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Huang J, Qasim M, Zhou R, Han X, Ansari MJ, Almoallim HS, Alkherb WAH, Wang L. Role of chitinase expression in the virulence of Lecanicillium lecanii against citrus black aphid (Toxoptera aurantii). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133970. [PMID: 39029816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Chitinase plays a vital role in the virulence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) when it infects host insects. We used gene recombination technology to express chitinase of three strains of Lecanicillium lecanii: Vl6063, V3450, and Vp28. The ORF of ChitVl6063, ChitV3450 and ChitVp28 were inserted into the fungal expression vector pBARGPE-1, which contained strong promoter and terminator, respectively, to construct a chitinase overpressing plasmid, then transformed the wild-type strain with blastospore transformation method. The virulence of the three recombinant strains against Toxoptera aurantii was improved by overproduction of ChitVl6063, ChitV3450, and ChitVp28, as demonstrated by significantly lower 3.43 %, 1.72 %, and 1.23 % fatal doses, respectively, according to an insect bioassay. Similarly, lethal times of recombinants (ChitVl6063, ChitV3450 and ChitVp28) were also decreased up to 29.51 %, 30.46 % and 33.90 %, respectively, compared to the wild-type strains. Improving the expression of chitinase is considered as an effective method for the enhancement of the EPF value. The efficacy could be enhanced using recombinant technology, which provides a prospecting view for future insecticidal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Biochemistry, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
| | - Ran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Biochemistry, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), 244001, India
| | - Hesham S Almoallim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Biochemistry, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Liu S, Li J, Feng Q, Chu L, Tan Z, Ji X, Jin P. Insecticidal Effect of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium araneicola HK-1 in Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae). INSECTS 2023; 14:860. [PMID: 37999059 PMCID: PMC10672225 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important pest affecting various crops worldwide. However, only few studies have been conducted on the infection of A. craccivora by Lecanicillium and related insecticidal mechanisms. We investigated the infection process of A. craccivora by Lecanicillium araneicola HK-1 using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and our results indicated that the conidia of strain HK-1 easily attached to the feet and dorsum of A. craccivora. The activities of chitinase and extracellular protease were induced in the aphid after treatment with HK-1. A bioassay on A. craccivora showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungus crude extract was 24.00 mg mL-1 for 24 h of treatment. Additionally, the results showed that the crude extract disrupted the enzyme system of A. craccivora, inducing the inhibition of carboxylesterase (CarE) and the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Combining these results with those of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, it is suggested that p-cymene, hymecromone, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) methyl ester, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) may be connected to the insecticidal effects we observed. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of L. araneicola HK-1 as a potential biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Pest Control of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Linglong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqiong Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuncong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Pest Control of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Marzouk AS, Ali AAB. A comparison between the effectiveness of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Argas persicus with the emphasis of histopathological changes in the integument. Vet Parasitol 2023; 317:109906. [PMID: 36940590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Argas persicus is an important ectoparasite of domestic fowl that causes heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. The present study was carried out to compare and assess the effects induced by spraying the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae separately, on the mobility and viability of semifed adult A. persicus, also to follow the histopathological effect induced by a selected concentration of 1010 conidia/ml of B. bassiana on the integument. Biological studies revealed a more or less similar pattern of response in adults treated with either of the two fungi (Increasing concentration resulting in more death along with examined period). As the estimated LC50 and LC95 of B. bassiana were recorded 5 × 109 and 4.6 × 1012 conidia/ml, respectively, and for M. anisopliae were 3 × 1011 and 2.7 × 1016 conidia/ml respectively, the fungus B. bassiana was more efficient than M. anisopliae when applied at the same concentrations. The study revealed that spraying of Beauveria at 1012 conidia/ml is sufficient to control A. persicus as it recorded 100% efficacy, so it might be selected to be the effective dose. Histological investigation of the integument treated with B. bassiana revealed the dispersal of the hyphal network on the after 11 days of treatment, accompanied by other changes. Results from our study verify the susceptibility of A. persicus to the pathogenic effect induced by spraying B. bassiana, which is sufficient for its control with the recording better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleya Soliman Marzouk
