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A Novel Sulfonated Poly Phenylene Oxide-Poly Vinylchloride/ZnO Cation-Exchange Membrane Applicable in Refining of Saline Liquids. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Novel ion-exchange nanocomposite membrane containing in-situ formed FeOOH nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and transport properties. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pandey RP, Thakur AK, Shahi VK. Stable and efficient composite anion-exchange membranes based on silica modified poly(ethyleneimine)–poly(vinyl alcohol) for electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zolotukhina EV, Kravchenko TA, Chayka MY, Tsivadze AY, Kalinichev AI. Percolation effects in metal-cation-exchange membrane nanocomposites. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501610070043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nagarale RK, Gohil GS, Shahi VK, Rangarajan R. Preparation of organic-inorganic composite anion-exchange membranes via aqueous dispersion polymerization and their characterization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 287:198-206. [PMID: 15914167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic composite membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/SiO(2) were prepared via an aqueous dispersion polymerization route and anion-exchange groups were introduced in the membrane matrix by the chemical grafting of 4-vinylpyridine with the desired content. These membranes were extensively characterized for their surface morphology, thermal stability, water content, and surface-charge properties using SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA, water uptake, and ion-exchange capacity measurements. Counterion transport numbers across these membranes were estimated from membrane potential data. Membrane conductance measurements were also performed and these data were used for the estimation of values of counterion diffusion coefficients in the membrane phase. Physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these membranes and equivalent pore radius (estimated from electroosmotic flux measurements) were found to be highly dependent on the 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) content in the membrane phase. It was also observed that for better selectivity and membrane conductivity of anion-exchange membranes complete optimization of the loading of 4-VP in the membrane phase is necessary. Furthermore, among these, membrane with 25% loading with 4-VP exhibited very good selectivity, water content, and ion-exchange capacity along with moderate membrane conductivity, which may be used for their application in electro-driven separation at elevated temperatures or for other electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nagarale
- Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002 (Gujarat), India
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Nagarale RK, Gohil GS, Shahi VK. Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 119:97-130. [PMID: 16325751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid growth of chemical and biotechnology in diversified areas fuels the demand for the need of reliable green technologies for the down stream processes, which include separation, purification and isolation of the molecules. Ion-exchange membrane technologies are non-hazardous in nature and being widely used not only for separation and purification but their application also extended towards energy conversion devices, storage batteries and sensors etc. Now there is a quite demand for the ion-exchange membrane with better selectivities, less electrical resistance, high chemical, mechanical and thermal stability as well as good durability. A lot of work has been done for the development of these types of ion-exchange membranes during the past twenty-five years. Herein we have reviewed the preparation of various types of ion-exchange membranes, their characterization and applications for different electro-membrane processes. Primary attention has been given to the chemical route used for the membrane preparation. Several general reactions used for the preparation of ion-exchange membranes were described. Methodologies used for the characterization of these membranes and their applications were also reviewed for the benefit of readers, so that they can get all information about the ion-exchange membranes at one platform. Although there are large number of reports available regarding preparations and applications of ion-exchange membranes more emphasis were predicted for the usefulness of these membranes or processes for solving certain type of industrial or social problems. More efforts are needed to bring many products or processes to pilot scale and extent their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nagarale
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
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Gohil GS, Nagarale RK, Binsu VV, Shahi VK. Preparation and characterization of monovalent cation selective sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and poly(ether sulfone) composite membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 298:845-53. [PMID: 16455099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly charged cation permeable composite membranes were prepared by blending of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) in 0 to 90% weight ratio, to adjust the hydrophobic properties and ion selective nature. Extent of sulfonation was confirmed by 1H NMR and ion exchange capacity and degree of sulfonation depending on blending composition. These membranes were characterized as a function of weight fraction of SPEEK by recording ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, thermogravimetric analysis, membrane conductivity and membrane potential in equilibration with different electrolytic solutions. Membrane permselectivity and solute flux were estimated using these data on the basis of non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles and for observing the selectivity of different membranes for mono- or bivalent counter-ions. It was observed that relative selectivity for monovalent in comparison to bivalent counter-ions were increased with the decrease in SPEEK content in the composite membrane matrix. The range of SPEEK content in the blend from 60 to 80% appears the most suitable for the selective separation of monovalent ions from bivalent ions. Furthermore, highly charged nature and stabilities of these membranes extend their applications for the electro-assisted separations of similarly charged ions as well as other electro-membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gohil
- Electro-Membrane Processes Division, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364002, India
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Kang MS, Choi YJ, Lee HJ, Moon SH. Effects of inorganic substances on water splitting in ion-exchange membranes; I. Electrochemical characteristics of ion-exchange membranes coated with iron hydroxide/oxide and silica sol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 273:523-32. [PMID: 15082390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of inorganic substances on water splitting in ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) were investigated. In this study, iron hydroxide/ oxide and silica sol were immobilized on the surface of the IEMs. The water-splitting capabilities of the metal-embedded cation-exchange membranes were 10(4)-10(5) times greater than those of the virgin membranes at the same current density. Similarly, silica sol (i.e., triple bond Si-OH groups) deposited on the anion-exchange membrane surface also drastically increased the proton transport numbers. It was thought that the bipolar structure consisting of H- and OH-affinity groups immobilized on the IEM surface increased water-splitting due to the enhancement of water polarization with the help of strong electric fields. This study revealed that metal oxides or silica groups (triple