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Liu G, Wang J, Hou Y, Huang YB, Li CZ, Li L, Hu SQ. Improvements of Modified Wheat Protein Disulfide Isomerases with Chaperone Activity Only on the Processing Quality of Flour. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Characterization of 4 TaGAST genes during spike development and seed germination and their response to exogenous phytohormones in common wheat. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1435-1449. [PMID: 27649990 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. We defined GA-stimulated transcript (GAST) gene family and characterized its four members (TaGAST1, 2, 3, and 4) in wheat spikes. Triticum aestivum whole spikes were collected at ten developmental stages and dehulled spikelets were obtained at various days after flowering. Expression of TaGAST1, 2, 3, and 4 was analyzed using RT-PCR at inflorescence development stages, in different tissues, and after phytohormones application. To identify proteins interacting with TaGAST1, yeast two-hybridization was performed and BiFC analysis was used for verification. TaGAST1 was expressed at the inflorescence stage and only expressed in seedlings under abscisic acid (ABA) treatment after phytohormone treatment. TaGAST2 and TaGAST3 showed moderate expression in the spike, vigorous transcript accumulation in the seedling, and up-regulation by exogenous GA in early germination stages. TaGAST4 was predominantly expressed in the seedling. Wheat cyclophilin A-1 (TaCypA1), identified as a TaGAST1-interacting protein, showed opposite expression pattern in the developing spike to TaGAST1. TaCypA1 transcript was slightly up-regulated by GA, slightly down-regulated by paclobutrazol, and was maintained after ABA treatment. The interaction of TaGAST1 with TaCypA1 is targeted to the plasma membrane. TaGAST1 was specifically expressed in the wheat spike and was stimulated by exogenous GA treatment. TaGAST2 and TaGAST3 expression in germinating seeds and seedlings was higher than that in the spike stage. TaGAST4 was not expressed in all developmental stages. TaGAST1 and TaCypA1 might be expressed antagonistically during wheat spike development.
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Kimura S, Higashino Y, Kitao Y, Masuda T, Urade R. Expression and characterization of protein disulfide isomerase family proteins in bread wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:73. [PMID: 25849633 PMCID: PMC4355359 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major wheat seed proteins are storage proteins that are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of starchy endosperm cells. Many of these proteins have intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds. In eukaryotes, the formation of most intramolecular disulfide bonds in the ER is thought to be catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family proteins. The cDNAs that encode eight groups of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) PDI family proteins have been cloned, and their expression levels in developing wheat grains have been determined. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the enzymatic properties of the wheat PDI family proteins and clarify their expression patterns in wheat caryopses. RESULTS PDI family cDNAs, which are categorized into group I (TaPDIL1Aα, TaPDIL1Aβ, TaPDIL1Aγ, TaPDIL1Aδ, and TaPDIL1B), group II (TaPDIL2), group III (TaPDIL3A), group IV (TaPDIL4D), and group V (TaPDIL5A), were cloned. The expression levels of recombinant TaPDIL1Aα, TaPDIL1B, TaPDIL2, TaPDIL3A, TaPDIL4D, and TaPDIL5A in Escherichia coli were established from the cloned cDNAs. All recombinant proteins were expressed in soluble forms and purified. Aside from TaPDIL3A, the recombinant proteins exhibited oxidative refolding activity on reduced and denatured ribonuclease A. Five groups of PDI family proteins were distributed throughout wheat caryopses, and expression levels of these proteins were higher during grain filling than in the late stage of maturing. Localization of these proteins in the ER was confirmed by fluorescent immunostaining of the immature caryopses. In mature grains, the five groups of PDI family proteins remained in the aleurone cells and the protein matrix of the starchy endosperm. CONCLUSIONS High expression of PDI family proteins during grain filling in the starchy endosperm suggest that these proteins play an important role in forming intramolecular disulfide bonds in seed storage proteins. In addition, these PDI family proteins that remain in the aleurone layers of mature grains likely assist in folding newly synthesized hydrolytic enzymes during germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Kimura