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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Salem HH, Mohammed SH, Eltaly RI, A. M. Moustafa M, Fónagy A, Farag SM. Co-application of entomopathogenic fungi with chemical insecticides against Culex pipiens. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107916. [PMID: 37004917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of many human and animal diseases. Its control is regarded as a preventative approach that is focused on effectively managing such diseases. In this context, dose response assays of two insecticides, bendiocarb and diflubenzuron were performed with two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against 3rd instar C. pipiens larvae. The most effective agents, combination experiments as well as enzymatic activities of phenoloxidase (PO) and chitinase (CHI) were also assessed. The results showed that diflubenzuron was more effective at low concentrations (LC50: 0.001 ppm) than bendiocarb (LC50: 0.174 ppm), whereas M. anisopliae was more effective (LC50: 5.2x105 conidia/mL) than B. bassiana (LC50: 7.5x107 conidia/mL). Synergistic interactions were observed when diflubenzuron was applied at 2- and 4-days post- exposure to M. anisopliae, with the highest degree of synergism observed when diflubenzuron was applied 2 days post-fungal exposure (χ2 = 5.77). In contrast, additive interactions were recorded with all other insecticide-fungal combinations. PO activities significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased during 24 h after a single diflubenzuron treatment as well as when diflubenzuron was applied prior to M. anisopliae, whereas suppressed after 24 h when M. anisopliae applied prior to diflubenzuron as well as after 48 h from single and combined treatments. CHI activity increased 24 h after both single and combined treatments, the activity remained elevated 48 h after a single diflubenzuron treatment and when diflubenzuron was applied after M. anisopliae. Histological study of the cuticle by transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormalities following single and combined treatments. Germination of the conidia and production of the mycelium that colonizes the lysing cuticle was obvious when diflubenzuron was applied 48 h after M. anisopliae exposure. Overall, these results demonstrate that M. anisopliae is compatible with diflubenzuron at lower concentrations and that combined applications can improve C. pipiens management.
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Lei Y, Hussain A, Guan Z, Wang D, Jaleel W, Lyu L, He Y. Unraveling the Mode of Action of Cordyceps fumosorosea: Potential Biocontrol Agent against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020179. [PMID: 33670783 PMCID: PMC7922683 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps fumosorosea is a potential eco-friendly biocontrol agent. The present study revealed the entire course of infection of P. xylostella by C. fumosorosea with particular reference to cuticular penetration. Comparative studies on the infection of Plutella xylostella larvae by two strains of C. fumosorosea with different pathogenicity were carried out using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. We found that C. fumosorosea tended to adhere to the cuticle surfaces containing protrusions. Although conidia of the lower pathogenic strain IFCF-D58 germinated, they failed to penetrate and complete the development cycle. In contrast, the higher pathogenic strain IFCF01 began to germinate within 4 h and attached to the cuticle by a thin mucilaginous matrix within 8 h post-inoculation. After 24 h post-inoculation, germ tubes and penetrating hyphae reached the cuticular epidermis and began to enter the haemocoel. Within 36 h post-inoculation, the hyphal bodies colonized the body cavity. Hyphae penetrated from inside to outside of the body after 48 h and sporulated the cadavers. After 72 h post-inoculation, numerous conidia emerged and the mycelial covered the entire cuticular surface. The two strains showed similarities in terms of conidial size and germination rate. However, IFCF-D58 exhibited significantly fewer appressoria and longer penetrating hyphae compared to the more infective IFCF01 on all surface topographies. The current pathogen invasion sequence of events suggested that the aggressive growth and propagation along with rapid and massive in vivo production of blastospores facilitate the conidia of IFCF01 to quickly overcome the diamondback moth's defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Abid Hussain
- Institute of Research and Consultancy, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaoying Guan
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518116, China;
| | - Desen Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Waqar Jaleel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lihua Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Yurong He
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85283985
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Phytoseiid predatory mites can disperse entomopathogenic fungi to prey patches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19435. [PMID: 31857623 PMCID: PMC6923365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that predatory mites used as biocontrol agents can be loaded with entomopathogenic fungal conidia to increase infection rates in pest populations. Under laboratory conditions, we determined the capacity of two phytoseiid mites, Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus cucumeris to deliver the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to their prey, Frankliniella occidentalis. Predatory mites were loaded with conidia and released on plants that had been previously infested with first instar prey clustered on a bean leaf. We examined each plant section to characterize the spatial distribution of each interacting organism. Our results showed that A. swirskii delivered high numbers of conidia to thrips infested leaves, thereby increasing the proportion of thrips that came into contact with the fungus. The effect was larger when thrips infestation occurred on young leaves than on old leaves. Neoseiulus cucumeris delivered less conidia to the thrips infested leaves. These patterns result from differences in foraging activity between predatory mite species. Amblyseius swirskii stayed longer on plants, especially within thrips colonies, and had a stronger suppressing effect on thrips than N. cucumeris. Our study suggests that loading certain predatory mite species with fungal conidia can increase their capacity to suppress thrips populations by combining predation and dispersing pathogens.