bond Si-OH), as well as metal hydroxides, can be used as catalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Sung Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology (K-JIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Nagarale RK, Gohil GS, Shahi VK, Trivedi GS, Rangarajan R. Preparation and electrochemical characterization of cation- and anion-exchange/polyaniline composite membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 277:162-71. [PMID: 15276053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Composite membranes were prepared by chemical polymerization of a thin layer of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of a high oxidant concentration on a single face of a sulfonated cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and quaternary aminated anion-exchange membrane (AEM). IR and SEM studies for both types of membranes confirmed PANI loading on the ion-exchange membranes. PANI composite ion-exchange membranes were characterized as a function of the polymerization time by ion-exchange capacity, coating density, and membrane conductance measurements. Membrane potential measurements were performed in various electrolyte solutions in order to observe the selectivity of these membranes for different types of counterions. Membrane potential data in conjunction with membrane conductance data was interpreted on the basis of frictional considerations between membrane matrix and solute. Electrodialysis experiments, using PANI composite ion-exchange membranes with 4 h polymerization time, were performed in single and mixed electrolyte solutions for observing electromigration of solute across PANI composite ion-exchange membranes. Relative dialytic rates of Na(2)SO(4), CaCl(2), and CuCl(2) were estimated with reference to NaCl on the basis of electrodialysis experiments and it was concluded that it is possible to separate different electrolytes using PANI composite ion-exchange membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nagarale
- Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
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Nagarale R, Gohil G, Shahi VK, Rangarajan R. Preparation and electrochemical characterizations of cation-exchange membranes with different functional groups. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nagarale RK, Shahi VK, Schubert R, Rangarajan R, Mehnert R. Development of urethane acrylate composite ion-exchange membranes and their electrochemical characterization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 270:446-54. [PMID: 14697712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the objective of introducing antifouling characteristics into interpolymer types of cation and anion exchange membranes, the surface of these membranes was coated with a 12-microm-thick urethane acrylate layer and was cured by UV radiation of wavelengths 308 and 172 nm under a complete inert atmosphere. Different urethane acrylate composite ion exchange membranes developed were characterized in NaCl solution by measuring their ion-exchange capacity, volume fraction of water, contact angle with water, membrane conductance, and membrane potential. It was found that the electrochemical transport properties of urethane acrylate composite cation-exchange membranes were increased due to resonance stabilization of the urethane group, which acts as a weak acid and dissociates as a negatively charged urethane ion and a positively charged proton. This contributes toward the net charge density of the membrane matrix responsible for enhanced selectivity and conductivity, while for urethane acrylate composite anion-exchange membranes reduction in net charge density was responsible for reduction in electrochemical transport properties. Counterion transport number, permselectivity, and counterion diffusion coefficient values for these membranes were also estimated. Experiments were also carried out in higher homologs of sodium carboxylate solutions in order to observe the fouling tendencies of these membranes. It was concluded that it is possible to obtain antifouling characteristics of ion-exchange membranes by coating and curing thin hydrophilic layers of urethane acrylate on their surfaces without sacrificing their electrochemical transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nagarale
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavanagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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Nagarale R, Shahi VK, Thampy S, Rangarajan R. Studies on electrochemical characterization of polycarbonate and polysulfone based heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shahi VK, Trivedi GS, Thampy SK, Rangarajan R. Studies on the electrochemical and permeation characteristics of asymmetric charged porous membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 262:566-73. [PMID: 16256639 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric charged porous membranes were prepared by imbedding 10% (W/W) ion-exchange resin in cellulose acetate binder. Membrane potential and conductance measurements have been carried out in sodium chloride solutions at different concentrations to investigate the relationship between concentration of fixed charges and electrochemical properties of developed nonselective cation- and anion-exchange membranes. Counterion transport number and permselectivity of these membranes were found to vary due to the presence of ion-exchange resin. The hydrodynamic and electroosmotic permeability of sodium chloride solutions has been studied in order to compute equivalent pore radius. For cation- and anion-exchange membranes good agreement was observed between pore radius values estimated from hydrodynamic and electroosmotic permeability coefficient separately, while for nonselective membranes no correlation was found. Membrane conductance data, along with values of concentration of fixed charges, were used for the estimation of the tortuosity factor, salt permeability coefficient, and frictional coefficient between solute and membrane matrix employing an interpretation by nonequilibrium thermodynamic principles based on frictional forces. Moreover, surface morphological studies of these membranes also have been carried out and the membranes were found to be reasonably homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Shahi
- Reactive Polymers Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
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Choi JH, Kim SH, Moon SH. Heterogeneity of Ion-Exchange Membranes: The Effects of Membrane Heterogeneity on Transport Properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 241:120-126. [PMID: 11502115 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of different cation-exchange membranes (Neosepta CMX, Selemion CMV, and HJC heterogeneous membrane) and their effects on transport properties were investigated using chronopotentiometry, membrane conductivity, and current-voltage curves. Modifying the classical Sand equation, a method has been developed to determine the fraction of the conducting region (epsilon) of the ion-exchange membrane. The epsilon values of the CMX, CMV, and HJC membranes were 0.93, 0.95, and 0.75, respectively. Considering the characteristics of each membrane-the CMX and CMV are reinforced homogeneous membranes, while the HJC is a heterogeneous membrane-the epsilon values determined in this study seem to be reasonable. The dependence of membrane conductivities and the limiting current densities on the fraction of conducting region of each membrane have also been studied. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology (K-JIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, Kwangju, 500-712, Korea
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Preparation and electrochemical characterization of sulfonated interpolymer of polyethylene and styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(00)00031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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