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yuki Higashino
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yuki Kitao
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Taro Masuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Reiko Urade
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Sekhon SS, Kaur H, Dutta T, Singh K, Kumari S, Kang S, Park SG, Park BC, Jeong DG, Pareek A, Woo EJ, Singh P, Yoon TS. Structural and biochemical characterization of the cytosolic wheat cyclophilin TaCypA-1. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:555-63. [PMID: 23519664 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins belong to a family of proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA). Several members of this protein family catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds preceding prolyl residues. The present study describes the biochemical and structural characteristics of a cytosolic cyclophilin (TaCypA-1) cloned from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Purified TaCypA-1 expressed in Escherichia coli showed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, which was inhibited by CsA with an inhibition constant of 78.3 nM. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the purified TaCypA-1 were 99.06 ± 0.13 nmol s(-1) mg(-1) and 2.32 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The structures of apo TaCypA-1 and the TaCypA-1-CsA complex were determined at 1.25 and 1.20 Å resolution, respectively, using X-ray diffraction. Binding of CsA to the active site of TaCypA-1 did not result in any significant conformational change in the apo TaCypA-1 structure. This is consistent with the crystal structure of the human cyclophilin D-CsA complex reported at 0.96 Å resolution. The TaCypA-1 structure revealed the presence of a divergent loop of seven amino acids (48)KSGKPLH(54) which is a characteristic feature of plant cyclophilins. This study is the first to elucidate the structure of an enzymatically active plant cyclophilin which shows peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and the presence of a divergent loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh Sekhon
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Osipova SV, Permyakova MD, Permyakov AV. Role of non-prolamin proteins and low molecular weight redox agents in protein folding and polymerization in wheat grains and influence on baking quality parameters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12065-12073. [PMID: 23170897 DOI: 10.1021/jf303513m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The various enzyme systems and low molecular weight (LMW) redox agents are related to the folding and polymerization of prolamins in the ripening wheat grains and the formation of baking quality. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) and cyclophylins accelerate "correct" folding of prolamins, which is most likely necessary for the subsequent formation of the macromolecular structure of the gluten protein matrix. PDIs are also involved in the polymerization of prolamins, catalyzing the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups. Molecular chaperone binding BiP protein facilitates folding of prolamins, with its role increasing in the stressful conditions. Reducing systems of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, LMW redox pairs GSH/GSSG and Asc/DHAsc, thiol oxidases, and lipoxygenases (LOXs) regulate redox balance and the rate of polymerization of prolamins at the different stages of grain ripening. Additionally, LOX is probably involved in the protein-starch-lipid interactions between the starch granule and the protein matrix, mediated by puroindolines, determining the formation of grain texture. It is assumed that the high variability of baking quality in different environmental conditions is due to the interaction of labile enzyme systems with the storage proteins in the developing wheat caryopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Osipova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry Sb RAS, Irkutsk, Russia.