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Xie T, Jiang L, Li J, Hong B, Wang X, Jia Y. Effects of Lecanicillium lecanii strain JMC-01 on the physiology, biochemistry, and mortality of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype nymphs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7690. [PMID: 31576242 PMCID: PMC6752192 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lecanicillium lecanii is an entomopathogenic fungi, which was isolated from insects suffering from disease. Now, it is an effective bio-control resource that can control agricultural pests such as whitefly and aphids. There are many studies on the control of various agricultural pests by L. lecanii, but no report on its control of Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q exists. In this work, we studied the susceptibility of B. tabaci Q-biotype (from Ningxia, China) to L. lecanii JMC-01 in terms of nymph mortality and the changes in detoxifying protective enzymes activities. Methods B. tabaci nymphs were exposed to L. lecanii JMC-01 conidia by immersion with the host culture. Mortality was assessed daily for all nymph stages. The detoxifying and protective enzyme activity changes, weight changes, and fat, and water contents of the nymphs were determined spectrophotometrically. Results All instars of B. tabaci died after being infested with 1 × 108 conidia/mL. The 2nd-instar nymphs were the most susceptible, followed by the 3rd-instar nymphs. The corrected cumulative mortality of the 2nd- and 3rd-instar nymphs was 82.22% and 75.55%, respectively. The levels of detoxifying and protective enzymes initially increased and then decreased. The highest activities of carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, peroxidase, and catalase occurred on the 3rd day, reaching 10.5, 0.32, 20, and 6.3 U/mg prot, respectively. These levels were 2.2-, 4.3-, 2.4-, and 1.4-fold the control levels, respectively. The highest activities of glutathione-S transferase and superoxide dismutase on the 2nd day were, respectively, 64 and 43.5 U/mg prot. These levels were, respectively, 2.7 and 1.1-fold that of the control level. The water and fat content in the infected B. tabaci nymphs decreased and differed significantly from the control levels. The weight increased continuously in the first 24 h, decreasing thereafter. At 72 h, the infestation level was about 0.78-fold that of the control level. Conclusions The studied L. lecanii JMC-01 strain is pathogenic to the B. tabaci Q-biotype. This strain interferes with the normal functioning of detoxifying and protective enzymes, and is also involved in the disruption of normal physiological metabolism in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bo Hong
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinpu Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanxia Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Gibbons AT, Idnurm A, Seiter M, Dyer PS, Kokolski M, Goodacre SL, Gorb SN, Wolff JO. Amblypygid-fungal interactions: The whip spider exoskeleton as a substrate for fungal growth. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ebadollahi A, Davari M, Razmjou J, Naseri B. Separate and Combined Effects of Mentha piperata and Mentha pulegium Essential Oils and a Pathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium muscarium Against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1025-1030. [PMID: 28334238 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the toxicity of essential oils of Mentha piperata L. and Mentha pulegium L. and pathogenicity of Lecanicillium muscarium (Zare & Gams) were studied in the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Analyses of the essential oils by GC-MS indicated limonene (27.28%), menthol (24.71%), menthone (14.01%), and carvol (8.46%) in the M. piperata essential oil and pulegone (73.44%), piperitenone (5.49%), decane (4.99%), and limonene (3.07%) in the essential oil of M. pulegium as the main components. Both essential oils and the pathogenic fungus had useful toxicity against A. gossypii. Probit analysis indicated LC50 values (lethal concentrations to kill 50% of population; 95% confidence limits in parentheses) of M. piperata and M. pulegium essential oils as 15.25 (12.25-19.56) and 23.13 (19.27-28.42) µl/liter air, respectively. Susceptibility to the pathogenic fungus increased with exposure time. Aphid mortality also increased when the essential oils were combined with L. muscarium, although the phenomena was additive rather than synergistic. Mycelial growth inhibition of L. muscarium exposed to the essential oils was also very low. Based on our results, M. piperata and M. pulegium essential oils and the pathogenic fungus L. muscarium have some potential for management of A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ebadollahi
- Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran ( )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Mahdi Davari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (; ; )
| | - Jabrael Razmjou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (; ; )
| | - Bahram Naseri
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (; ; )
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Scheelings TF, Dobson EC, Hooper C, Eden P. Cutaneous and systemic mycoses from infection with Lecanicillium spp. in captive Guthega skinks (Liopholis guthega). Aust Vet J 2016; 93:248-51. [PMID: 26113350 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guthega skinks have been listed as critically endangered and are considered particularly vulnerable to extinction because of their isolation and restricted distribution. There is no information on their captive husbandry, or the diseases that affect them. CASE REPORT Cutaneous and systemic mycosis from infection with Lecanicillium spp. was diagnosed in a captive colony of Guthega skinks (Liopholis guthega). Infection resulted in the death of five lizards. Diagnosis of infection was confirmed using a combination of histopathology, fungal culture and DNA sequencing from all affected animals. An additional four similarly affected individuals were successfully treated with a combination of voriconazole (10 mg/kg PO once daily) and shallow baths of benzalkonium chloride and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (F10) (1 : 250, 20 min once daily). This is the first report of Lecanicillium spp. infection in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Scheelings
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, 3777, Australia
| | - E C Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Hooper
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Eden
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, 3777, Australia
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Fenice M. The Psychrotolerant Antarctic Fungus Lecanicillium muscarium CCFEE 5003: A Powerful Producer of Cold-Tolerant Chitinolytic Enzymes. Molecules 2016; 21:447. [PMID: 27058517 PMCID: PMC6273617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecanicillium muscarium CCFEE 5003, isolated in Continental Antarctica, is a powerful producer of extracellular cold-tolerant enzymes. Chitin-hydrolyzing enzymes seems to be the principal extracellular catalytic activities of this psychrotolerant fungus. The production of chitinolytic activities is induced by chitin and other polysaccharides and is submitted to catabolite repression. The chitinolytic system of L. muscarium consists of a number of different proteins having various molecular weights and diverse biochemical characteristics, but their most significant trait is the marked cold-tolerance. L. muscarium and selected strains of the biocontrol agent of pathogenic fungi Trichoderma harzianum, have been compared for their ability to produce chitinolytic enzymes at different temperatures. At low temperatures the Antarctic strain was definitely much more efficient. Moreover, the fungus was able to exert a strong mycoparasitic action against various other fungi and oomycetes at low temperatures. The parasitic role of this organism appeared related to the production of cell wall degrading enzymes being the release of extracellular chitinolytic enzymes a key event in the mycoparasitic process. Due to the mentioned characteristics, L. muscarium could have an important role for potential applications such as the degradation of chitin-rich materials at low temperature and the biocontrol of pathogenic organisms in cold environments. For these reasons and in view of future industrial application, the production of chitinolytic enzymes by the Antarctic fungus has been up-scaled and optimised in bench-top bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Fenice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, University of Tuscia, Largo Università snc, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Lin Y, Hussain M, Avery PB, Qasim M, Fang D, Wang L. Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecanii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151844. [PMID: 26999795 PMCID: PMC4801321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are clues that help predatory insects search for food. The hypothesis that entomopathogenic fungi, which protect plants, benefit from the release of HIPVs was tested. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the source of HIPVs. The insect herbivore Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) was used as the inducer, and the fungal pathogen of the aphid Lecanicillium lecanii was exposed to HIPVs to test our hypothesis. When exposed to aphid-induced A. thaliana volatiles, the mortality of aphids pre-treated with a conidial suspension of L. lecanii, the conidial germination and the appressorial formation were significantly increased compared with the control. The decan-3-ol and 4-methylpentyl isothiocyanate that were detected in the headspace seemed to have positive and negative affection, respectively. Moreover, HIPVs generated from groups of eight aphids per plant promoted significantly increased conidial germination and appressorial formation compared with HIPVs from groups of one, two and four aphids per plant. Our results demonstrated that the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus L. lecanii was enhanced when exposed to HIPVs and that the HIPVs were affected by the number of insect herbivores that induced them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pasco Bruce Avery
