phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katsuragi
- Yokohama Research Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Aoba-ku, 227-8502, Yokohama, Japan
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Hindle S, Povey MJ, Smith K. Kinetics of Crystallization in n-Hexadecane and Cocoa Butter Oil-in-Water Emulsions Accounting for Droplet Collision-Mediated Nucleation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 232:370-380. [PMID: 11097773 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Droplet collision is shown to be important in the propagation of nucleation through supercooled oil-in-water emulsions by the use of a novel membrane technique. On the other hand, nucleation mediated by Tween 20 micelles is shown to be of relatively much less importance in both n-hexadecane and cocoa butter oil-in-water emulsions. The droplet collision phenomenon probably occurs via a surfactant bridge between the colliding droplets. When this process is taken into account we show that the Turnbull model for crystal nucleation kinetics explains very well nucleation in cocoa butter oil-in-water emulsions by seed crystals. On the basis of this model we characterized the seed crystals in cocoa butter via isothermal crystallization studies at 14.2, 15.0, 15.5, and 15.8 degrees C. We suggest that there are few seed crystals whose size exceeds 0.28 µm at 80 degrees C. In our cocoa butter samples there were between 10(16) and 10(17) seed crystals m(-3) whose average size we inferred to be less than 0.09 µm. A value of 0.133 mJ m(-2) is obtained for the Gibbs free energy of the nucleating surface in our West African cocoa butter samples. There is evidence that the alpha-polymorph of POS comprises the nucleating layer in the seed crystal. There is no evidence that surfactant influences the primary nucleation of oil crystals. However, the surfactant has a big effect on the kinetics of the secondary nucleation process, mediated by droplet collision. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hindle
- Procter Department of Food Science, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Kloek W, Walstra P, van Vliet T. Nucleation kinetics of emulsified triglyceride mixtures. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-000-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Kloek
- ; Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Food Physics Group; Wageningen Agricultural University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
- DMV-International; P.O. Box 13 5460 BA Veghel The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Walstra
- ; Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Food Physics Group; Wageningen Agricultural University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ton van Vliet
- ; Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Food Physics Group; Wageningen Agricultural University; P.O. Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
- ; Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences; P.O. Box 8129 6700 AN Wageningen The Netherlands
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