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Zaidi MA, O'Leary S, Wu S, Gleddie S, Eudes F, Laroche A, Robert LS. A molecular and proteomic investigation of proteins rapidly released from triticale pollen upon hydration. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:101-21. [PMID: 22367549 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack cv. AC Alta) mature pollen proteins quickly released upon hydration was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. A total of 17 distinct protein families were identified and these included expansins, profilins, and various enzymes, many of which are pollen allergens. The corresponding genes were obtained and expression studies revealed that the majority of these genes were only expressed in developing anthers and pollen. Some genes including glucanase, glutathione peroxidase, glutaredoxin, and a profilin were found to be widely expressed in different reproductive and vegetative tissues. Group 11 pollen allergens, polygalacturonase, and actin depolymerizing factor were characterized for the first time in the Triticeae. This study represents a distinctive combination of proteomic and molecular analyses of the major cereal pollen proteins released upon hydration and therefore at the forefront of pollen-stigma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin A Zaidi
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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In silico identification and analysis of the protein disulphide isomerases in wheat and rice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tenea GN, Peres Bota A, Cordeiro Raposo F, Maquet A. Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:373. [PMID: 21951810 PMCID: PMC3193821 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internal control genes with highly uniform expression throughout the experimental conditions are required for accurate gene expression analysis as no universal reference genes exists. In this study, the expression stability of 24 candidate genes from Triticum aestivum cv. Cubus flag leaves grown under organic and conventional farming systems was evaluated in two locations in order to select suitable genes that can be used for normalization of real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) reactions. The genes were selected among the most common used reference genes as well as genes encoding proteins involved in several metabolic pathways. Findings Individual genes displayed different expression rates across all samples assayed. Applying geNorm, a set of three potential reference genes were suitable for normalization of RT-qPCR reactions in winter wheat flag leaves cv. Cubus: TaFNRII (ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase; AJ457980.1), ACT2 (actin 2; TC234027), and rrn26 (a putative homologue to RNA 26S gene; AL827977.1). In addition of these three genes that were also top-ranked by NormFinder, two extra genes: CYP18-2 (Cyclophilin A, AY456122.1) and TaWIN1 (14-3-3 like protein, AB042193) were most consistently stably expressed. Furthermore, we showed that TaFNRII, ACT2, and CYP18-2 are suitable for gene expression normalization in other two winter wheat varieties (Tommi and Centenaire) grown under three treatments (organic, conventional and no nitrogen) and a different environment than the one tested with cv. Cubus. Conclusions This study provides a new set of reference genes which should improve the accuracy of gene expression analyses when using wheat flag leaves as those related to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Tenea
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Chauhan H, Khurana N, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP, Khurana P. Identification and characterization of high temperature stress responsive genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their regulation at various stages of development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:35-51. [PMID: 20972607 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of high temperature, wheat plants (Triticum aestivum cv. CPAN 1676) were given heat shock at 37 and 42°C for 2 h, and responsive genes were identified through PCR-Select Subtraction technology. Four subtractive cDNA libraries, including three forward and one reverse subtraction, were constructed from three different developmental stages. A total of 5,500 ESTs were generated and 3,516 high quality ESTs submitted to Genbank. More than one-third of the ESTs generated fall in unknown/no hit category upon homology search through BLAST analysis. Differential expression was confirmed by cDNA macroarray and by northern/RT-PCR analysis. Expression analysis of wheat plants subjected to high temperature stress, after 1 and 4 days of recovery, showed fast recovery in seedling tissue. However, even after 4 days, recovery was negligible in the developing seed tissue after 2 h of heat stress. Ten selected genes were analyzed in further detail including one unknown protein and a new heat shock factor, by quantitative real-time PCR in an array of 35 different wheat tissues representing major developmental stages as well as different abiotic stresses. Tissue specificity was examined along with cross talk with other abiotic stresses and putative signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Chauhan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110 021, India
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Kiełbowicz-Matuk A, Rey P, Rorat T. The abundance of a single domain cyclophilin in Solanaceae is regulated as a function of organ type and high temperature and not by other environmental constraints. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2007; 131:387-398. [PMID: 18251878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of a single domain cyclophilin (CyP), designated as SsCyP, was investigated in Solanum sogarandinum and Solanum tuberosum plants during development and in response to various environmental constraints. We show that under control conditions, SsCyP is distributed throughout the plant but in an organ-specific manner. In both Solanum species, the highest protein levels are observed in transporting organs and in tubers, and substantial amounts are noticed in open flowers and in stamens. We also show that the SsCyP abundance in leaves strongly decreases with age. In in vitro-grown plantlets of S. sogarandinum, the SsCyP gene is induced by low temperature at the transcript level but not at the protein level, indicating that post-transcriptional mechanisms control SsCyP expression under cold conditions. In in vivo-grown Solanum plants, the organ-dependent SsCyP protein distribution and abundance are not modified by cold, drought, salinity and photooxidative treatments. In contrast, the protein abundance substantially decreases in all organs of Solanum plants subjected to heat shock. We conclude that the SsCyP protein acts mainly during development and does not belong to the group of stress-induced CyPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kiełbowicz-Matuk