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dalin Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liande Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Ultrastructural exploration on the histopathological change in Phenacoccus fraxinus infected with Lecanicillium lecanii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117428. [PMID: 25629309 PMCID: PMC4309582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The histopathological changes of the second instar nymph of the mealybug Phenacoccus fraxinus infected with Lecanicillium lecanii strain 3.4505 were investigated using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that L. lecanii 3.4505 could infect P. fraxinus in a short period. At 24 h post-inoculation, the conidia of L. lecanii 3.4505 adhered to the indented gloves or intersegmental folds of the insect body surface. Subsequently, the germinated conidia produced germ-tubes, appressoria and extended hyphae, which tightly adhered to the cuticle. Penetration of cuticle could be achieved either by peg form appressoria or directly by hyphae. Also, the conidia and hyphae could secrete massive mucilages causing visible damage to the host cuticle. After 48 h, the body wall, tissues and organs, including cuticle, trachea, fat body, muscle, Malpighian tubules and nerve ganglion, were destroyed by ramification of hyphae as a result of infection. The endoplasmic reticulum hypertrophied and formed obvious fingerprint agglomerates, and the mitochondria swelled and deformed in the haemocytes. Finally, the mycelium fully occupied the entire haemocoel. The entire bodies were wrapped in a white mycelium, with the mycelium extending radically outward.
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14
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Zhang L, Shi WB, Feng MG. Histopathological and molecular insights into the ovicidal activities of two entomopathogenic fungi against two-spotted spider mite. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 117:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Brodeur J. Host specificity in biological control: insights from opportunistic pathogens. Evol Appl 2012; 5:470-80. [PMID: 22949922 PMCID: PMC3407865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Host/prey specificity is a significant concern in biological control. It influences the effectiveness of a natural enemy and the risks it might have on non-target organisms. Furthermore, narrow host specificity can be a limiting factor for the commercialization of natural enemies. Given the great diversity in taxonomy and mode of action of natural enemies, host specificity is a highly variable biological trait. This variability can be illustrated by opportunist fungi from the genus Lecanicillium, which have the capacity to exploit a wide range of hosts - from arthropod pests to fungi causing plant diseases - through different modes of action. Processes determining evolutionary trajectories in host specificity are closely linked to the modes of action of the natural enemy. This hypothesis is supported by advances in fungal genomics concerning the identity of genes and biological traits that are required for the evolution of life history strategies and host range. Despite the significance of specificity, we still need to develop a conceptual framework for better understanding of the relationship between specialization and successful biological control. The emergence of opportunistic pathogens and the development of 'omic' technologies offer new opportunities to investigate evolutionary principles and applications of the specificity of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Kim SK, Kim YC, Lee S, Kim JC, Yun MY, Kim IS. Insecticidal activity of rhamnolipid isolated from pseudomonas sp. EP-3 against green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:934-8. [PMID: 21192722 DOI: 10.1021/jf104027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms capable of growth on oils are potential sources of biopesticides, as they produce complex molecules such as biosurfactants and lipopeptides. These molecules have antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, but few data are available on their insecticidal activity. The present study describes the insecticidal activity of a rhamnolipid isolated from diesel oil-degrading Pseudomonas sp. EP-3 (EP-3). The treatment of cell-free supernatants of EP-3 grown on glucose-mineral medium for 96 h led to > 80% mortality of aphids (Myzus persicae) within 24 h. Bioassay-guided chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MADLDI-TOF MS) and (¹H, ¹³C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses was employed to isolate and identify the EP-3 insecticidal metabolites. Dirhamnolipid, with molecular formulas of C₃₂H₅₈O₁₃ and C₃₄H₆₂O₁₃, was identified as a main metabolite exhibiting insecticidal activity against aphids. Dirhamnolipid showed a dose-dependent mortality against aphids, producing about 50% mortality at 40 μg/mL and 100% mortality at 100 μg/mL. Microscopy analyses of aphids treated with dirhamnolipid revealed that dirhamnolipid caused insect death by affecting cuticle membranes. This is the first report of rhamnolipid as an insecticidal metabolite against M. persicae. Rhamnolipid shows potential for use as a pesticide to control agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology
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17
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Ultrastructural and cytochemical characterization of brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infected by the Lecanicillium lecanii (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Micron 2011; 42:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Beys da Silva WO, Santi L, Corrêa APF, Silva LAD, Bresciani FR, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. The entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae can modulate the secretion of lipolytic enzymes in response to different substrates including components of arthropod cuticle. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:911-6. [PMID: 21036334 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is a well-characterized, arthropod pathogen used in the biological control of arthropod pests. Studies on the regulation of enzymes related to host infection such as proteases and chitinases have been reported but little is known about regulation of lipolytic enzymes in this fungus. Here we present the effects of different carbon sources such as components of the arthropod cuticle on the secretion of lipolytic enzymes by M. anisopliae. Differences in the induction of lipolytic activity were observed between the several carbon sources tested. Higher activities of lipase or lipase/esterase were found in culture media containing the arthropod integument components chitin and cholesteryl stearate. Several bands of lipolytic activity were also detected in zymograms, thus suggesting an important set of lipolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus. These results show that the fungus can modulate the secretion of lipolytic activity in response to host integument components, thus reinforcing the potential role of these enzymes during M. anisopliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Beys da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P.O. Box 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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19
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Novel technique for quantifying adhesion of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia to the tick cuticle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3521-8. [PMID: 20363785 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02596-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes an accurate quantitative method for quantifying the adherence of conidia to the arthropod cuticle and the dynamics of conidial germination on the host. The method was developed using conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and engorged Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say) (Arachnida: Ixodidae) females and was also verified for M. anisopliae var. acridum Driver et Milner (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. This novel method is based on using an organic solvent (dichloromethane [DCM]) to remove the adhered conidia from the tick cuticle, suspending the conidia in a detergent solution, and then counting them using a hemocytometer. To confirm the efficacy of the method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the conidial adherence to and removal from the tick cuticle. As the concentration of conidia in the suspension increased, there were correlating increases in both the number of conidia adhering to engorged female R. annulatus and tick mortality. However, no correlation was observed between a tick's susceptibility to fungal infection and the amount of adhered conidia. These findings support the commonly accepted understanding of the nature of the adhesion process. The mechanism enabling the removal of the adhered conidia from the host cuticle is discussed.