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département d'Ecophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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Ciaffi M, Paolacci AR, D'Aloisio E, Tanzarella OA, Porceddu E. Cloning and characterization of wheat PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) homoeologous genes and promoter sequences. Gene 2005; 366:209-18. [PMID: 16289628 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genomic and cDNA sequences of three PDI homoeologous genes located on chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D of bread wheat and their promoters were cloned and sequenced. The three sequences showed a very high conservation of the coding region and of the exon/intron structure, which consisted of ten exons. The comparison of wheat sequences with those of rice and Arabidopsis showed a significant conservation of the exon/intron structure across the three species. The expression of each gene was analysed by RT-PCR in different plant tissues (roots, coleoptiles, spikelets, leaves and developing caryopses). All the genes showed a higher expression in developing caryopses than in other analysed tissues, wherein some differences were detected. The promoter sequences of the three genes possessed some regulatory motifs typical of endosperm specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciaffi
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Mares D, Mrva K, Cheong J, Williams K, Watson B, Storlie E, Sutherland M, Zou Y. A QTL located on chromosome 4A associated with dormancy in white- and red-grained wheats of diverse origin. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 111:1357-64. [PMID: 16133305 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improved resistance to preharvest sprouting in modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.) can be achieved via the introgression of grain dormancy and would reduce both the incidence and severity of damage due to unfavourable weather at harvest. The dormancy phenotype is strongly influenced by environmental factors making selection difficult and time consuming and this trait an obvious candidate for marker assisted selection. A highly significant Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) associated with grain dormancy and located on chromosome 4A was identified in three bread wheat genotypes, two white- and one red-grained, of diverse origin. Flanking SSR markers on either side of the putative dormancy gene were identified and validated in an additional population involving one of the dormant genotypes. Genotypes containing the 4A QTL varied in dormancy phenotype from dormant to intermediate dormant. Based on a comparison between dormant red- and white-grained genotypes, together with a white-grained mutant derived from the red-grained genotype, it is concluded that the 4A QTL is a critical component of dormancy; associated with at least an intermediate dormancy on its own and a dormant phenotype when combined with the R gene in the red-grained genotype and as yet unidentified gene(s) in the white-grained genotypes. These additional genes appeared to be different in AUS1408 and SW95-50213.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mares
- School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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Johnson JC, Appels R, Bhave M. The PDI genes of wheat and their syntenic relationship to the esp2 locus of rice. Funct Integr Genomics 2005; 6:104-21. [PMID: 16187074 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-005-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The storage protein polymers in the endosperm, stabilised by disulphide bonds, determine a number of processing qualities of wheat dough. The enzyme protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), involved in the formation of disulphide bonds, is strongly suggested to play a role in the formation of wheat storage protein bodies. Reports of the rice mutant esp2 exhibiting aberrant storage protein deposition in conjunction with a lack of PDI expression provided strong indications of a direct role for PDI in storage protein deposition. The potential significance of wheat PDI prompted the present studies into exploring any orthology between wheat PDI genes and rice PDI and esp2 loci. By designing allele-specific (AS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers, two of the three wheat PDI genes could be genetically mapped to group 4 chromosomes and showed close association with GERMIN genes. Physical mapping led to localisation of wheat PDI genes to chromosomal "bins" on the proximal section of chromosome 4AL and distal sections of 4BS and 4DS. Identification of the putative PDI gene of rice and its comparison to the esp2 locus revealed that they were present at similar positions on the short arm of chromosome 11. Analysis of a large section of the PDI-containing section of rice chromosome 11S revealed a number of putative orthologues from The Institute for Genomic Research Triticum aestivum Gene Index database, of which five had been mapped, each localising to group 4 chromosomes, many in good agreement with our mapping results. The results strongly suggest a close linkage between the esp2 marker and the PDI gene of rice and an orthology between the PDI loci of rice and wheat and predict quantitative-trait loci involved in storage protein deposition at the PDI loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Johnson
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, MC 8001, Australia
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Johnson J, Bhave M. Characterisation and physical mapping of cyclophilin A genes and identification of new classes of cyclophilins in wheat. J Cereal Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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