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20
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Beys da Silva WO, Santi L, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Metarhizium anisopliae lipolytic activity plays a pivotal role in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infection. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Silva WO, Santi L, Berger M, Pinto AF, Guimarães JA, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Characterization of a spore surface lipase from the biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Liu W, Xie Y, Xue J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Tan J. Histopathological changes of Ceroplastes japonicus infected by Lecanicillium lecanii. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 101:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Xu Y, Orozco R, Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Espinosa-Artiles P, Leslie Gunatilaka AA, Patricia Stock S, Molnár I. Biosynthesis of the cyclooligomer depsipeptide bassianolide, an insecticidal virulence factor of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:353-64. [PMID: 19285149 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a facultative entomopathogen with an extremely broad host range that is used as a commercial biopesticide for the control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. B. bassiana produces bassianolide, a cyclooligomer depsipeptide secondary metabolite. We have cloned the bbBsls gene of B. bassiana encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). Targeted inactivation of the B. bassiana genomic copy of bbBsls abolished bassianolide production, but did not affect the biosynthesis of beauvericin, another cyclodepsipeptide produced by the strain. Comparative sequence analysis of the BbBSLS bassianolide synthetase revealed enzymatic domains for the iterative synthesis of an enzyme-bound dipeptidol monomer intermediate from d-2-hydroxyisovalerate and l-leucine. Further BbBSLS domains are predicted to catalyze the formation of the cyclic tetrameric ester bassianolide by recursive condensations of this monomer. Comparative infection assays against three selected insect hosts established bassianolide as a highly significant virulence factor of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Xu
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 85706-6800, USA
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24
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Potential of Lecanicillium spp. for management of insects, nematodes and plant diseases. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:256-61. [PMID: 18423483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Lecanicillium (formerly classified as the single species Verticillium lecanii) are important pathogens of insects and some have been developed as commercial biopesticides. Some isolates are also active against phytoparasitic nematodes or fungi. Lecanicillium spp. use both mechanical forces and hydrolytic enzymes to directly penetrate the insect integument and the cell wall of the fungal plant pathogen. In addition to mycoparasitism of the plant pathogen, the mode of action is linked to colonization of host plant tissues, triggering an induced systemic resistance. Recently it was demonstrated that development of Lecanicillium hybrids through protoplast fusion may result in strains that inherit parental attributes, thereby allowing development of hybrid strains with broader host range and other increased benefits, such as increased viability. Such hybrids have demonstrated increased virulence against aphids, whiteflies and the soybean cyst nematode. Three naturally occurring species of Lecanicillium, L. attenuatum, L. longisporum, and an isolate that could not be linked to any presently described species based on rDNA sequences have been shown to have potential to control aphids as well as suppress the growth and spore production of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, the causal agent of cucumber powdery mildew. These results suggest that strains of Lecanicillium spp. may have potential for development as a single microbial control agent effective against several plant diseases, pest insects and plant parasitic nematodes due to its antagonistic, parasitic and disease resistance inducing characteristics. However, to our knowledge, no Lecanicillium spp. have been developed for control of phytopathogens or phytoparasitic nematodes.
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25
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Roditakis E, Couzin ID, Franks NR, Charnley AK. Effects of Lecanicillium longisporum infection on the behaviour of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:128-36. [PMID: 17942112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium longisporum (Zimmerman) Zare & Gams on three parameters of behaviour (feeding, reproduction and movement) of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) were investigated in the laboratory. Visual analysis of video tapes established that honeydew excretion events of mycosed aphids gradually declined from 2 d post inoculation and reproduction rate was significantly reduced 2 d prior to death (which occurred on day 6); both parameters were stable in controls over the same period. A detailed comparison was made between mobility of aphids during infection with two isolates of L. longisporum, using image analysis of video recordings. Both isolates caused an increase in activity at the beginning of mycosis (during fungal germination and cuticle invasion) though the intensity and the duration of this behaviour varied with the isolate. The possibility that increased movement in early mycosis helps disseminate disease is discussed in the light of the observation that saprophytic surface growth occurs on living M. persicae as it does in at least some other Lecanicillium spp-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Roditakis
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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26
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Mycoparasitic actions against fungi and oomycetes by a strain (CCFEE 5003) of the fungusLecanicillium muscarium isolated in Continental Antarctica. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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27
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Arruda W, Lübeck I, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Morphological alterations of Metarhizium anisopliae during penetration of Boophilus microplus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2005; 37:231-44. [PMID: 16323053 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-005-3818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronological histological alterations of Metarhizium anisopliae during interaction with the cattle tick Boophilus microplus were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. M. anisopliae invades B. microplus by a process which involves adhesion of conidia to the cuticle, conidia germination, formation of appressoria and penetration through the cuticle. Twenty-four hours post-infection conidia are adhered and germination starts on the surface of the tick. At this time, the conidia differentiate to form appressoria exerting mechanical pressure and trigger hydrolytic enzyme secretion leading to penetration. Massive penetration is observed 72 h post-inoculation, and after 96 h, the hyphae start to emerge from the cuticle surface to form conidia. The intense invasion of adjacent tissues by hyphae was observed by light microscopy, confirming the ability of M. anisopliae to produce significant morphological alterations in the cuticle, and its infective effectiveness in B. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walquíria Arruda
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P.O. Box 15005, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Doekes G, Larsen P, Sigsgaard T, Baelum J. IgE sensitization to bacterial and fungal biopesticides in a cohort of Danish greenhouse workers: the BIOGART study. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46:404-7. [PMID: 15376210 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of biopesticides in agriculture may implicate new risks of work-related allergic reactions. METHODS Sera were tested from the BIOGART project, a longitudinal respiratory health study among >300 Danish greenhouse workers. IgE was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with extracts of biopesticide products containing Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) or Verticillium lecanii (Vert). RESULTS Many sera had detectable IgE to BT (23-29%) or Vert (9-21%). IgE titers from the 2- and 3-year follow-up (n=230) were highly correlated, with discordant results in <15%. IgE titers to different BT, or to different Verticillium products were also significantly correlated (both r >0.70), whereas IgE anti-BT and anti-Verticillium showed no correlation at all. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to these microbial biopesticides may confer a risk of IgE-mediated sensitization. In future research there is a need to identify allergenic components in the preparations, perform studies on non-exposed controls and analyze the relation between sensitization and health parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Doekes
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Altre JA, Vandenberg JD. Penetration of cuticle and proliferation in hemolymph by Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates that differ in virulence against lepidopteran larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2001; 78:81-6. [PMID: 11812110 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2001.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Frequencies of cuticular penetration and speed of proliferation in hemolymph were demonstrated for two isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus that differ in virulence against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Penetrant hyphae of virulent isolate 4461 were visible in larval cuticle cross-sections of diamondback moth and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, within 22 h after inoculation. Virtually no penetration was observed for isolate 1576 for up to 52 h after inoculation. Isolate 4461 also proliferated more quickly than isolate 1576 in the hemolymph of fall armyworm when the isolates were injected as blastospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Altre
- Department of Entomology, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, U.S. Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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30
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Benhamou N, Brodeur J. Evidence for Antibiosis and Induced Host Defense Reactions in the Interaction Between Verticillium lecanii and Penicillium digitatum, the Causal Agent of Green Mold. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2000; 90:932-943. [PMID: 18944516 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronological events of the intercellular interaction between Verticillium lecanii and the postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and gold cytochemistry. Growth inhibition of P. oligandrum as a response to V. lecanii attack correlated with striking host changes including retraction of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm disorganization. Such changes were associated with the deposition on the inner host cell surface of a chitin- and cellulose-enriched material which appeared to be laid down as a structural defense reaction. The accumulation of chitin in the newly formed material correlated with a decrease in the amount of wallbound chitin. However, the deposition of cellulose appeared to correspond to a de novo synthesis, as evidenced by the occurrence of cellulose-containing vesicles which released their content in the space between the invaginated plasma membrane and the host cell wall. Results of the present study provide the first ultrastructural and cytochemical evidence that antagonism, triggered by V. lecanii, is a multifaceted process in which antibiosis, with alteration of the host hyphae prior to contact with the antagonist, appears to be the key process in the antagonism against P. digitatum.
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